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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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Phoiugraphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  )73-4S03 


'"■       r    '  < 


1^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  IVIicroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notes  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquaa 


The  Institute  has  attamptnd  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  chackeid  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  coulaur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^ 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^  at/ou  pallicul^e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gAographiquas  en  coulaur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  da  coulaur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleua  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planchea  at/ou  illustrations  an  coulaur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Rail*  avac  d'autraa  documants 


D 


D 


D 


Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  l«  long  da  la  marge  intiriaura 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
tors  d'une  restauration  apparaissant  dans  la  taxta, 
mais,  lorsqua  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  filmias. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentairas  supplimentairas; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meillaur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  *t*  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-*tre  uniques  du 
point  de  vce  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithoda  normale  de  filmaga 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


r~~|   Coloured  pages/ 


Pagaa  da  coulaur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagtes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurAes  at/ou  pellicuiies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  dAcolortes,  tachaties  ou  piquies 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditach^es 

Showthroughy 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualit*  inigala  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  matarii 
Comprend  du  material  suppKmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


FT]    Pages  damaged/ 

J      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~?J    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I    Pages  detached/ 

rri    Showthrough/ 

rn    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

l~n    Includes  supplementary  material/ 

r~|    Only  edition  available/ 


□    Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  peges  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6ti  fiimies  i  nouveau  de  facon  i 
obtanir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 
Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 
10X  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


XX 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Is 

I 

fier 

la 


Th«  copy  film«d  h«r«  hM  b««n  rsproduead  thanks 
to  th«  g«n«roaity  of: 

Vanier  Library, 
UnivarsHy  of  Ottawa. 

Tho  imagoo  appoaring  hora  ara  tha  baat  quality 
poaaibia  conaidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibiiity 
of  tlia  original  copy  and  in  Icaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spaeifleatlona. 


L'axamplaira  film4  fut  raproduit  grica  k  la 
g4n4roait*  da: 

BibliotMqua  Vaniar, 
UnivartM  d'Ottawa. 


Laa  imagaa  aulvantaa  ont  4t*  raproduitaa  avac  la 
plua  grand  aoin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  faxamplaira  filmi,  at  ^n 
conformiti  avac  laa  condltiona  du  contrat  da 
fllmaga. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  oovars  ara  flimad 
baginning  with  tha  front  ecvar  and  anding  on 
tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
lion,  or  tha  bacic  eovar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
alon.  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  impraaaion. 


Laa  aiiamplairaa  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  aat  imprim4a  sont  fllmte  an  commandant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  aolt  par  la 
dmnMrm  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
dimpraaaion  ou  dllluatration.  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  eaa.  Toua  iaa  autroa  axampiairas 
originaux  sont  fllmte  an  commandant  par  la 
pramiAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
dimpraaaion  ou  d'lHuatration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  dami^ra  paga  qui  comporta  una  taila 
amprainta* 


Tha  laat  racordad  frama  on  aach  microfleha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  -^(maaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  ▼  (maaning  "END"), 
whichavar  appilaa. 


Un  daa  symboiaa  suivants  apparattra  sur  ia 
damiira  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha.  salon  la 
caa:  la  symbols  — »•  signifia  "A  SUIVRE".  la 
symbols  ▼  signiffs  "FIN". 


IMapa.  plataa.  charts,  ate.,  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratioa.  Thoaa  too  larga  to  ba 
antiraly  ineludad  in  ona  axpoaura  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  comar,  laft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framaa  aa 
rac;uirad.  Tha  following  dlagrama  illuatrata  tha 
mathod: 


Laa  cartaa.  planchaa.  tablaaux.  ate.,  pauvant  Atra 
fHm4a  i  daa  taux  da  rMuction  diff4ranta. 
Loraqua  la  documant  aat  trap  grand  pour  ttra 
raproduit  it  un  saul  clich4.  il  aat  flimA  A  partir 
da  i'angia  supMaur  gaucha.  da  gaucha  k  droita. 
at  da  haut  an  baa.  mn  pranant  ia  nombra 
dimagaa  nAcaasaira.  Laa  d^qrammaa  suivanta 
illuatrant  la  m4thoda. 


ire. 


] 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

uis 


"^ 


SMITHSONIAN    INSTITUTION. 

UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


BULLETIN 


OF  THK 


UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


No.  4 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE 


HARRISON 


ai^ 


*•  ■*-'• 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OPFIOR. 
1893. 


r      ^ 

wiam 

L  4 


_i JjSj  . 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


This  work  (Bulletin  No.  43)  is  cue  of  a  series  of  i>uik'is  inteuded  to 
illustrate  the  collectious  belonging  to  the  [Tuited  States,  and  consti- 
tuting the  National  Mus(>uni,  of  which  the  Smithsouiau  Inatitution 
was  placed  in  charge  by  the  act  of  Congress  of  August  10, 184G. 

The  iiublications  of  the  National  Museum  cousist  of  two  series — the 
Bulletin,  of  which  this  is  No.  43,  in  continuous  series,  and  the  Proceed- 
ings, of  which  the  sixteenth  volume  is  now  in  press.  A  small  edition 
of  each  paper  in  the  Proceedings  is  distributed  in  pamphlet  form  to 
specialists  in  advancie  of  the  publication  of  the  bound  volume. 

The  Bulletin  of  the  National  Museum,  the  publication  of  which  was 
commenced  in  1875,  consists  of  elaborate  papers  based  upon  the  collec- 
tions of  the  Museum  reports  of  expeditions,  etc.,  while  the  Proceedings 
facilitate  the  prompt  publication  of  freshly-acquired  facts  relating  to 
biology,  anthropology,  and  geology,  descriptions  of  restricted  groups 
of  animals  and  plants,  the  discussion  of  particular  questions  relative 
to  the  synonymy  of  species,  and  the  diaries  of  minor  expeditions. 

Other  papers  of  more  general  popular  interest  are  printed  in  the 
Appendix  to  the  Annual  Report. 

Full  lists  of  the  publications  of  the  Museum  may  be  found  in  the  cur- 
rent catalogues  of  the  publications  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Papers  intended  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings  and  BuUetin  of 
the  National  Museum  are  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Publications, 
comiwsed  as  follows:  T.  H.  Bean  (chairman),  A.  Howard  Clark,  R.  E. 
Earll,  Otis  T.  Mason,  Leonhard  Stejneger.  Frederick  W.  True,  and 
Lester  F.  Ward. 

S.  P.  Langley, 
Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Washington,  D.  C,  September  20th,  1693. 


n 


SMITHSONIAN    INSTITUTION. 

UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH 

AMERICA. 


BY 


HARRISON    ALLEN,   M.    D. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMKNT   PRINTING  OFPICB. 
1893. 


.     '•! 


PREFACE. 


1.1 


Nearly  tliirty  years  have  passed  siuce  the  Monograph  of  the  North 
Ameri(!au  Bats*  appeared  ks  oue  of  the  series  of  miscellaneous  publi- 
cations of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Imi)erfect  as  it  was,  this  me- 
moir has  remained  the  single  work  on  the  subject.  The  influence  of 
Prof.  S.  F.  Baird  is  discernible  throughout,  and  it  is  proper  to  say  that 
thcopinions  of  species  therein  entertained  were  accept^ed  by  him.  But 
the  changes  in  systematic  zoology  make  it  desirable  that  a  new  essay 
be  written. 

The  monograph  as  it  now  appears  is  essentially  new.  It  is  not  only 
larger  by  reason  of  the  addition  of  species,  but  the  descriptions  are 
elaborated.  N(<vel  standards  of  comparison  have  been  employed  and 
many  anatomiciil  details  included  in  the  introduction. 

The  region  occupied  by  the  monograph  (as  in  the  original  issue)  is 
that  of  North  America,  extended  to  the  south  as  far  as  the  boundary 
line  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico. 

Since  18(}4  two  forms  {Euderma  maculata  and  Atalaj)ha  teliotis)  have 
been  discovered.  Two  tropical  genera  {Artibeus  and  Promops)  and  one 
species  ( Vespertilio  albescens)  have  been  found  to  extend  their  northern 
movements  so  as  to  be  included  in  the  United  States.  The  chief  acces- 
sions have  come  in  the  form  of  geographical  subspecies.  Among  these 
occur  Promops  perotis  californicus,  Nyctinomus  macrotis  nevadenaiSj 
Vespertilio  albescens  melanorhinus,  Vespertilio  albescens  affinis,  Vespertilio 
albescens  evotis,  Vespertilio  nitidm  eiliolabrum,  Vespertilio  nitidus  ma- 
eropuN,  and  Vespertilio  nitidus  longicrus. 

In  the  accounts  of  the  genera  t^'espertilio  and  Nyctinomus^  which  we 
know  to  range  southward  over  extended  areas,  the  work  is  confessedly 
incomplete,  since  the  material  available  did  not  permit  of  comprehensive 
study.  I  felt  indisposed  to  treat  critically  the  descriptions  of  authors 
of  forms,  which,  in  my  judgment,  demanded  careful  comparisons  of  types 
and  of  extensive  series  of  individuals.  I  can  not  pass  judgment  there- 
fore upon  the  validity  of  the  new  species  of  Nyctinomus  described  by 
Dr.  0.  Hart  Merriam  {Nyctinomus  femorosaccus  and  Nyctinomus  moha- 
rensis),  nor  of  several  new  species  of  Vespvrtilio  from  Mexico  which 
have  been  described  by  other  authors. 


*A  Monograph  of  the  Bats  of  North  America. 
U.  S.  Army,  Washington,  D.  C,  1864. 


H.  Allen,  m,  d.,  assistant  surgeon 


VI 


PHEFAfE. 


Tbo  iiintoriiil  iisod  in  nnisiiig  tli<>  old  inoiiogniph  iiikI  bringing  it  up 
to  (lute  lis  for  tlie  most  part  tliiit  in  tlio  posaession  of  tliu  V.  H.  National 
Mu80um.  Valuable  aid  was  received  by  upeeiinens  examined  from  the 
collection  of  the  Muaeuin  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Harvard  Uni 
versity;  tliatof  tiie  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York; 
that  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia;  and  that  of 
the  California  Academy  of  Science.  I  desire  to  return  my  thanks  to 
the  officers  of  these  institutions  for  courtesies  extended.  Dr.  C.  Hart 
Merriam,  of  the  Agricultural  Department,  Washington,  kindly  sent  me 
the  entire  valuable  collection  of  the  Vcspertilio  in  his  charge;  and  by 
so  doing  enabled  me  to  study  this  ditli«'ult  genus  under  the  most  favor- 
able circumstances.  Special  acknowledgments  are  also  due  Mr.  H.  A. 
Ward,  of  Rochester,  N,  Y.,  who  placed  in  my  hands  his  entire  collec- 
tion of  Chiroi)tera,  [  also  wish  to  thank  Mr.  G.  S.  Miller,  jr.,  of  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.;  Prof.  J.  H.  JVlontgomery,  of  Meadville,  Pa.,  and  Dr. 
Robert  W.  Haynes,  of  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  for  valuable  assistance.    • 

All  measurements  are  assumed  to  be  in  the  French  scale  unless  other- 
wise stated. 

The  measurements  in  English  scale  are  taken  from  the  monograph 
of  1864,  together  with  lists  of  specimens  which  at  that  time  formed  the 
basis  of  the  descriptions.  These  are  copied  ftu-  the  convenience  of 
rewlers  who  may  not  have  access  to  that  publication. 

The  figures  have  been  drawn  by  Mr.  F.  von  Iterson  with  a  fidelity 
to  the  originals  which  can  bot  fail  to  aid  the  student  of  a  confessedly- 
difficult  group  of  aninials. 

AHUIIEVIATIONS. 

IT.  S.  N.  M. — llnitod  States  Niitional  Mn.st'Uin. 

A.  N.  S.  P. — AciHltMiiy  of  Naturiil  .Sciences  of  Pliiliulolphin. 

M.  C.  Z. — Miisuuui  of  Coiupiirative  Zoology. 


:<*■  *Hi-.'  V  — 


CONTENTS. 


t  ( 


Page. 

hitroduction I 

Paiiiily  Phjlloatoiuiilm .' 33 

MncrotuB 33 

M.  californicuH 84 

Artibeua 43 

A.  perspicillatus 43 

["aiuily  VeBpertilionidui 53 

Coryuorhiuus 53 

C.  macrotis 55 

C.  townHendii 58 

Eudorma 60 

E.  inaciilata 61 

Antrozous 64 

A.  pallidus 66 

V  dspertilio 70 

V.  gryphu» 76 

V.  gryphus  liicifiigus 78 

V.  albesceuH 87 

V.  albeHceuB  evotis 89 

V.  albescens  melunorhiiiuii 91 

V.  albescens  atfluis 93 

V.  nitidns 94 

V.  uitidus  niacropuH 100 

V.  nitidus  ciliolabruni 101 

V.  nitidns  lungicrus 103 

Lasionycteris 104 

L.  noctivagans 105 

Adelonycteris , Ill 

A.  fuHCUs 112 

Vesperiigo 121 

V.  uarolinensis 121 

V.  hesperus 128 

Nycticejns 131 

N.  hnmeralis 131 

Dasypterus 137 

D.  intermedins 137 

Atalapha 141 

A.  noveboracensis 142 

A.  teliotis 153 

A.  cinerea 155 

Nyctinomus 163 

N.  brasiliensis 163 

N.  inacrotis  nevadeusis 171 

I'romops 175 

P.  perotis  californlcus 175 

VII 


LIST  OF  PLATE8. 


n 


I.  MaorotiiH  californicns 34 

II.  MacrotuB  califorulciis 36 

III.  Artibeiw  porspicillatus 44 

IV.  Artibeus  perBpiolUutUH 46 

V.  Artiboiis  porspiclllatus 50 

VI.  Corynorliiuiis  macrotis 56 

VII.  Corynorhiuus  luaorotis,  and  C  lowiistMiilii 58 

VIII.  Antrozona  ])alli(lu8 66 

IX.  Antrozous  pallidiis 68 

X.  Vespartlllo  gryphns 76 

XI.  Vespertilio  gryphns 78 

XII.  Vespertilio  iiitidiiH  and  varirlkn JU 

XIII.  Laeionycteris  noctivagniiH 106 

XIV^  Lasionycteris  iioctivagauH 108 

XV.  Adelouycteris  fiiscus 112 

XVI.  Adelouycteris  fuscus 114 

XVII.  Adelonyctcris  fiwcus 116 

XVIII.  Vesperugo  carolineiisis 122 

XIX.  Vesperugo  oarolincnsis 128 

XX.  Vesperugo  hesperus 128 

XXI.  Vesperugo  hesperus 130 

XXII.  Nycticejus  liumeriilis 132 

XXIII.  Nycticejus  Luuit-ralis 134 

XXIV.  Dasypterus  interiuedius 138 

XXV.  Dasypterus  intermedins 140 

XXVI.  Atalapha  uoveboracenais  142 

XXVII.  Ata'.ipba  noveboracensis,  and  A.  teliotis 144 

XXVIII.  Atalapha  noveboracensis,  and  A.  telioti i 152 

XXIX.  Atalaplia  cinerea 156 

XXX.  Atalapha  cinerea 158 

XXXI    Atalapha  cinerea 160 

XXXII.  NyctinoinuH  brasiliensis 161 

XXXIII.  Nyotinomna  brasiliensis 168 

XXXIV.  Nyi^tiuomus  macrotis  uevadensis 172 

XXXV.  Nyctinomns  macrotis  nevadensis 174 

XXXVI.  Promops  perotis  californicus 176 

[XXXVII.  Promops  perotis  caliioruicus 178 

LXXVIII.  Promops  perotis  californicuo 180 


•  I 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


By  HarrisoU  Allen,  M.  D. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Dho  bata  constitute  the  order  OUiroptera.    Unlike  related  groups 

|ich  are  equally  extensive,  the  bats  do  not  vary  in  sufficwnt  degree 

io  confounded  by  any  possibility  with  other  creatures.    By  an  un- 

fined  observer  shrews  might  be  mistaken  for  mice  or  voles,  some  of 

smaller  marsupials  for  minks  or  weasels,  conies  for  marmots.    But 

popular  impression  of  a  bat  is  accurate,  since  this  creature  is  the 

ly  mammal  adapted  for  true  flight,  and  no  other  mammal  resembles 

If  any  mammals  exist  or  have  existed  that  are  half  bats  and  half 

lies,  half  bats  and  half  lemurs,  half  bats  and  half  marmots,  they  are 

|to  unknown  to  the  naturalist.     Paleontology  is  silent  as  tt)  the 

jin  of  the  bats,  though  comparison  of  their  bony  framework  with 

^se  of  the  Insectivora,  Lemuroidea,  and  Bodentia  suggest  that  they 

have  arisen  from  the  mammalian  stem  not  far  from  the  points  at 

|ich  the  differentiation  of  these  branches  began. 

MEMBRANES. 

[jet  us  examine  the  undissected  bat,  and  endeavor  to  establish  thereby 
jieral  conceptions  of  the  creature  and  of  some  of  the  signs  of  the 
berflcies  by  which  its  varieties  can  be  named.  It  is  at  once  seen 
It  the  anterior  extremities  are  furnished  with  greatly  elongated 
jers,  the  intervals  between  which  are  occupied  by  two  layers  of  skin, 
^dsmith  uses  a  happy  phrase  when  he  says  "  the  fingers  serve  like 
sts  that  keep  the  canvas  of  a  sail  si)read  and  regulate  its  motions." 
jrers  of  skin  tlius  make  up  tlie  wing  membrane.  They  are  continuous 
m  the  last  finger  anil  the  thumb,  or  some  adjacent  surface,  to  the 
Bs  of  the  body,  the  neck  (both  above  and  below  the  arm  and  forearm), 
the  outer  side  of  the  posterior  extremity.  Each  wing  membrane 
johes  below  the  knee  and  from  this  point,  in  varying  degrees,  to  the 
rle  and  the  foot.  The  space  between  the  posterior  extremities  is  also 
kipied,  as  a  rule,  by  two  adjoined  layers  of  integument  which  con- 
futes the  interfeiuoral  membrane.    This  structure  as  opposed  to  the 


2 


BULLKTiN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


abf*ve  is  less  constant  in  form  and  dimensions.    It  may  be  guided  by  i 
long  tail  quite  to  its  tip,  it  may  allow  the  tip  to  project  in  different  de-l 
grees  beyond  its  free  margin,  it  may  greatly  exceed  in  size  that  of  the] 
stunted  tail,  it  may  be  defined  as  a  hem  along  the  inner  border  of  the{ 
limbs,  or  it  may  be  entirely  absent. 

It  follows  from  these  statements  that  all  bats  are  provided  with  i 
back  and  a  f^'ont  skin-expanse  from  the  sides  of  the  body  to  the  extremil 
ities  in  a  constant  manner,  but  from  the  tail  to  the  posterior  extremitieal 
in  an  inconstant  manner,  the  last  named  presenting  modifications  deter| 
mined  by  degrees  of  outgrowth  of  the  tail  itself. 

The  membranes  present  many  details  with  respect  to  the  manner  ofl 
their  attachment  to  the  sides  of  the  body  and  to  the  various  parts  ofl 
the  limbs.    Interesting  variations  of  plan  are  seen  where  .the  skinl 
crosses  joints.    In  the  elbow  joint  the  skiu  may  be  attached  entirely  tol 
the  epicondyle,  so  that  the  joint  lies  quite  to  the  under  side  of  thtl 
wing,  as  in  the  African  fox-bat,  Upomophorus;  or  it  may  be  attachedl 
midway,  namely,  to  the  olecranon,  as  in  many  forms,  but  perhaps  bestj 
seen  in  the  neotropical  American  Saccopteryx;  or  it  may  be  attached 
entirely  to  the  epitrochlea,  so  that  the  joint  lies  quite  on  the  upper  siirJ 
face  of  the  wing,  as  in  Ehinolophus  pearsoni  and  Taphozous,    At  the 
wrist  distinctions  are  seen  in  the  manner  in  which  the  tendons  of  tha 
extensor  carpi  ulnaris  and  flexor  carpi  ulnaris  are  disposed  at  the  a,ng\a 
which  is  formed  between  the  radius  and  the  fifth  metacarpal  boueJ 
When  this  angle  is  marked,  and  skin-folds  are  conspicuous  over  thel 
tendons  named,  a  radio-metacarpal  pouch  is  defined.    The  knee  always! 
lies  on  the  iipper  surface  of  the  membrane.    It  is  most  free  in  J^aorof  hJ 
and  least  so  in  the  Molossi.*    The  membrane  attached  to  the  ankle  ..ayl 
lie  entirely  to  the  halliical  side  of  the  joint,  but  is  disposed  to  cross  itl 
by  an  oblique  raised  fold  and  be  secured  to  the  minimal,  t.  e.,  little  toe| 
side. 

I  have  found  it  convenient  to  employ  a  uumber  of  names  for  the  sub-| 
divisions  of  the  dermal  expanse. 

The  membrane  which  extends  from  the  sides  of  the  trunk  to  includel 
the  anterior  extremity  is  the  wing  membrane  ("bat  wing,"  patagiurajj 

The  membrane  between  the  legs  is  the  interfemoral  membrane  (urof 
patagium). 

The  wing  membrane  above  the  arm  and  forearm  is  the  prebrachiiini| 
(antebrachial  membrane,  propatagium). 

The  wing  membrane  below  the  arm  and  forearm  would  become  aiiti  I 
thetically  the  postbrachium.  But  since  the  postbrachium  could  not  bej 
separated  from  the  sides  of  the  trunk  ami  the  legs,  it  has  been  founu| 
necessary  to  discard  it.  * 

The  part  of  the  wing  membrane  lying  between  tlie  body,  the  humerus,! 


*The  group  named  tho  MolosMi  will  bo  hold  in  thiH  essny  to  be  distinct  from  thel 
Kroup  of  which  Kmballohura  is  tlio  centrnl  ^enns.  I  iint  of  tho  opinion  that  thewl 
iiUiiuicoH  are  <li8tinct  and  coequal. 


A  MONOGRAPH   OP   THE   BATS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


for  the  sub-l 


irebrachiiiiul 


tbe  lower  exti^inity,  and  a  hypothetical  line  drawn  downward  from  the 
elbow  and  intersecting  the  fi-ue  raargin  of  the  membrane,  is  the  endo- 
patagium. 

The  boundary  at  the  elbow  is  often  fixed  by  the  vertical  terminal 
branch  of  the  triceps  fascide  system.  The  subordinate  lines  (probably 
platyamal  in  origin)  in  the  endopatagium  incline  obliquely  either  to- 
ward the  humerus  or  the  trunk. 

The  part  of  tbe  wing  membrane  which  is  limited  by  the  line  at  the 
elbow  as  above  given,  by  the  forearm,  and  the  fifth  metacarpal  bone 
aud  phalanges,  is  the  mesopatagium.*  Within  the  mesopatagium  the 
subordinate  lines  incline  either  toward  the  forearm  or  the  manus. 

The  part  of  the  wing  membrane  limited  to  the  manus  becomes  the 
ectopatagium  (dactylo-patagium).  The  subdivisions  of  the  ectopatagium 
are  the  first,  second,  third,  and  fourth  interspaces.  These  are  named 
firom  the  poUex  toward  the  quintus.  The  series  of  bones  which  is  em- 
braced in  the  metacarpal  and  phalangeal  lines  being  conspicuous  in 
the  bat,  it  is  desirable  to  possess  a  name  in  referring  to  each  series 
taken  as  a  whole.  The  name  digit  will  be  used  fo"  the  rod  of  segments 
embracing  the  metacarpal  element.  The  nerve  which  appears  at  the 
anterior  margin  of  a  digit  becomes  predigital,  and  that  of  the  posterior 
margin,  jmstdigital. 

The  cartilaginous  tip  to  the  terminal  bony  phalanx,  respectively,  of 
the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  fingers  might  receive  the  name  of  the  third 
phalanx  when  three  phalanges  are  present,  and  of  the  fourth  phalanx 
when  four  phalanges  are  present.!  The  shapes  of  the  terminal  pha- 
langes are  of  interest  and  some  of  these  Will  be  described. 

I  have  examined  a  sufficient  number  of  genera  to  suggest  that  an 
account  of  the  markings  of  the  wing  membranes  and  of  the  shapes  of 
the  terminal  phalanges  enter  into  all  discriminating  studies. 

The  division  of  the  wing  membrane  into  the  parts  endopatagium, 
mesopatagium  and  ectopatagium  is  sustained  by  what  is  observed  in 
Taphosotis  mauritianm,  since  in  this  species  the  endopatagium  is  of  a 
(lark  color  while  the  rest  of  the  membrane  is  white,  excepting  the  extreme 
tip  of  the  end  of  the  third  finger.  Now  when  the  animal  is  at  rest  the 
Hurfiwes  above  named  are  those  only  which  are  exposed  to  the  light. 
In  all  young  bats  which  cling  to  the  mother,  without  exposing  any  other 
portions  of  the  membrane  than  those  named,  it  is  evident  that  for  a 
long  period  the  endopatagium  has  functions  which  are  not  exacted  of 
the  rest  of  the  wing  membrane,  and  in  consequence,  in  my  judgment, 
it  is  easy  to  see  how  this  portion  of  the  wing  expanse  should  be  dis- 
tinguished from  those  portions  which  are  used  only  in  flight. 

*  The  eudopataginm  aud  mesopatagium  are  together  the  same  as  plagiopataginm 
of  Kolenati.    (Beitr.  z.  Naturgesch.  der  Europ.  Chir.,  Dresden,  1857.) 

tit  must  be  acknowledged  that  the  study  of  the  embryos  does  not  confirm  the 
Htatement  here  made.  In  a  word,  the  segmentation  of  the  cartilage  ftt>m  the  shaft  of 
the  bony  phalanx  remains  a  probability  only. 


4  BULLETIN  48,  UNITED   STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

The  digits  on  their  palmar  aspect  may  be  sharply  defined  as  in  the  | 
PhyllostomidsB  and  Corynorhinua,  or  they  may  be  obscured  by  the  mem- 
brane or  the  upper  part  in  the  forepart  of  the  hand,  namely,  in  tlie| 
region  of  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  digits,  as  in  Molossi,  Yesperti- 
lionidse  and  the  genus  Antrozous.  The  membrane  may  lie  chiefly  on  I 
the  iipper  aspect  of  the  digits,  as  in  most  bats,  or  at  the  lower.  That! 
in  the  second  interspace  may  be  attached  to  the  upper  border  of  the| 
second  and  to  the  lower  border  of  the  third  metacarpal  bone. 

The  skin  is  much  more  loose  about  the  legs  than  the  arms  and  on  the  I 
interfemoral  membrane  than  the  wing  membrane.  The  membranes  are  I 
attached  to  the  lower  border  of  the  first  two  or  three  caudal  vertebrae,  | 
thus  permitting  them  to  be  seen  distinctly  above,  and  to  the  upper  bor- 
ders of  the  remaining  vertebree,  thus  permitting  them  to  be  seen  more  | 
distinctly  below. 

The  skin  of  the  two  sides  of  the  body  unite  in  such  wise  as  to  per- 
mit a  very  narrow  interval  to  exist  between  the  two  layers.    The  upper  I 
layer  of  the  wing  membrane  is  extending  directly  outward  on  a  level  | 
with  the  back  of  the  chest  and  of  the  loin,  but  the  lower  layer  is  vari- 
able.   It  may  extend  outward  as  in  the  upper  layer,  but  a  disposition  I 
exists  for  it  first  to  conform  to  the  curve  of  the  side  of  the  trunk  and 
join  the  upper  layer  near  the  union  of  the  side  with  the  up^      "  "face 
of  the  trunk.    In  one  remarkable  instance,  Chilonycteris  aujyi,  tlie 
under  layer  extends  quite  to  the  middle  line  of  the  back,  and  thence  is  | 
deflected  in  an  acute  angle  outward  to  join  the  upper  layer.    The  re- 
gion of  the  axilla  is  greatly  depressed  in  bats,  owing  to  the  inclination  I 
for  the  under  skin  layer  to  extend  upward  and  backward.    This  space  I 
is  so  large  as  to  suggest  the  adaptation  of  the  pouch  thus  formed  for  | 
the  protection  of  the  young.    In  Cheiromeles  it  must  have  another  sig- 
nificance, since  it  here  constitutes  a  huge  bag- like  involution  which  | 
extends  as  far  as  the  middle  line  of  the  back. 


THE  WING  MEMBRANE  AT  BEST. 

The  bat  when  at  rest  folds  the  finger*;:  by  a  movement  of  the  root  of  I 
the  hand  (carpus)  downward  on  the  wrist  end  (distal  end)  of  the  forearm,  f 
This  movement  is  characteristic  and  when  completed  brings  the  fingers  | 
in  a  compact  bundle  (like  the  ribs  of  a  closed  umbrella)  under  the  fore- 
arm and  parallel  to  it.    The  hand  is  thus  tucked  up  toward  the  rest  of  I 
the  anterior  extremity,  and  as  the  forearm  (in  the  same  movement)  is  I 
sharply  flexed  on  the  arm  the  entire  extremity  presents  the  greatest 
possible  contrast  to  what  it  exhibited  when  prepared  for  flight.    The 
bat  now  supports  the  body  in  one  of  two  ways.    It  is  prone,  i.  e.,  with 
the  front  of  the  body  downward  on  the  plane  of  support,  or  it  is  pend- 
ant, t.  e.,  hung  by  the  claws  of  the  hind  feet.    If  it  is  prone  the  base  of  | 
the  thumb  and  wrist  supports  the  body  and  is  furnished  with  a  hard- 
ened pad  of  skin  (callosity)  for  the  purpose,  the  thumb  being  held  at  I 
the  same  time  well  out  of  the  way,  and  (he  posterior  extremity  taking  I 


18  aajyi,  the 


A  MONOGRAPH   OF  THE   BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  6 

llie  position  nearly  the  s'lme  as  that  of  teirestrial  quadrupeds.    The 

B8t  example  of  those  that  scurry*  when  the  wings  are  folded  are  the 

lolossi.    In  this  group  tlie  phalanges  of  the  third  and  fourth  digits 

ire  now  no  longer  held  in  axial  line  with  the  metacarpals  as  in  flight, 

jut  are  drawn  upward  and  to  the  side,  though  well  out  of  the  way. 

Che  tail  in  all  prone  forms  remains  extended  and  the  tip  touches 

I  plane  on  which  the  animal  rests.  If  the  bat  is  pendant  in  rest  the 
)a8e  of  the  thumb  and  wrist  do  not  support.  The  thumb  is  without 
kallosity,  is  more  engaged  in  the  wing  membrane,  and  is  drawn  more 
jr  less  in  toward  the  under  surface  of  the  wing.    In  this  event  the  foot 

furnished  with  sharper  and  more  recurved  claws,  since  they  are  now 
[>rehensile.  The  leg  assumes  a  position  quite  at  variance  with  the  ter- 
restrial position  and  is  different  in  this  regard  from  all  mammals,  the 
ploth  aloue  excepted.  The  tail  in  the  pendant  form,  at  least  in  our  red 
jat,  is  drawn  well  forward  and  rests  on  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk,    it 

readily  seen  that  very  long  digits  of  the  anterior  extremity  would  be 
lore  or  less  in  the  way  in  the  prone  forms,  while  they  might  be  extended 

any  degree  in  the  pendant  forms,  without  interference.  In  fact  the 
irst  named  have  smaller  digital  elements  than  the  last  and  the  wing 
bxpanse  is  correspondingly  more  restricted.! 

THE  WING  MEMBRANE  IN  FLIGHT. 

While  interesting  characters  are  thus  observed  in  the  bat  when  at 
|:est  it  is  in  the  use  of  the  limbs  in  flight  that  the  chief  peculiarities  are 
loted.  The  intervals  between  the  digits  vary  greatly  in  the  different 
;euera.  As  already  remarked  the  under  surfaces  of  the  second  and 
bhird  digits  are  boldly  outlined  or  are  covered  with  membrane  so  as  t/O 
|>bscure  their  outlines.  In  the  forms  in  which  this  obscuring  is  noticed 
pe  fifth  finger  is  supported  by  a  little  rod  of  cartilage. 

The  opening  of  the  wing  exerts  a  powerful  influence  over  the  posterior 

Extremity.    It  pulls  it  outward  in  the  forms  in  which  an  interfemoral 

lembrane  is  present  and  thus  makes  tense  this  membrane.    The  entire 

imb  is  abducted  from  the  terrestrial  position  and  the  foot  is  turned 

rith  its  plantar  surface  forward. 

The  wing  membrane  may  be  said  to  be  redundant  when  the  expanse 
^bove  the  arm  and  forearm  extends  freely  to  the  carpus  and  embraces 

*A  word  was  needed  to  express  the  terrestrial  motion  of  a  bat  whose  wings  are  at 
^est.  I  venture  to  use  "scurry"  in  lieu  of  a  better. 
tThe  contrast  between  prone  and  pendant  positions  of  bats  when  at  rest  is  an 
astructive  one.  It  supposes  the  existence  of  a  number  of  adaptive  characters,  which 
rill  be  observed  in  the  accoants  of  members  of  our  fauna.  So  little  is  known  of  the 
babits  of  bats  that  it  would  be  premature  to  base  any  generalizations  upon  these  or 
^ny  other  isolated  groups  of  structural  peculiarities.  I  havo  seen  our  common  brown 
i  in  captivity  hang  itself  up  by  the  claws,  but  have  never  seen  it  other  than  prone 
vhen  at  rest  in  its  native  haunts.  I  am  also  aware  that  Rhynohonycteriii  (which  has 
i  flexed  thumb  and  a  small  poUioal  callosity)  comes  to  rest  like  a  moth;  i,  e,,  with 
ugs  expanded  yet  prone. 


6 


BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   8TATE8   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


the  small  thumb  to  a  point  beyond  the  first  phalanx  of  the  thumb; 
when  it  extends  down  to  the  foot  beyond  an  oblique  muscle  line  which  I 
extends  upward  and  outward  from  the  lower  part  of  the  leg;  when  the 
spaco  between  the  second  and  third  digits  is  ample,  and  that  between 
the  thumb  and  second  digit  is  i)rovi(led  with  a  Avell-deflned  hem  of  | 
membrane. 

Skin  folds  are  often  disposed  along  the  lines  represented  by  tlie  | 
palmar  fascia,  at  the  proximal  end  of  tlie  fifth  digit.*    The  flexor  ten- 
dons at  the  radio-digital  angle  are  often  covered  with  similar  disposi- 
tions of  the  skin. 

The  membranes  are  supported  not  only  by  the  parts  of  the  skeletal  I 
frame- work,  as  these  parts  are  usually  defined,  but  by  a  number  of 
special  adaptations.    An  accessory  cartilage  at  the  somad  margin  of  | 
the  terminal  fifth  digit  has  been  already  named  (Vespertilionidee,  ex- 
cept Plecoti).t    Tlie  interfemoral  membrane  is  supported  at  the  free  I 
margin  by  a  special  cartilage  (calcar)  from  the  tarsus  in  all  bats  except- 
ing the  rteropido;,  Rhinolophidie,  and  the  stenodermata.    The  calcar 
may  have  a  process  from  its  under  margin,  as  in  Noctulinia  noctula.  \ 
The  terminal  joint  of  the  tail  may  be  spatulate,  as  in  Nycteris.    Termi- 
nal cartilages  of  the  third  and  fourth  digits  are  present  except  in  Ptero- 
pidte,    Bhinolophidte,    and    Emballonuridic.     They    are    of  varying 
shapes,  the  whole  arrangement  having  for  its  object  tlie  support  of  tlie 
free  margin  of  the  wing  membrane.    These  cartilages,  as  a  rule,  are 
deflected  outward,  though  they  may  remain  axial,  as  .in  Phyllostomidiv  | 
and  Plecoti. 

All  things  remaining  the  same,  the  degree  of  strain  may  be  measured  I 
by  the  extent  and  variety  of  these  special  supports,  and  may  be  said 
to  be  in  the  line  of  specialization  for  aerial  movements.  Hence,  in  forms 
in  which  they  are  absent  the  membranes  are  broad  and  may  be  said  to 
exhibit  more  of  a  parachute  arrangement  than  in  other  types  in  which  | 
they  are  present,  and  the  motion  of  the  wings  to  be  like  that  of  a  slow 
fanning  rather  than  a  rapid,  varied  flight. 

Strain  on  the  membranes  is  also  shown  in  the  angles  formed  between 
the  portions  of  tlie  wing  farthest  away  from  the  body,  namely,  the 
region  of  the  second  and  third  digits.  These  are  pulled  away  from  the 
fourth  and  fifth  digits,  which  remain  nearly  passive,  by  the  traction  of 
the  muscles  which  extend  these  bones  (extensores  carpi  radiales  longior] 
et  brevior),  and  the  whole  membrane  becomes  tenpe.  The  contrast  be- 
tween the  shapes  of  the  wing  in  this  regard  is  considerable  when  such  | 
forms  ijS  Artibeus,  Nyctirumius,  and  Atalapha  are  compared. 

When  the  wing  of  a  bat  is  held  up  between  the  eye  of  the  observer  I 


"VespertilionidiB  (excepting  Plecoti),  and  Molossi. 

t  In  the  prodrome  of  tins  introductory  essay  (Proc.  U.  8.  Nut.  Mns.  xvi,  1893)  this  j 
cartilage  is  given  as  a  character  of  the  Molossi,  while  said  to  be  absent  in  Antroioiit. 
I  have  since  corrected  both  of  th«se  stateineiits.     My  first  announcement  respecting  I 
the  accessory  cartilage  was  made  in  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1889,  330  {note). 


:UM. 


A  MONOGRAPH   OF   THE   BATS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


r  the  tbunob; 
le  liue  wUicii  { 
eg;  when  llie 
that  between  | 
iflned  hem  of  I 

inted  by  the 
lie  flexor  teu- 1 
uilar  dispo-si- 

'  the  skeletal  I 
a  number  of 
ful  margin  of  | 
tilionidse,  ex- 
d  at  the  free  I 
1  bats  except- 
.    The  cah-ar  | 
linia  noctuk. 
'eris.    Ternii- 1 
sept  in  Ptero- 
of  varying  I 
apport  of  the 
s  a  riile,  are 
lyllostomidit 

be  measured 
may  be  said 
nee,  in  forms 
ay  be  said  to 
pes  in  whicli 
liat  of  a  slow 

ued  between 
namely,  the 
vay  from  the 
0  traction  of 
iales  longior  { 
contrast  be^ 
e  when  such  I 

the  observer 

xvi,  1893)  tbis  | 
t  in  AntroeoHS. 
ent  respecting  I 
I,  330  (note). 


1(1  a  bright  light  the  membrane  is  seen  to  be  translucent.    The  deli- 

te  collective  tissue  linen  (trabeculni)  are  seen  uniting  the  various 

rts  of  the  bony  framework,  und  the  positijius  of  the  nerves,  blood 

sae's,  and  muscle-fascicleH  an  dis])luyed.    The  paths  of  the  nerves  and . 

ml  vessels  constitute  one  system  and  may  be  spokcu  of  together,  but 

trabeculie  and  muscles  are  distinct  from  these  and  ii"  some  degree 

km  each  other.    As  in  the  case  of  the  relation  which  exists  between 

skin  and  the  bones,  so  in  the  arrangement  of  the  parts  just  named 

degrees  of  strain  to  which     9  wing  is  subjected  account  in  the  m  lin 

the  difference  in  the  various  genera.    The  muscle-fascicles  are  most 

liiierous  in  the  membrane  near  the  body,  and  are  better  developed  in 

narrow-pointed  winged  forms,  such  as  Molossi  and  Atalwpha,  than 

I  the  broad,  parachute-like  forms.*    The  muscle  element  in  the  wing 

lespecially  weak  in  the  Pteropidte,  Bhinolophidte  and  YespertilionidsB. 

Dhe  fibrous  lines  which  extend  across  the  membranes  are  not  without 

stem.    Many  of  them  are  excessively  attenuated  tendons;  such,  for 

lample,  are  the  fibers  of  the  palmar  fascia,  already  mentioned.    Others 

the  fibers  which  connect  the  joints  of  digits;  more  of  them  yet  ap- 

lar  to  be  parts  of  a  true  derm.    The  nerves  and  blood  vessels  pursue 

le  same  courses.    Sin(>e  the  directions  of  nerves  are  of  more  impor- 

iice  in  morphological  study  than  the  vessels,  the  former  will  be  alone 

Imed.    In  each  interdigital  space  a  nerve  tends  to  enter  at  its  proximal 

Id  and,  dividing  into  two  branches,  incline  along  the  sides  of  the  op- 

Ised  metiicarpal  bones.    The  departures  from  this  plan  are  numerous, 

jd  are  so  constant  in  groups  of  generic  and  even  specific  limitation 

lat  they  constitute  valuable  additions  to  diagnoses. 

lAn  oblique  raised  line  passing  down  on  the  wing  membrane  from  the 

|per  part  of  the  arm,  in  most  bats,  corresponds  to  the  corcuso-hrachi- 

\n  fascicle.    It  is  least  marked  in  highly  aberrant  forms,  and  may  be 

nerve  origin,  instead  of  muscular,  in  Noctilio,  Corynqrhinu^,  and 

ecotus.    A  second,  lying  near  the  elbow,  in  like  manner,  is  caused  by 

luscular  slip  from  the  triceps  extensor  and  therefore  becomes  the 

fceps  fascicle.    In  Corynorhimis  and  Plectotus  this  line  is  represented 

one  corresponding  to  a  nerve,  apparently  ulnar,  or  the  internal  cuta- 

)us.    Both  these  lines  are  offshoots  from  the  muscles  named.    The 

tercostal  lines  are  those  which  pass  directly  from  the  sides  of  the 

ink. 

iThe  wing  membrane,  when  expanded,  exhibits  differences  in  the  width 
[the  interdigital  spaces.  These  differences  relate  in  an  intimate  man- 
Ir  with  the  behavior  of  the  parts  in  flight,  and  consequently  with 
ibit.    The  subjoined  table  indicates  some  of  these  distinctions: 


'  Perhaps  the  highetit  degree  of  developnieut  of  the  luuacle  system  is  attained  in 
tinopoma. 


8  BULLETIN   43,  UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   1«JSEUM. 

Manal  (pteral)  formulai  of  the  tpidtks  of  neoond,  third,  aud  fourth  intempace*. 


Upeoiea. 


LoitbMtoma 

Hohiioatoma 

Hacrotua 

D««mo<luii 

Tampyrop* 

Chilonyoterii 

Henildenua 

Vunpj'nis 

Lonchogloua 

Monophyllu* 

Artibeua 

llrachyphylla  . . . . 

Monnopi) 

FhylloBtoma 

Bhy  nchonycteria . 

Cynoptenia  * 

Veapertiliot 

EpnmoplioniB  t 

RninoiKima 

HolU8Hlli)& 

Nootilio 

Fteropusll , 


n. 


mm. 
7 
3 
2 
2 
» 

J' 
IB 

:i 
:i 

4 

3 
3 
4 
5 

lU 
2 

13 
3 

2» 
18 


III. 


mm. 
17 
16 
15 
21 
17 
15 
20 
41 
IS 
17 
21 
25 
16 
2fl 
16 
18 
11 
21 
13 
5 
18 
17 


yore- 

.  Dlli'orence 

IV. 

betwwii 

III  and  IV. 

mm. 

mm. 

18 

49 

I 

21 

32 

6 

22 

44 

7 

37 

53 

10 

27 

36 

10 

17 

40 

1] 

32 

28 

9-lJ 

53 

105 

13 

32 

33 

U 

34 

32 

14 

39 

51 

18 

43 

64 

18 

35 

60 

It 

02 

81 

4S 

25 

40 

(1 

27 

58 

« 

31 

5» 

10 

30 

Kl 

11 

30 

64 

n 

35 

46 

:w 

58 

83 

4S 

k9 

145 

52 

*  C.  mareinatna. 
t  T.  ninnnus. 


t  K.  ft-anqiieti. 
^H.  rul'ug. 


IIP.  eilwardaii. 


This  list  is  selected  in  the  main  for  comparison  in  members  of  a  sin. 
gle  family,  viz,  the  Phyllostomidse.  The  last  eight  forms  are  from  fami- 
lies other  than  the  one  first  named. 

It  is  believed  that  thesiB  distinctions  may  be  conveniently  included  I 
in  the  characteristic  proportions  of  bats. 

In  flight  the  thumb  is  extended  in  'Vespertilionidte,  but  partially 
flexed  in  Phyllostomidie  (excepting  Desmodus  and  Diphylla)  and  in 
Plecoti.  The  degree  of  inclosure  of  the  thumb  in  the  membrane  an- 
swers to  the  amplitude  of  the  membranes  generally  and  when  extensive 
tends  to  draw  the  thumb  slightly  toward  the  palm,  the  space  between 
the  thumb  and  index  finger  being  moderately  occupied  by  a  skin  expan- 
sion. 

It  is  a  tendency  under  certain  conditions  for  all  growth  processes  to 
dominate  functions  other  than  those  which  are  essential  to  their  own 
activities.  The  best  general  conception  of  the  manner  of  extending  a 
fold  of  skin  between  the  limbs  is  seen  in  the  Uatrachia.  In  the  water 
newts  a  longitudinal  ridge  is  often  seen  extending  along  the  sides  of 
the  trunk.  This  is  continuous  along  the  hinder  border  of  the  anterior 
extremity  (well  developed  in  Menopoma)  and  reaches  as  far  as  the  tip 
of  the  fifth  digit.  This  fold  is  supplied  by  the  ulnar  nerve,  which  ap- 
pears to  be  in  its  earliest  expression  a  nerve  for  the  skin  of  the  poste- 
rior border  of  the  forearm,  of  the  fifth  digit,  and  the  muscles  found  in 
these  regions.  The  phenomena  of  a  fold  of  skin  extending  between  the 
toes  is  one  already  familiar,  so  that  the  general  plan  of  the  skin  exi)an8e 
in  a  creature  so  low  as  the  Menopoma  prefigures  that  of  so  highly  spe- 
cialized a  form  as  the  bat  without  violence  and  without  leaving  a  single 
line  obscured.    Difference  of  degree  and  nqt'bf  kind  separates  them. 


JM. 

ternpacet. 

DIfl'erenca 

>r6- 

lietwwii 

'III* 

IllandlV. 

>m. 

40 

1 

;» 

6 

44 

7 

ia 

10 

3« 

10 

40 

li 

aa 

0-lJ 

106 

u 

»3 

13 

32 

U 

51 

18 

64 

18 

SO 

II 

81 

4S 

40 

II 

r>H 

« 

58 

10 

8.1 

11 

64 

17 

46 

■M 

83 

45 

145 

62 

iRii. 

srs  of  a  sill. 

B  from  fami- 

ly included 

it  partially 

Ua)  and  in 

nbrane  au- 

n  extensive 

ce  between 

kin  expaii 

rocesses  to 

'  their  own 

xtending  a 

the  water 

he  sides  of 

16  anterior 

as  the  til) 

which  ap- 

the  poste- 

i  found  in 

itween  the 

n  expanse 

igiily  spe- 

g  a  single 

s  1 

bheui.      I 

i    J10N00KAf>H   OF   THE   hA'^H  OP  NORTH   AMERICA. 


9 


The  very  exceptioual  di8po8itif»n  in  the  bat  xbr  the  skin  from  the 
I  trunk  to  extend  the  entire  lengths  it'  the  limb,  and  in  the  case  of  the 
anterior  extremity  to  form  enormous  -vobs  between  the  produced  dig- 
I  its,  is  associated  with  an  inclination  Lr  (he  ears  to  become  greatly  ex- 
]iiuulc(l  and  for  cutaneous  olfshoots  to  appear  at  the  muzzle,  chin,  and 
tiic  sides  of  the  face.  Even  the  prepuce  is  disposed  to  be  redundant. 
To^j^cther  with  this  inclination,  deriaal  structures  are  highly  specialized, 
so'  tliat  the  sebaceous  glands,  hair  follicles,  and  tactile  bodies  are  well 
developed.  It  can  be  readily  surmised  that  special  adaptations  for  a 
variety  of  purposes  occur  in  this  group  of  structures,  s  .  that  secondary 
sexnnl  characters  are  found  in  the  gland  masses  of  the  skin  of  the  neck, 
and  of  the  skin  folds,  the  details  in  the  ears,  the  pouches  of  skin,  etc., 
arc  available  for  purposes  of  classiflcation. 

THE  EXTERNAL  EAR. 

In  this  connection  let  us  glance  at  the  peculiarities  of  the  external  ear. 
Tlie  external  ear  is  markedly  moditled  from  the  type  usual  in  quadrupeds. 
Its  simplest  expression  is  seen  in  the  Pteropidie  and  the  Bhinolophidse. 
In  these  families  the  widely  separated  auricular  cartilages  are  closely 
enwrapped  by  integument  and  the  tragus  is  said  to  be  absent.  (See  be- 
low.) In  such  an  ear  the  terms  inner  and  outer  hordes  and  tip,  exhaust 
tlie  list  which  are  demanded  in  their  description.  In  the  ears  of  the 
remaining  families  it  is  far  different.  The  auricle  here  is  expanded  to 
degrees  which  bring  the  outer  parts  to  a  greater  or  less  degree  down- 
ward and  forward  on  the  upper  parts  of  the  necik  and  reach  the  region 
of  the  mouth,  or  even  the  chin,  while  the  inner  border,  being  guarded 
by  a  skin  fold  which  connects  the  ear  to  the  crown,  is  disposed  to  be 
united  with  the  corresponding  part  of  the  ear  of  the  opposite  side  and 
extend  in  varying  degrees  toward  the  snout.  Skin  lappets  arise  from 
both  inner  and  outer  borders.  Those  from  the  inner  border  from  a 
long  appendage  which  lies  in  advance  as  defined  in  the  simple  ear  and 
becomes  the  internal  hem.  As  a  rule  it  ends  as  a  free  lobe  inferiorly, 
which  thus  becomes  the  internal  basal  lobe.  The  line  of  the  true  inter- 
nal border  being  always  discernible  becomes  the  internal  ndge.  The 
external  border,  which  is  distinguished  from  the  true  external  border 
which  now  becomes  the  external  ridge  is  also  disposed  to  form  a  hem 
{exiernal  hem),  which,  however,  in  contrast  to  the  inner  is  apt  to  be 
divided  into  an  upper  and  a  lower  part;  the  upper  part  forms  the  first 
scallop,  and  the  lower  the  second  scallop.  The  free  lower  end  of  the 
outer  border  becomes  the  external  basal  lobe,  which  may  be  separated 
from  the  lower  scallop  by  a  deep  basal  notch,  or  the  second  scallop  may 
extend  across  this  notch  and  the  external  basal  lobe  and  becomes  eon- 
tinuous  at  various  distances  with  the  face  or  that  over  the  lower  jaw. 
These  parts  will  not  receive  distinctive  names.  In  most  examples  the 
auricle  is  also  conveniently  divided  into  an  anterior  and  a  posterior 
part,  the  anterior  part  is  marked,  if  marked  at  all,  by  lines  repeating 


to 


BULLETIN  43,  UNITED    RTATEH   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


that  of  tbu  internal  border,  wliil»  the  posterior  ]>art  in  marked,  if 
marked  at  all,  by  conHpiiMioiiH  trauHverne  linos  or  Htriie.    The  hair 
when  it  extends  upward  on  tho  ^ar  from  the  crown  Ih  UHually  of  tlie 
color  and  character  of  tliat  of  the  crown,  while  that  of  the  posterior  Ih  | 
of  the  color  and  charai^ter  of  that  of  the  neck. 

The  tragitH  varies  exceedingly  in  form.  The  following  terms  are  cm- 
ployed  in  its  description,  viz,  the  inner  and  outer  border,  the  tip,  the  | 
notch,  which  is  near  the  base  of  tiio  outer  border,  and  the  basal  lobe, 
which  lies  below  the  notch.  The  tragus  is  said  to  be  absent  in  Ptero- 
pidie  and  Khinolophidas  but  in  some  examples  of  the  family  last  nam<-(l 
arndlmental  tragus  can  \w  discerned.  The  tragus  always  arises  from 
the  ridge  which  lies  in  front  of  the  auditory  meatus  and  connects  tiie 
inner  and  outer  auricular  borders.  It  is  of  interest  to  observe  timt 
while  this  connection  with  the  borders  is  imperfectly  defined  in  m«)st  I 
bats  that  in  the  recently  discovered  Kiiilcrma  it  is  markedly  so  united  | 
and  ten<ls  to  constrict  the  basal  parts  of  the  enorm  >us  auricle. 

Not  only  is  this  the  case,  but  tlic  curs  are  often  united  by  a  band  | 
(inter  auricular  membrane)  which  extends  obliquely  forward.    In  Cory- 
norhinuH  and  Macrotus  it  is  on  the  face,  and  in  Promops  perotis  reached  | 
quite  to  the  snout. 

In  illustration  of  the  value  of  the  ear  in  classitlcation  the  following;  I 
table  is  drawn  up  from  the  members  of  the  bats  described  iu  this  | 
memoir. 

Phyllostomida: — Ext«rnal  ear  without  internal  basal  lobe.    External  I 
ridge  rudiniental  or  absent.    External  basal  lobe  not  marginal,  but  lies  | 
well  within  the  large  second  scallop,  which  is  continued  well  iu  ft-out; 
tragus  prorect,  coarsely  crenulate  or  spinose  on  outer  border. 

Moloaai. — Ear  without  internal  basal  lobe.  Interual  ridge  produced  | 
forming  a  "keel."    External  ridge  marginal,  produced,  bounding  exter- 
nal basal  lobe.    External  basal  notch  open,  i.  e.,  not  covered  by  lower  | 
scallop ;  tragus  rudiniental. 

VeHpertilionidai. — Ear  with  internal  basal  lobe.    Internal  and  exter- 1 
nal  ridges  rudimental,  not  produced.    External  basal  lobe  marginal 
(except  Plecoti),  not  touching  external  basal  ridge.    External  basal  I 
notch  occupied  by  produced  lower  scallop.    Tragus  obscurely  crenu- 
late on  outer  border,  or  smooth. 

SECONDAUY  SKIN  DEVELOPMENTS. 


At  the  muzzle  the  skin  folds  are  median  and  lateral.  The  margins  | 
of  the  nostrils  expand  above  and  at  the  outer  side  while  they  are  sepa- 
rated by  a  groove  or  a  ridge  in  the  middle  line,  as  is  seen  in  Brachy- 
phylla  and  Nyctinomm.  Or  the  two  lines  of  perinarial  expansion  may  I 
meet  below  in  the  space  between  the  nostrils  and  the  lip  to  tbrm  a 
swollen  ridge  as  in  Olossophaga  or  a  lappet  as  in  most  Vampyri,  while 
the  iuteruarial  ridge  is  continuous  with  a  vertical  leaflet.    This  is  tlie  | 


;uM. 


A   MONOGRAPH   OF   THE    HATS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


11 


«  marked,  if  I 
).    The  liiiir 
ually  of  tlie 
])OHterior  i»  \ 

)rtn8  are  cm- 
,  the  tip,  the  I 
lie  basal  lohe,  \ 
lit  in  Ptei'o- 
Y  last  named 
1  arises  from 
:(>uiioct8  tile 
►bservo  tliiU 
lied  in  most 
ly  so  united  | 
'icle. 
id  by  a  band  | 
■d.    In  Cory- 
rotia  reaches)  I 

;lie  foUowiiif; 
ibed  in  this 

5.     External 

iiial,  but  Im 

'ell  in  front;  [ 

er. 

ge  produced 

nding  exter- 

•ed  by  lower  I 

1  and  extcr- 
)e  marginal 
ternal  basal  { 
irely  creuu- 


)he  margins  | 
By  are  sepa- 
I  in  Braclni- 
ansion  may  I 
p  to  form  a 
»jPyn,  while 
This  is  the 


MM'  s*>en  in  most  of  the  Phyllostomidte  as  excmplifltHl  in  this  memoir 
I  I  rlihfiis  and  Macrotm.  The  nostrils  may  remain  simple  with  the  upper 
>nit>r  advanced  upon  lumen  of  the  ojiening  so  lis  to  divide  it  into  two 
kt'iiua  as  in  most  VesiH^rtiliouidat  or  the  liuneii  may  be  oval  as  in  Eu- 

In  all  the  genera  in  which  the  foliations  about  the  nostrils  are  well 
[>v«>1()|)(>(l  the  outgrowths  occur  in  positions  of  structures  which  can  be 
lulled  in  the  muKzles  of  other  mammals.  Thus  in  Jihinolophun  (and  at 
last  in  IlippoHiderim,  so  far  as  examined)  the  upper  or  inner  margin  of 
Icli  nostril  leads  to  the  development  of  a  fold  (siipra-narial)  which  by 
kiitin^^  with  its  fellow  forms  the  anterior  of  the  two  ascending  leaflets 

the  sella;  the  lower  or  outer  margin  leads  to  the  development  of  the 
Itei-al  fold  (infra-narial),  which  passes  back  to  form  the  lateral  margin 

the  posterior  ascending  leaflet  or  the  terminal  leaflet;  the  muzzle 
jands  are  continuous  posteriorly,  with  a  short  skin-fold  which  joins 
litli  the  lateral  fold  to  form  the  terminal  leaflet.  The  supra-narial  also 
lins  the  terminal  leaflet  from  in  front.  The  three  plications  end  on 
lie  terininal  leaflet  at  the  part  where  it  frees  itself  from  the  head.  Va- 
dous  sapplemental  folds  occur  in  ift^>;>o»«/er«#,  none  of  which,  however, 
istiii'l)  the  plan.  The  scheme  described  for  Artibeus  is  essentially  the 
Jiine,  excepting  in  the  fact  that  a  single  ascending  leaflet  is  formed,  to 
lliich  both  supra  narial  and  infra-narial  folds  contribute.  In  Ucto- 
fii/llo  the  entire  inuxzle-gland  series  becomes  foliate,  thus  exhibiting 
jcomitlete  devehipmeiit  of  a  tendency  announced  in  Rhinolophus,  In 
Ii/ctirix  the  supra  and  infra  narials  do  not  assist  in  forming  a  median 
juncture,  but  remain  well  out  on  the  side  of  the  face. 
iTlie  lower  lip  is  firmly  held  to  the  gum  of  the  lower  incisor  teeth,  as 

Vespcrtilio,  or  it  is  free  and  forms  a  protrusile,  membranous  fold 

ill  Ataltipha.  It  may  be  entire  or  divided  in  the  center  so  as  to  form 
\o  chill  plates  as  in  Macrotus  and,  as  a  variation,  in  Xycticeju«.  In 
hnlnphi  a  distinct  lappet  extends  entirely  across  the  chin  and  in  de- 
j-ees  of  development  distinguishes  the  sexes.  The  chin  itself  and  the 
j)ace  directly  back  of  it  is  adorned  with  scattered  warts  in  all  forms, 
kit  in  rhyllostomida;,  as  shown  in  Ariibensy  the  entire  chin  is  conspicu- 
^isly  adorned  with  verructe  arranged  in  median  and  lateral  groups. 

Chihiujcteris  and  Mormopn  these  are  the  sites  of  curiously  complex 
laflets. 

J  The  sides  of  the  face  are  furnished  with  skin-folds  of  various  lengths, 
Ihicli  are  continuous  with  the  external  border  of  the  auricle,  or  a  large 
[art  lies  directly  back  of  or  below  the  angle  of  the  mouth,  while  the 
Ides  of  the  muzzle  are  apt  to  be  more  or  less  thickened  by  swollen 
land-masses,  which  tend  to  embrace  the  side  of  the  nose-leaf  as  in 
yrtibem  and  Macrotm,  or  ascend  toward  the  vertex  of  the  face,  where 
jiey  either  approach  each  other  on  the  top  of  the  muzzle  as  in  Antro- 
^U8,  or  end  free  as  in  Corynorhinuti. 


12 


BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   8TATE8  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


THE  HAIR. 

Tliuhiiir  of  tliu  body  is  arrivngeU  in  rugioiiH  having  well-doflned  bonnd- 
urieH.    Tiio  uro^vn  of  tlio  lioad,  the  region  diruc.t ly  in  front  of  tliu  <>ur,  I 
t\ioi  nuck,  eHpocialiy  tlio  Hide  and  back,  iiiuluHiveof  a  lino  wtosh  tiie  top 
of  tlio  chcHt,  tlie  Hhoulder  itMoIf,  tlie  HiduH  of  the  under  Hurface  of  the 
biHly,  the  rump,  and  inibitt  are  all  regions  which  are  often  Heparatcly 
colored,  or  clothed  with  hair  of  distinct  texture,  or  rateof  devehipiuent 
than  that  of  the  other  portions  of  the  body.    The  sides  of  the  neck  are 
always  furnished  with  longer  hair  than  is  the  fk-ontand  ordinarily  tliHn| 
ia  the  back.    The  hair  of  the  pubis  is  more  woolly  than  that  seen  else- 
where.   The  hair  extends  farther  on  the  dorsum  of  the  fiu'O  in  Ve«per- 
tilio  than  in  most  genera.    The  same  region  is  naked  in  Atlelonycteris.  \ 
The  shoulders  are  occasionally  furnished  with  shades  of  color  contrast- 
ing with  that  of  the  rest  of  the  body. 

The  membranes  are  clothed  with  hair  in  varying  degrees.    The  greater  I 
area  is  naked.    The  interfemoral  membrane  is  more  thickly  clothed  ou 
the  upper  than  the  lower  surface,  a  tenden(;y  reaching  its  maximum  iiii 
Atalapha,  while  the  lower  surtm^e  of  the  wing  membrane  between  tlie  I 
body  and  the  border  of  the  manus — a  tendency  also  marked  in  Atalapha,  I 
but  most  marked  in  the  Asiatic  form  of  the  noctulo  bat  [NoctuUna  nne\ 
tula  hiMoptcrun),    As  a  rule  the  fur  from  the  under  surffuto  of  the  body 
extends  from  the  upper  third  or  half  of  the  arm  to  the  knee.     The 
presence  of  a  clump  of  hair  on  the  dorsum  of  the  forearm  is  a  good 
peripheral  charattter  for  Atalapha  oinerea.    The  interfemoral  membrane  I 
as  a  rule  is  covered  with  an  extension  of  hair  from  the  rump  to  the| 
basal  third  in  Yespertilionidre.     In   Vespertilio  an  interesting  char- 
acter is  noted  in  the  clump,  not  being  well  defined,  but  straggles  down- 
ward in  an  irregular  manner  and  is  lost  near  the  ankle.    This  disposition  I 
is  espetiially  developed  in  Vespertilio  capaccini  and  in  the  Nevadan 
variety  of   Vespertilio  nitidus  ciliolabrum.     The  lower  border  of  the  I 
membrane  is  constantly  fringed  in  some  forms  of  Vespertilio,  but  as 
an  individual  variation  in  the  North  American  species.    It  is  rare  to  I 
have  the  lower  border  of  the  wing  membrane  from  the  foot  to  the 
manus  fringed  as  in  Pteropus,  but   Vespertilio,  as   seen  in  Nortii 
America  exhibits  a  singularly  constant,  minute  bristle  which  overlies  I 
the  membrane  at  the  tip  of  the  fifth  finger.    The  ears  are  apt  to  be 
sparsely  haired  ou  the  inner  surface  near  the  anterior  border,  on  the  | 
outer  surface  at  the  basal  third  or  half,  and  on  the  external  basal  lobe. 
Ou  the  whole  the  bats  which  take  the  prone  position  in  rest  are  less  I 
heavily  furred  than  those  which  are  pendent.    In  one  of  the  most 
marked  forms  of  the  former  group  ( Cfieiromeles)  the  skin  is  nearly  naked.  I 
Interesting  contrasts  can  be  made  in  this  way  between  the  haunters  of  I 
caves,  attics,  and  old  tree  trunks  and  those  which  are  caught  hanging  | 
from  the  smaller  branches  and  twigs  of  trees  and  bushes. 

Bristles  (seta?)  usually  surmount  warts  (verrucse).    They  are  best  de- 1 
veloped  ou  the  face  of  Molossi,  though  they  may  be  found  in  the  group 


m. 


A  MONOOUAPH  OF  THE   HATH  OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


18 


lined  ImmiimI- 
t  of  tliu  <>)ir,  I 
;ro8H  tlut  top 
rfuco  of  tlie 
11  8vpanit<0y 
luvelopmciit  I 
blie  nock  are  I 
iinarily  tlittn  | 
lit  Hven  oIho- 
•0  in  Ve»per- 
ddonycteriH. 
lor  contrast- 

The  greater  I 
y  clothed  ou 
maximum  ill  I 
luitwcon  the 
inyl/a{aj)/ta,| 
octulina  noc- 
I  of  the  body  I 
knee.     The  I 
m  is  a  good  I 
1  membrane  I 
rump  to  the  I 
Bating  char- 
ggles  down- 
t  disposition  I 
»o  Nevadanl 
)rder  of  the 
Ulio,  but  as  I 
is  rare  to 
foot  to  the 
in  North 
icli  overlies 
e  apt  to  be  I 
der,  on  the  I 
basal  lobe.  I 
rest  are  less  I 
the  most! 
iarly  naked, 
haunters  of  I 
ht  hanging  I 

are  best  de- 
a  the  group 


list  iiivuumI  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  intorfemoral  membrane.  The 
Ici.v  long  hairs  of  the  sides  of  the  muz/du,  which  are  so  conspicuous  in 
liiiiiy  of  the  small  mammals  of  (»thor  orders,  notably  the  Itodentia  and 
Bai'iiivora  are  absent.  The  best  examples  are  met  with  in  VeHpertilio 
IimI  (lliorronyoteriii.  Fringes  of  bristles  adorn  the  margins  of  the  toes 
|i  Molossi. 
Ill  describing  bats  in  this  manner  the  attention  which  has  been  given 
I  tliiultitails  of  tlio  coloring  and  the  markings  on  mendmuiea  require 
111  exact  use  of  terms. 

VVIieii  hair  arises  from  the  membrane  it  will  be  seen  that  the  clumps 
iillow  the  dire(^tions  of  the  trabecuhu  and  are  detected  in  the  trans- 
[ireiit  wing  as  minute  black  dots  arranged  in  rows.  These  must  not 
K>  eoiifoundcd  with  pigment  spots  which  dot  the  naked  spaces  of  the 
^iii^'  in  some  species. 

GLANDS. 

The  skin  glands  are  best  devehtped  on  the  sides  of  the  face  directly 
luck  of  the  muK/le.  In  Molossi  a  large,  median,  coarse  sebaceous  gland 
|es  depressed  ou  the  under  surface  of  the  neck.    It  is  best  developed 

the  male.  An  elevated  thoracic  mediaidy  placed  gland  is  present  in 
\mctti(l<i.  The  mammiu  are  large  during  the  lactating  perio<l  when  the 
i|)pleH  are  projecting  and  the  aveolar  space  naked.  At  other  times 
|ie  nipple  disappears  and  the  gland  is  redu(;ed  to  the  smallest  possible 
roportions.  In  Savcopteryx  and  its  allies  the  wing  membrane  above 
|ic  anterior  extremity  is  furnished  with  a  S)u;k  which  is  lined  with  folds 
[liicb  yield  a  fetid  secretion.  The  position  and  size  of  this  sack  furnis' 
(cellont  characters  to  distinguish  genera  as  well  as  sexes  of  individ- 

ils. 

OOLOBATION. 

J  It  is  necessary  to  state  that  the  colors  for  the  most  part  are  described 
|om  alcoholic  specimens  which  have  been  removed  from  the  spirit  and 
smutted  to  dry.  Mr.  F.  W.  True  writes  in  the  Smithsonian  Beport 
(r  1888  that  alcohol  disturbs  the  color-scheme  of  a  mammal.  The 
laracter  of  alcohol  is  not  especially  here  named  and  the  remark  is 
J»d()ubte<lly  correct  for  specimens  which  have  been  preserved  in  wood 
pirit.  However,  none  of  the  specimens  used  for  this  study  have  been 
Reserved  in  other  than  commercial  alcohol  which  has  been  variously 
|luted  with  water.  I  have  observed  no  differences  of  the  kind  named 
etweon  the  few  living  individuals  I  have  seen,  the  fur  of  the  dried 
tin  prepared  in  the  usual  way  with  arsenic  and  in  skins  dried  after 
toloiiged  immersion  in  commercial  spirit.  It  must  also  be  remembered 
kat  since  all  the  material  available  has  been  preserved  in  the  same 
ledium  the  comparisons  are  sufficiently  exact  for  purposes  of  identifl- 
litiou  of  museum  alcoholics.  It  is  barely  jwssible  that  the  color  de- 
[ription  may  require  modification  as  contrasted  with  that  based  upon 
nug  specimens. 


i!  ' 


14  '         UULLETIN   m,  UNITED   BTATEH   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

'I  THK  8KKLETON. 

Tint  HkuU. — III  (IcHci'ibint;  tliu  Hkiill  in  batH,  I  have  borne  in  mind  tlinij 
tll<^  form  of  tlio  i>ratii  tfivw  oxpriiHHion  to  tlio  Hhapo  of  Mic  brain-uaN<^  ti 
afar  KiHMitei'  (Ici^roo  tlian  is  Mio  oasii  in  otliur  inammalH.  Tliu  diviHioiJ 
of  tUiy  brain  aro  rtMidily  ontliiuMl  exfornally,  and  yiold  convoniunt  boiiiidJ 
ario8,  Hin(H>  Mio  sliapcH  of  aMsociiafod  parts  liannoniKo  in  Homo  dut?i'('t'  t([ 
thorn.  Thus  tlio  ro|i(ion  of  tho  proonoiiplialon,  of  tiui  moseucoplialoiij 
and  of  tlio  inot(Mi(H^plialuii  aro  dotlnod.  In  liiio  tnannor  the  improssiDiiif 
made  by  the  lines  of  attaehinoiit  of  the  temporal  and  masaeter  nmscleii, 
tlie  former  on  tlie  eraninm,  tlie  latter  on  tlie  lower  jaw,  are  valnablcJ 
For  the  temporal  mnscles  I  h'.ve  named  the  median  line  betwee  i  tlid 
two  the  Haaittal  vrmt,  or  line,  and  the  anterv  r  and  ])Osterior  temponij 
impressions  the  anterior  oiid  poHtcrior  temporal  ridijen,  or  lines. 

On  the  niidor  surface  of  the  skull  the  sixe  and  direction  of  the  ])r(H'J 
ess  (sphenoidal  tonjrue)  which  extends  backwanl  and  outward  froiJ 
the  basisplicnoid  is  w«)rthy  of  notice.  As  compared  to  other  inamnmlsf 
the  cochlea  is  uiinsually  \\xv\tv  at  the  base  of  the  skull,  and  is,  aa  a  riilt| 
but  partially  concealed  by  the  tympanic  bone. 

The  otic  capsule  varies  in  the  decree  in  which  bony  laminie  occupjl 
the  spaces  cre)it4>d  by  tin*  semicircular  canals.  On  the  side  of  the  skill 
the  surface  (opisthotic)  which  adjoins  the  s<]<iama  in  miinunals  ^mm\ 
ally  is  in  bats  crossed  by  a  proi'essof  thesipiama  uniting  with  one  IVoiij 
the  exoccipitnl,  as  in  Afalapha^  or  tlie  surface  is  tree  as  in  Xifctinomiiii 
The  old-worhl  f^enus  HippoHidnos  resembles  Xi/vtinonnuH  in  this  iwrl 
ticular.  When  the  otic  (^apsule  falls  out,  as  it  is  apt  to  do  in  the  ovcJ 
fnacerated  skull,  a  foranen  or  a  not(;h  is  always  dcllned  between  tlii 
aquaina  and  the  occipital  biuie.  8oinetiiiies  a  foramen  of  the  same  sij; 
nitlcance,  viz,  one  occupied  by  the  opisthotic  during  life,  is  seen  o\ 
the  occiput. 

The  otic  capsule  in  Tteropidie  ahnie  is  inch>sed  in  Ixme,  to  formi 
triaii|;ular  wtnljie  comparable  to  the  os  prtrosa  of  other  mammals.  At 
a  rule,  the  form  of  the  cochlea  and  semicircular  canals  are  outlined  iiJ 
tli«)ugh  in  the  lininan  skull  the  eiicapsulin)>:  petrosal  bone  lutd  \ml 
chiseled  away;  the  dejirees  in  wiiich  thin  i)lates  of  bone  till  in  tliJ 
semicircular  canals  beinj'-  aloiu>  subject  to  chanp>.  The  horizontal  IdoJ 
in  all  forms  examined  is  tilled  with  bone. 

The  foll»>wiii};  scheme  of  the  otic  elements  will  be  found  useful: 
Kxternal  loop  entiivly  occupied  with  boiu': 

Sni>»^rior  liutp  iiii,t(iiliit«<(l,  opon irhbi'im. 

Siiin'rior  liiop  Hourly  liUoil S'lirtitiiiiiiiin  ( .V.  hnmlifntia). 

SinitM'itir  loop  iiliont  hull"  lil'ltMl ilahntlm. 

ICxternal  h>op  aliin)st  entirely  occupied  «ith  bone: 

•  I'fupnUlio. 

Adelohyvlrrin  (.Lj'u»cti»). 


A   MONOORAPH   OF   THE    BATS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA.  15 

I'lxtoi'iiiil  loop  and  Hupei'ior  loo])S  uot  occupied  with  bono: 

Soelilin. 
;    '      -  MaerotuM  (occiiMiunully  uxcepteil). 

;  .  t.i      .<'.      .  .  Hemidernui. 

CliiloHjivtvriH. 

Vlw  tyiTipiinic  bono  is  HoiuctimeH  iiicoinplete,  as  in  VeHpertilio,  at  its 
iipptT  arc,  wli«ro  it  limits  the  zona  tympanica  superiorly.    The  bone 
iiiiistitutiis  th»i  bulla,  whii'h  presents  various  degrees  of  extension  over 
(lie  cDchloa  or  forward  along  tiie  side  of  the  glenoid  fossa.    The  width 
;  of  tlie  origin  of  the  ster no- mastoid  muscle  is  much  greater  than  ia 
iiiaiiiiiialia  goufsrally.    This  interval  in  Artibvux  equals  one-seventh  of 
t  ln'  greatest  length  of  the  skull,  wJiile  in  CaniH  it  equals  one-nineteenth. 
Seen  I'rom  above,  the  face  is  described  as  forming  a  vertejr.    This  ex- 
tends from  the  region  of  the  proencephalon  to  the  upper  border  of  the 
anterior  nasal  aperture.    On  the  side  the  region  of  the  face  is  equal  to 
the  length  of  the  dental  series.    The  orbit  is,  strictly  speaking,  t'jat 
poi'tionof  the  skull  which  accommodates  the  eyeball;  but  this  is  much 
Mualler  than  the  space  as  defined  by  the  bony  limits,  as  seen  in  many 
I  otiierniauimuls.    Since  custom  has  sanctioned  an  acceptance  of  an  or- 
hi  till  m/ion  which  woiUd  be  limited  posteriorly  if  a  process  were  j.resent 
e\t(>nding  from  the  anterior  temporal  ridge  toward  the  zygoma,  a  simi- 
lar region  so  restricted  is  held  to  be  a  valid  one  in  all  bats.     In  some 
giMUMii,  indeed,  as  those  of  the  Emballonuridus  the  post-orbital  proc- 
ess is  constantly  present,  and  in  the  Pteropida^  varying  degrees  of 
posterior  limitations  of  the  orbital  region  are  seen.    The  face,  including 
a  pari  of  the  frontal  bone,  is  inflated  at  the  side  in  bats.    I  hav«  called 
tills  the  fronds  maxillary  inflation.    It  forms  a  ridge  or  swelling  ut  the 
I  upper  btM'der  of  the  orbit.    The  inflation  of  the  skull  at  the  anterior 
part  of  the  frontal  bone  to  form  the  frontal  sinus  is  much  less  conspic- 
luoiis  in  the  Cheiroptera  than  in  some  other  lU'ders,  but  the  maxillary 
lintlatiou  is  greater.    This  peculiarity  gives  the  face  abroad  effect  at  its 
Ijiuiftlon  with  the  brain-case  and  modifies  the  shape  of  the  orbit.    The 
\tilimoidiil  platcK  variously  change  the  shape  of  the  inner  wall.    As  a 
mile,  the  frontal  bono  here  permits  the  ectoturbinal  parts  to  be  in  part 
Jdeiiiied.    The  region  of  the  lachrymal  bone  appears  to  resist  the  dis- 
position to  inflation;  lienco  the  peculiarities  of  the  inflation  give  char- 
laeter  to  I  his  portion  of  the  cranium.    On  the  vertex  the  inflation  causes 
Ithe  t'aee  to  widen  from  the  ])roeneephalon  to  near  the  anterior  nasal 
laperture,  where  it  is  abruptly  narrowed,  and  to  create  depressions  of  in- 
leonstant  kinds  in  the  line  of  the  conjoined  nasal  bones.    The  extent  to 
i  liifli  the  recession  of  the  nasal  bone  from  the  anterior  nasal  aperture 
iKtiirs.  as  well  as  of  the  ])alatal  nottih,  due  to  the  rndinientary  state  of 
t!ie  proinaxillu',  aflord  bases  for  some  characters  of  minor  value.    The 
ItMifrtli  of  the  infra -orbital  canal  and  the  peculiarities  of  the  outer  wall 
|i)l  tlieeanal  are  of  interest.     In  Artihcm  the  canal  is  hmg  and  for  the 


if. 


16 


BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


most  part  smooth  externally,  as  in  Cairn,  while  in  the  fauna  generally 
it  is  short,  as  in  Felis,  and  the  outer  wall  is  often  elevated. 

The  hard  palate  may  be  either  in  the  main  axis  of  the  skull,  as  in  most 
forms,  or  deflected  upward  and  forward.  The  characters  furnished  by 
the  pterygoid  processes,  the  palatal  plates,  are  here  as  useful  as  in 
other  mammalian  groups.  The  i)remaxill8B  are  rarely  firmly  united  to 
one  another.  When  they  are  so  united,  as  in  PhyUostomidae  and  Mo- 
lossi,  the  median  incisors  are  disposed  to  be  (iontiguouis.  When  they  are 
not  united,  a  large  median  interspace  separates  them  and  is  continuous 
with  the  vacuity  which  in  other  mammals  represent  the  incisorial  for- 
amen. The  presQUce  or  absence  of  the  spheuo- palatine  foramen  is  used 
in  some  groups,  as  Molossi  and  in  Plecoti,  in  separating  genera.  Tlie 
disposition  of  the  turbinals  is  also  of  interest,  the  iieculiarities  of  tbe 
arrangement  being  definitive  of  the  families  as  established  on  other 
structural  characters.  If  in  mammals  generally  an  outer  and  an  inner 
turbinal  group  is  recognized,  then  in  the  bats  we  have  a  median  lamina 
which  bears  upon  its  inner  surface  one  or  more  scrolls  (endoturbinals), 
and  an  outer  lamina  with  much  simpler  accessories  (ectoturbinals). 
The  simplest  arrangement  of  the  turbinals  is  seen  in  the  Nycteridse  and 
Ehinolophidie,  the  most  complex  in  Pteropidse.  In  Natalus  alone  is 
the  ectoturbinal  rudiniental  or  absent.  (Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Feb., 
1880.) 

In  addition  to  the  f)ecul,iarities  of  the  masseteric  impression  on  the 
lower  jaw,  already  noticed,  characters  are  furnished  in  the  height  of  the 
coronoid  process  and  the  degree  of  deflection  as  well  as  the  size  and 
shape  of  the  angle.  The  i)ost-8ymphysal  spine  which  is  conspicuous 
in  some  extinct  forms  has  not  been  seen  by  me  in  any  of  the  extant 
forms  (Promops  perbaps  excepted),  and  I  have  examined  most  of  the 
genera  of  the  order. 

The  shortening  of  the  face,  pari  passu,  with  reduction  of  teeth,  is  seen 
in  Carnivora.  The  tendency  is  seen  in  Vespcrugo,  smd  in  bats  gen- 
erally. In  Vespertilio  the  shortening  of  face  is  accompanied  by  dis- 
placement inward  of  the  premolars.  In  a  mechanical  sense  it  amounts 
to  the  same  as  reduction  in  number.  In  pteropine  bats  a  remarkable 
persistence  of  facial  length  remains,  while  the  dis])osition  to  reduction 
is  evident.  One  may  conclude  from  the  instance  last  named  that  the 
shortening  of  face  and  reduction  of  teeth  are  independent.  The  same 
is  true  of  the  Ungulata. 

In  Atalapha  the  lower  jaw  closes  in  front  of  the  upper.  The  lower 
canines  articulate  with  the  anterior  surfaces  of  the  npi)er  laterals  their 
entire  length.  The  upper  canines  are  free,  i.  c,  do  not  articulate  with 
anything. 

Vertebral  column, — The  vertebral  column  is  without  large  processes 
other  than  the  hftMnoi)ophyses  which  are  well  developed  iu  the  cervical 
region. 

The  atUts  is  broadest  in  Pteropidiw.    In  both  Pieropua  and  Epomoph- 


A  MONOGRAPH   OP  THE   BATS   OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


17 


torus  tlio  bone  extends  downward  posteriorly  and  at  the  sides  so  as 
jto  conceal  the  lower  opening  of  the  canal  for  the  vertebral  canal.    The 
luppei'  border  of  the  conjoined  laminsB  is  boldly  rugose.    In  Artibeus,  a 
Imeinber  of  a  group  in  the  New  World  analogous  to  the  foregoing,  the 
Lit  las  is  greatly  reduced  in  the  proiwrtions  of  the  lamina3  and  the  trans- 
I verse  process,  the  lower  opening  of  the  canal  for  the  vertebral  canal  is 
|exi)()sed  on  the  posterior  aspect  of  the  bone,  while  the  upper  border  of 
Itlic  (ionjoined  laminae  is  scarcely  rugose.    In  the  vespertilionines,  molos- 
Isines,  and  phyllostoinines  minor  peculiarities  distinguish  the  atlas. 
iTlicse  are  given  in  the  diagnosis  of  genera  and  species.    Tn  a  general 
Kviiy  it  may  be  said  that  the  pteropines  are  broadly  separated  from  all 
Itlie  other  bats  by  the  characters  presented  by  this  bone.    In  Pteropus 
laiul  Epomophorm  the  axis  possesses  a  large  neural  spine  which  almost 
[equals  the  length  of  the  body  inclusive  of  the  cylindroid  odontoid  proc- 
ess.   In  Artibem  the  spine  is  but  one-half  the  length  of  the  body,  inclu- 
sive of  the  tubercle-like  odontoid  process.    The  remaining  portion  of  the 
cervical  is  curved  more  or  less  antero  posteriorly.    This  is  less  marked 
ill  the  pteropine  and  phyllostomine  genera  than  in  the  vespertilionine, 
iiiere  the  curve  is  so  great  as  to  bring  the  occiput  almost  to  the  flrst 
i(  irsal  vertebra.    The  aacrumy  at  its  upper  portion,  exhibits  a  compressed 
projecting  ventral  surface.    The  spinous  processes  are  flat,  distinct,  and 
liucrease  in  size  from  above  downward  in  molossines  and  Atalapha,  but 
tliey  are  low  and  confluent  in  many  forms  as  in  the  pteropines.    The 
irst  coccygeal  vertebra  in  tailed  forms  is  large  and  resembles  those  of 
the  sacrum.    The  caudal  vertebra;  below  this  are  cylindroid.    They 
rary  greatly  in  length,  especially  at  the  beginning  of  the  series. 
Ribs. — The  flrst  and  second  ribs  are  flat  and  broad  (coalescent  in 
{(italus  and  Hipposideros),  but  as  a  rule  have  a  wide  interspace.    The 
)ther  interspaces  are  also  well  defined  in  Pteropidte,  but  are  often 
1  arrow,  and  in  Jffatalus  and  Hipposideros  are  practically  obliterated. 
[Tlie  costal  cartilages  are  relatively  inelastic  and  are  disposed  to  become 
['arly  calcified.    Indeed,  the  entire  chest  is  rigid,  and  the  ribs  often 
jecome  anchylosed  to  the  spine,  and  in  some  forms,  as  in  old  Individ- 
lals  of  Vespertilio  murinvs,  the  contiguous  ribs  to  each  other.    Hence 
the  respiratory  movements  are  for  the  most  part  performed  by  the 
|liai)hragm  and  the  flank  miiscles. 

Stenium. — The  prosternum  is  broad  and  massive,  while  both  the 
mesosternum  and  metasternum  are  narrowed.  The  prosternnm  sends  a 
j'onspicuous  process  forward  into  the  neck  (as  in  many  terrestrial  mam- 
|iials)  in  molossines;  all  the  others  are  without  this  process.  The  flrst 
oiiit  is  usually  conspicuously  keeled,  and  in  Pteropidae  this  keel  is 
livided  by  a  deep  notch.  The  mesosternum  in  the  same  family  is  also 
ieeled  its  entire  length,  but  in  the  other  groups  it  is  barely  ridged  or 
smooth. 

Anterior  limb. — The  clavicle  is  present  in  all  bats.    It  is  firmly  at- 
Itached  at  both  the  acromial  and  the  sternal  end.    The  last  named 
441— No.  43 2 


i 


18 


BULLETIN  43,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


; 


effects  an  important  articulation  witli  tbe  cartilage  of  the  first  rib  audi 
in  the  sterno-claviculo-costal  joint ;  in  Molossi,  at  least,  it  is  of  enormous  | 
strength.  The  scapula,  as  in  other  claviculate  forms,  with  few  excepj 
tions,  in  which  the  large  anterior  extremity  is  not  supported  on  the  I 
ground,  possesses  an  infraspinatus  fossa  very  much  larger  than  thel 
supraspinatus.  The  bone  lies  well  up  on  the  side  of  the  neck  in  thel 
forms  in  which  the  cervical  series  of  vertebra*  is  bent  forward.  Excel- j 
lent  characters  are  yielded  by  thecoracoid  process.  It  is  always  longiin<l| 
slender,  simple,  and  gently  curved  in  various  arcs  in  Pteropidse,  Hhil 
nolophidie,  Emballonurida;,  and  Phyllostomidie,  but  bifid  in  mostl 
Vespertilionidie.  It  is  interesting  to  find  the  genus  Vcspertilio  abt'i-l 
rant  in  this  respect,  the  process  being  simple  and  curved  quite  as  in  I 
the  larger  groups  first  named.  "  The  posterior  tubercle  is  prolonged  tol 
form  an  oblique  posteriorly- directed  process  in  Laaionycteris,  and  the) 
molossines  Atalapha  and  Chalinolohua. 

With  the  exception  of  the  tuberosities  of  the  humerus  no  checkl 
processes  exist  anywhere  in  the  bones  of  the  limbs,  thus  presentiuJ 
marked  contrasts  with  the  limbs  of  birds.  The  trochlear  end  of  thel 
humerus  yields  in  the  shape  and  direction  of  the  epitrochlea  valuable  | 
characters.  This  process  conforms  to  the  terrestrial  type,  i.  e.,  it  i 
transversely  inclined  in  pteropines  and  the  genus  Saccopteryx;  is  del 
fleeted  downward  parallel  or  nearly  so  to  the  shaft  in  phyllostominesi 
and  molossines,  but  is  absent  in  vespertilionines.  In  vespertilioniuesl 
again  the  articular  surface  is  axial,  /.  e.,  is  in  the  middle  line  of  thel 
humerus,  but  in  phyllostomines  it  is  thrown  well  ott  to  the  outer  side! 
Narrow-winged  forms,  as  the  molossines  and  the  genus  Atalapha,  exhibit! 
large  tubercles  on  the  humerus  and  wide  trochlear  surfaces.  ThusI 
these  chara<*ter8  harmonize  with  rapid  fiight.  On  the  other  hand,  thel 
forms  with  smaller  tubercles  and  narrow,  poorly  defined  trochlear  surf 
faces  have  broad  wings  and  presumably  slow  fiight. 

The  radius  constitutes  the  main  support  of  the  forearm  and  presentsl 
few  variations' from  a  single  type.  As  a  rule  it  is  nearly  straight,  but! 
is  much  bent  in  Hipposidcros.  It  is  always  obliquely  grooved  by  tliel 
tendon  of  the  extensor  ossi  metacarpi  i)ollicis.  Tlie  size  of  the  lar};e,| 
deep  fossa  for  the  insertion  of  tlie  biceps  flexor  is  variable.  Since  thel 
ulna  does  not  enter  into  the  composition  of  the  anterior  arc  of  thel 
trochlea,  and  its  place  is  here  taken  by  the  radius  in  addition  to  thel 
work  this  bone  does  in  articulating  with  the  humerus  at  its  outer  hiilfj 
it  is  easily  seen  that  the  radius  is  provided  with  two  facets  at  its  pros  f 
imal  end,  and  that  the  main  ridge  on  the  distal  articular  surface  of  thel 
humerus  fits  in  between  these  two  radial  facets.  So  far  as  the  degreel 
of  invasion  of  the  radius  into  the  trochlea  has  been  noted  it  appears  m 
correlate  with  tlie  degree  of  activity  of  the  prone  form  in  scurrying. 
It  is  thus  marked  in  Cheiromeles  and  ^folo,'isus,  and  is  small  IdI 
Kerivoula.  . 

The  ulna  is  more  inconstant  in  form  than  the  radius;  in  all  it  is  iul 


r:< 


A  MONOGRAPH  OP  THE  BATS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


19 


faces.    TbusI 


all  it  is  iu- 


I'oinpletc  and  is  composed  of  a  proximal  .and  a  distal  rudiment.    The 
Loxiinal  rudiment  is  free  at  the  weak  olecranon,  which  resembles  the 
Lirts  iu  the  sloth,  and  is  continuous  in  most  genera  with  an  arched 
htdlike  sliaft  of  uniform  width,  which  is  ossified,  as  a  rule,  with  the  ra- 
iliiis  at  about  its  proximal  third.    Exceptions  are  noted  to  this  arrange- 
liu'iit  iu  some  of  the  vespertilionine  genera,  e.  (f.,  Scotophilua  and  Mini- 
ftptcrus,  as  well  as  in  the  molossine  Promops,  in  which  a  small  anchy- 
oscd  olecranon  unites  by  a  filiform  shaft  to  the  proximal  third  of  tlie 
kiliia.    But  the  vespertilionine  forms  as  a  rule  {Harpiocephahis  not  ex- 
luiiiiied)  retain  a  free  olecranon  which  is  continuous  with  a  filiform  ta- 
lu'ring  shaft,  which  ends  free  in  the  muscles  of  the  forearm.     Coryno- 
rliinKs,  Xyctophiliis,  O/mZtnoiofiMS  are  exceptions  even  to  this  arrange- 
Ineiit,  for  here  the  shaft  is  entirely  absent,  the  rudimental  fixed  olecra- 
liou  constituting  the  entire  proximal  end.    The  tendon  of  the  triceps 
msclc  as  it  is  inserted  into  the  ulua  is  occupied  by  a  sesamoid  bone. 
io  other  animals  possess  a  bone  in  this  situation.    It  is  either  a  sepa- 
rate ossicle  developed  in  the  tendon,  or  the  disjuncted  epiphysis  of  the 
liia.    This  relatively  unimportant  bone  receives  the  muscle  which 
ilono  extends  the  powerful  forearm.    The  extenso''  carpi  ulnar  is  a 
nuscle  as  constant  iu  this  group  as  iu  others — arises  from  it.    All  the 
relations  of  the  ulna,  therefore,  are  with  the  extensors.    The  distal  end 
Is  anchylosed  to  the  radius  at  the  wrist.    The  form  may  be  that  of  a 
piadrate  plate,  more  or  less  well  defined,  which  is  usually  entire,  though 
may  retain  a  minute  foramen  of  insufficiency,  as  a  rule,  in  the  ves- 
x'l'tiliouines  and  molossines.    The  plate  may  be  absent  when  a  hook- 
like  process  directed  proximally,  as  in  Atalapha;  it  may  project  nearly  at 
jiglit  angles  to  shaft  and  be  conoidal,  as  in  phyllostomines,  rh'inolo- 
)liiiies,  and  the  genera  Saccopteryx  and  NataluH)  or  it  may  be  absent, 
fs  in  the  pteropines. 

The  varpus  of  bats  exhibits  some  valuable  characters.    In  all  forms 

|h('  first  row  of  bones  is  composed  of  two  bones  only — viz,  a  large  bone 

rhich  constitutes  the  greater  part  of  the  row  and  will  here  receive  the 

kaiue  of  the  scapho-lunar,  and  a  small  separate  bone  at  the  ulna  border 

|f  the  scapho-lunar  which  appears  to  be  the  cmneiform. 

The  second  row  is  composed  of  the  trapezium,  trapezoid,  os  magnum, 
kneiform.aud  often  the  pisiform.  The  os  magnum  and  unciform  always 
>nite  to  form  a  convex  surface  for  articulation  with  the  second  row.  With 
[lie  excei)tion  of  the  pisiform  all  these  integers  are  easily  recognized. 
pile  carpus  on  the  whole  is  simple,  since  the  first,  second,  and  third 
let;  "iirpal  bones  are  in  axial  articulation  with  trapezium,  trapezoid, 
jiul  OS  magnum,  respectively,  wliile  the  fourth  and  fifth  metacarpal 
Jones  articulate  with  the  unciform. 
In  pteropines  the  trapezium  and  os  magnum  are  greatly  larger  than 
re  the  other  bones  of  the  second  row,  and  give  a  peculiarly  massive 
Ippearance  to  the  carpus  when  the  wing  is  folded.  The  bone  first 
lamed  is  without  nodosity  on  the  palmar  aspect.    Wedged  between 


20 


BULLETIN  43,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


the  two  bones  laat  iiametd  is  the  insigiiiflcant  trapezoid.  Owing  to  the 
abruptly  curved  line  formed  by  the  heads  of  the  metacarpals  the 
second  and  fifth  bones  lie  at  the  level  of  the  plane  which  would  unite 
the  ends  of  the  curve,  while  the  third  and  fourth  form  the  bottom. 
The  cavity  deflued  by  the  carve  as  indicated  is  almost  entirely  occupied 
by  a  large  hatchot-shapo  prolongation  of  the  os  magnum.  Thus  the  os 
magnum,  beside  its  axial  attachments,  is  held  on  the  one  side  to  the 
second  and  on  the  other  to  the  fifth  metjicarpal  bone.  The  heads  of  | 
these  bones  are  so  disposed  as  not  to  approach  each  other.  The  pisi- 
form is  absent  unless  it  is  represented  in  the  palmar  prolongation  (tf  | 
the  OS  magnum. 

In  rhinolophines  the  plan  is  that  of  pteropines.  Though  the  bones 
are  less  massive  than  in  that  group,  the  methods  of  articulation  are 
the  same,  and  the  pisiform  is  also  apparently  absent. 

In  Artibem  the  palmar  part  of  the  os  magnum  articulates  with  a 
separate  but  much  smaller  element,  which  occupies  the  place  of  the 
hatchet-shape  plate  in  Pteropus.  The  heads  of  the  metacarpals  are 
scarcely  curved,  and  those  of  the  second  and  fltth  are  disposed  not  | 
to  approach  each  other. 

Among  the  vespertilionines  we  notice  the  following:  Corynorhinus  \ 
closely  resembles  A. ''/tftejts.     In  Adclonyoteris  the  trapezium  possesses 
a  tubercle  on  the  palmar  aspect;  the  os  magnum  is  without  palmar  I 
plate,  either  united  or  separate.    The  heads  of  the  second  and  fifth 
metacarpaltj  approach  each  other  and  almost  touch.    In  Atalapha  tlie 
tubercle  to  the  trapezium  is  retained,  while  the  palmar  extension  of 
the  09  magnum  is  absent.  Articulating  on  the  pollical  side  of  the  flftli 
metacarpal  bone  is  a  separate  ossicle,  whi(!h  appears  to  take  the  place 
of  the  part  last  named.    It  is  elongated  and  much  larger  than  any  of 
the  carpal  elements.      I  have  named  it  the  pisiform.    Antrozous  is  [ 
much  the  same  as  Atalapha;  the  ossicle  by  the  side  of  the  fifth  metii- 1 
carpal  bone  is  triangular  in  shape.    The  i)late  of  bone  which  is  con- 
tinuous with  the  OS  magnum  on  its  palmar  aspect  in  pteropines  appears  | 
to  be  the  same  as  the  separate  ossicle  in  the  same  situation  in  Artibeus. 

The  bone  which  articulates  by  its  base  with  tlie  tiftli  metacarpal  bone  I 
in  Atalapha  and  AntrozoKs  would  appear  to  be  identical  with  the  above 
plate,  since  when  it  is  present  the  os  magnum  ends  in  a  simple  manner 
toward  the  paim.    It  would  api)ear  to  be  tlie  pisiform,  since  in  Atalapha  \ 
it  was  observed  to  receive  the  tendon  of  the  extensor  carpi  ulnaris.* 

Sesamoid  honen. — The  sesamoid  bones  are  found  in  locations  where  I 
great  motion  is  permitted  on  the  side  opposite  to  which  the  bones  are 
lodged — the  purpose  being  apparently  to  prevent  stretching  of  the 


*  The  ilifflcnlty  of  studying  the  carpus  without  decalcification  iiud  mtvkiiig  sec- 1 
tionw  for  microscopic  study  is  concedtMl.    The  .ibove epitome  will  doubtl<>8s  be  modi- 
fied in  details  when  such  a  method  of  study  is  adopted.    The  pteropines  and  true  I 
rhinolophines  are  seen  to  bo  in  alliance  by  characters  derived  from  the  carpus,  a 
position  which  is  in  harmony  with  the  absence  of  the  tragus  and  the  compact  form 
of  the  otio  bones. 


^^1 


ring  to  the 
a.rpal8  tlie 
ould  unite 
le  bottom, 
jr  occupied 
bus  the  o8 
lide  to  the 
le  heads  of 
The  pisi- 
•Dgation  of 

the  bones 
ilation  are 

tea  with  a 
lace  of  the 
arpals  are 
)po8ed  not 

rynorhinm 

possesses 
ut  palmar 
.  and  fifth 
alapha  the  i 
^tension  of  I 
>f  the  fifth 
3  the  place 

an  any  of  | 
trozous  is 
fifth  metii- 
ich  is  con- 
es appears 

Artibeus. 
irpal  bone 

the  above 
>le  manner 
1  At  alapha  \ 
ilnaris.* 
)n8  where  I 

bones  are 
ng  of  the 

making  sec-  | 
88  1)0  modi- 
OS  auil  true  I 
0  carpus,  a 
mpact  foru 


A   MONOGRAPH   OP   THE   BATS   OP   NORTH   AMERICA. 


21 


Liiscloa  which  carry  the  sesamoids.  At  the  point  at  which  stretch- 
jii}f  would  begin  the  bones  lock  with  the  .joint  surface  and  takes  the 
strain.  They  are  well  developed  in  the  tendons  of  the  extensors  of  the 
[first,  second  and  third  metacarpal  bones,  especially  in  the  phyl- 
Qostoniines. 

Tlio  tendency  above  noted  for  the  second  and  fifth  metacarpal  bones 
to  iucliue  toward  one  another  on  the  palmar  aspect  of  the  carpus,  and 
Ls  a  result  for  the  second  bonji  to  lie  in  front  of  the  third  and  for  the 
{filtli  to  lie  in  front  of  the  fourth,  is  a  notable  feature  in  the  manus  of 
till'  bat.  Minor  differences  are  seen  in  the  relative  lengths  of  the  bones, 
^riicy  are  shortest  in  pteropines  and  rhinolophines.  The  se6<)nd  meta- 
I'arpal  is  usually  slightly  shorter  than  the  others,  but  in  Hipi)osideros 
jit  is  nnich  shorter.  The  fifth  metacarpal  bone  is  apt  to  be  the  largest, 
|iis  in  Pteropus,  but  in  Hipposideros  and  in  the  molossines  it  is  the  short- 
est. In  the  group  last  named  and  the  related  genus  Atalapha  the  bones 
|sire  marked  by  grooves  for  the  powerful  metacarpo-phalangeal  flexors, 
lie  third  metacarpal  bone  is  commonly  the  largest,  the  fifth  the  shortest, 
tlu'  fourth  being  intermediate,  yet  in  North  American  species  of  Ves- 
\l)eriHio  the  fourth  bone,  being  slightly  shorter  than  the  fifth,  is  some- 
times an  individual  variation.  M'egaderma  is  remarkable  for  having  the 
|above  order  reversed — the  fifth  metacarpal  is  the  largest  and  the  third 
is  the  shortest.  Viewed  as  a  whole  the  manus,  notwithstanding  its 
Miornious  longitudinal  development  in  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  ele- 
[meiits,  is  singularly  unimportant  in  the  first  and  second.  The  second, 
jowever,  while  unsupported  by  elongated  phalanges,  has  strong  archi- 
tectural functions  at  the  line  of  its  union  with  the  carpus. 

The  degrees  of  rigidity  of  the  joints  of  the  mnnus  vary  greatly. 
The  metacarpo-phalangeal  Joints  of  the  RhinolophidiB  are  quite  rigid 
|in  all  the  forms  examined.    In  most  forms  this  joint  in  the  fifth  finger 
is  less  flexible  than  that  of  the  other  fingers.    All   things  remain- 
ing the  same,  the  degrees  of  rigidity  are  least  marked  in  the  third 
jtin^cr  and  most  marked  in  the  fourth  and  fifth,  a  proposition  in  har- 
mony with  the  manner  of  dividing  the  manus,  namely,  with  the  serial 
iiovoment  (abduction)  of  the  first,  second,  and  third  digits  away  from 
the  fourth  and  fifth,  which  in  their  turn  are  more  disposed  to  remain 
Istationary,  and  thus  tend  to  make  rigid  the  main  portion  of  the  wing 
linenibrane. 

The  forms  in  which  the  second  and  third  digits  are  approximated,  sind 

the  digit  last  named  is  widely  separated  from  the  fourth,  embrace  the 

iMolossi,  the  Vespertilionidte,  and  the  remote  Pteropidse;   those  in 

Iwhit'h  the  <!onverse  appears,  at  least  in  which  the  second  and  third 

|<lij;its  are  relatively  wide  apart  and  the  third  digit  not  notably  removed 

Irom  the  fourth,  include  many  widely-removed  groups,  namely,  the 

PhyllostomidiB,  the  Rhinolophidse,  the  Epomorphi,  the  Plecoti,  and 

J^atalidie.    It  will  be  seen  the  arrangement  last  named  prevails  in  the 

llarjiest  number  of  forms. 

The  phalanges  present  few  points  of  contrast.    They  are  uniformly 


22 


HiTLrarriN  i:i,  itnitkd  hi'ATks  national  museum. 


i  I 


vIoitfjAttMl  nulH.  Ah  a  nil««  Mio  hocoikI  <1i);it  pohhchhoh  a  Hi'ii^hi  rudil 
iiuMitary  |>iialaiix  which  may  Im>  IV<>(«  <»r  Mnniaiichyloscd  to  the  iiiotacarJ 
|ial.  The  hiiflirHt  «l(>^i'<>o  of  drvrlupDitMit  is  nttaiiiiMl  in  Mio  ptitropiiiei*! 
and  in  tiiCfriMius /iVM'»r*;><i>H«r, t lie  toiincr  having  tlirco  and  fh«^  hittor  twol 
1)halan)j:<>K.  I  n  t  !i(> ptoropiiicHthr  Miird  isordinarily  t'nrniHhcd  with  atdawT 
Tlio  plnihin^as  vary  greatly  in  (ho  raum'i  of  motion,  thoHO  of  thu  hocoiiiII 
and  tilth  digits  hoing  the  l(>ast  niobih",  in  their  relative  lengths  in  tliel 
))tero))ines  and  the  genera  \ovtilio  and  MitiiitpfcruH,  these  lorms  beiiigl 
rtMnarkalile  tor  the  degrees  presMit  of  lateral  and  dorsal  flexion.  Itl 
has  been  noted  on  p.  5  that  the  disposition  and  relativi^  sixes  of  tliol 
piialang"s,vary  in  the  scurrying  and  pendant  forms.  In  the  ]msitioiil 
of  llight  the  row  of  tlrst  phalangt>s  is  Hexed  downward,  but  the  rovrl 
ot  second  phalanges  is  at  the  same  time  detlected  latta'ally;  i. c,  tol 
ovarii  th(>  body.  In  the  position  of  rest  the  parts  either  remain  axially[ 
disposed  or  tlu>  row  of  the  tlrst  phalanges  is  laterally  or  dorsally  Hexed, 
as  in  th(<  ntolossiinvs  and  emballanourines.  The  terminal  eartilagos  arol 
apparentlyabsiMitin  pteropiiuvs  an<l  rhinolophines.  When  present  tliovf 
renniin  in  axial  line  with  the  phalanges,  as  in  phyllostomines  (exeeptiiij>| 
rrt»M/)»/r««),  or  they  are  dcHected, from  that  line,  as  in  vospertilioniiicsl 
and  inolossiu(>s.  These  little  rods  a|)pear  to  be  indices  of  the  amiMint  andl 
dire<'tion  of  strain  to  which  the  inend>ranes  are  subjected,  and  poiiitj 
tlu'refore,  to  distinctions  in  na>thods  of  tlight.  It  may  be  said  tlmti 
they  are  absent,  or,  if  present,  axially  disposed  in  the  broad-wingiHll 
forms,  but  are  detlected  in  the  narrow  winged.*  In  vespertilioniiicsl 
(excepting  CitriiHorliiiius)  the  litth  digit  is  provided  with  an  accessory! 
cartilage,  \vhi«'h  lies  to  the  ctuter  side  of  the  terminal  cartilage.  lt| 
slightly  projects  from  the  margin  «)f  the  wing  membrane. t 

The  usual  number  of  phalanges  to  each  digit  is  two.  In  Phyllostol 
mida>  the  lunnberis  three  to  the  third  digit,  the  fourth  and  tlfth  haviiij;! 
two  each.  Y«'t  in  a  specimen  (ai)parently  luu'nnd)  of  PhfilloHtonia  Inmi 
fotioH  I  note  three  phalanges  in  the  fourth  digit  as  well  as  the  tliirdl 
The  third  ])halanx  is  probably  a  segmentation  of  the  second  rather  tliaii| 
a  distinct  Joint  ad<led  periplu'rally  to  the  scries.     At  least  it  so  ai>peav8 

'Thi>  sii;uill('!nu'<>  nt"  tlio  ciirtihiiLtinoUK  tips  to  the  «1ij;itH  is  not  clear.  At  lirsll 
Hixlit  tlicy  a|)|)oai'  to  he  ot'tlii<  value  ot'tlistiiii't  ))liiiliuiv:eN,  mill  1  liiivo  until  roo<Mitlv| 
lii'lil  to  thin  view,  liut  exaiuiuutiou  of  HoctiouN  untl<>r  th<>  luicroMcopo  yichlH  no  inili-l 
cation  of  scjinK'ntation,  nor  docs  inspection  of  cuiUryos  sliow  stajjes  in  wliicti  sciuir-j 
ate  elements  exist.  Nevertheless  I  note  in  .>Arcri(Nii  excess  of  «cj;nicutation  of  tliil 
last  phaiaux,  ami  l>ol>son  oliserves  the  same  in  the  Molossi.  Intcrestinii  prop<Mlirt| 
are  noted  in  the  ehMueuts  of  thi<  metiicarpiil  and  plialau;;ea)  series.  As  a  rule,  tlii'vl 
lire  ri.i;iil  and  lirittle.  In  riirin  thcHc  peculiarities  are  so  luarkod  as  to  innk(>  il| 
dirtlcult  to  hamlle  a  spi>eimi'n  with  -ut  inourrinij  a  chaui'e  of  hreakiii);  these  uxcccd- 
insly  tielicate  structnn'.«>.  In  th(>  rhyllostomid,)-.  on  the  other  hand,  they  are  ;i|il| 
*o  Ite  yiehliujr  and  elastic,  and  susjijest  (at  h'ast  in  the  case  of  the  second  and  tliirill 
dij;its)  that  the  hones  are  imperfectly  ossitied.  Mr.  ('.  IVrcy  Moore,  of  the  I'lii-f 
versity  of  Pennsylvania,  who  has  kimlly  investijjated  the  suhject  for  ine,  stiifwl 
tliat  att<ir  attempts  at  deeaicitication  the  ditrits  of  hats  everywhere  yield  tougbl 
mat  rices. 

tPr.  Acad,  of  Nat.  Sci. 


A   MONOORAPH   OF   THK    HATH   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


28 


ill  Tlnirnfitera  (an  iiiiiHictaiit  kuiiuh  bi^twvuii  tliu  Anu^ricnii  nuked- nosed 
iiiid  Icul'iiuKtMl  t'orniH),  wlicro  i\w  \M\\i\\\  of  tliu  hccoiuI  and  tliird  plia- 
laii^^i'H  ulMHit  «>quulH  that  of  tint  khcoihI  jihalanx  «)f  tho  Banu)  dx^xt  in 
the  allied  (((uuu-a  Furiti  and  NntubiH. 

Till'  niueii  {{nsiti^r  luii)rth  of  tiio  third  <li^it,  as  (;oni]>!iT<-d  with  that 
ol  (illiur  digitH,  is  a  notinvortiiy  foatnrc  of  tlio  bat  win^;.  Its  rehitive 
It'll;;! Ii  in  dift'uront  foriiiH  HurveH  as  a  {fuidn  to  /jfonoric  and  HonietiineM 
Id  s|in'ilic  distinctionH. 

Tlif  piMMiliariticMof  tho  tiiiinil)  aro  HO  niarlced  tliat  thoy  can  bo  best 
cDiisiiicred  apai't  from  tint  other  inanal  parts.  Tho  tlininb,  as  a  rule,  is 
lit't'  iVoiii  nuinibrane  beyond  tlu^  basal  tliird  of  the  first  phabiux,  but 
may  be  almost  entirely  inclosed,  as  in  Tlii/ropUra.  Tho  extent  of  the 
rinvi'iippin;;  membrane  determines  the  sixe  of  the  little  fold  of  skin 
wliirli  lies  between  the  thumb  and  tho  second  metiicarpal  bone.  The 
lliiiiiib  is  relatively  larffo  in  ])endent  forms,  since  it  is  here  of  value  in 
prclieiision;  per  cifutrii,  in  Thifroptrrn,  in  which  ^eiius  a  suctorial  disk 
lakes  tlu^  place  of  a  prehensile  thumb,  this  di;^it  is  also  small,  though 
the  animal  is  unadupted  to  activity  in  the  jirone  attitude.  It  has  been 
alrciidy  noied  (p.  *»)  that  the  thuiid*  is  bent  downward  and  the  under 
siui'iice  of  the  first  metacarpal  bone  fairly  well  outlined  in  the  pendent 
loriiis.  It  is  not  known  how  DvumoduH  and  Diphylln,  which  i>roces8 
willi  lar^ic  projectinji;  thumbs,  support  the  body  when  at  rest.  The 
claws  oil  the  f(!ot  are  )veak,  and  the  animals  aro  probably  not  ]>endent 
111  rest.  VVMth  thest^  ex(reptions,  the  phyllostomines  possess  the  semi- 
llescd  thumb,  as  do  all  the  other  families  excepting  tho  nudossines  and 
vesper!  iliones. 

I'dstrrior  limb, — The  innominate  bone  always  exhibits  a  narrow  rod- 
like ilium  which  occasionally  projects  slightly  al)ove  the  line  of  the  ilio- 
sacral  articulation,  but  as  a  ruh^  is  lev(4  therewith.  The  d(u-sum  of  the 
iliiiiii  is  flat,  in  most  forms,  but  it  may  b(^  <'oncavo  and  broad,  as  in 
iiKtlossiiiea,  Atalaphu  and  (ViilontfvU'rin.  The  pubis  is,  as  a  rule,  defined 
ill  the  males,  but  is  absent  and  has  awi«le  interval  defined  between  the 
iiiiHiiiiinnte  bones  anteriorly  in  tho  females.  Tho  shape  of  the  ischium 
and  of  the  thyroid  fcu'amen  is  subject  to  slight  variation  in  genera  and 
even  in  species.  The  innominate  bone  is  in  most  fcnuns  distinct  from 
the  vertebral  column.  In  molossinos,  Vhilnntn'teris,  and  in  rhinolo- 
pliiiu's,  it  is  anchylosed,  both  at  the  sacro-iliae  junction  and  the  ischio- 
saend  or  iachio-eoccygeal  Junctions.  ChUouyctcnn  is  an  instance  of  tho 
union  last  named.  In  all  bats  a  disposition  exists  for  the  tuberosity  of 
the  ischium  to  approach  the  vertebral  column,  thus  presenting  a  marked 
eimtriist  to  that  seen  in  terrestrial  quadrupeds.  Antrozom  exhibits  a 
laei't  between  the  tuberosity  and  the  first  joint  of  the  coccyx.  The  sloth 
is  flie  only  animal  I  can  recall  which  exhibits  a  fixation  of  the  ischium 
similar  to  that  found  in  the  bats.  Tho  ilio-pectineal  spine  is  marked; 
oth-n  a  large  tubercle,  it  may  be  a  needle-like  spine.  In  Hipposideros 
it  is  of  enormous  length  and  is  anchylosed  to  the  ilium  near  its  upper 
bonlor. 


24 


BULLETIN   43,  UNITEO   8TATK8   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


Th«  intorcst  wliicli  iittacbcH  to  tlie  osteolofjy  of  the  hind  extremity 
hiiN  led  iiiu  to  iiivii  in  more  detail  the  following: 

In  ijteropines  the  ilium  is  curved  outward  to  u  flight  degree  at  tlic 
crest.  The  ridge  from  the  dipper  border  of  the  acetabulum  is  iuconspii;- 
uous  and  does  not  extend  entire  length  of  ilium;  thus  the  ventral  and 
dorsal  surfaces  arc  not  separated  and  there  is  no  special  external  bor- 
der near  the  crest.  The  tuberosity  of  the  ischium  is  detlected  markedly 
from  the  liiu)  of  the  ilium  and  lies  against  the  coccyx.  The  pubis  i.s  | 
thittkeued  inferh»rly;  the  i)cctineal  spine  is  absent  or  scarcely  discern- 
ible. 

In  HipposideroH  among  the  rhinolophines  the  ilium  is  expanded  and 
is  concave  on  both  dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces.  The  broad  crest  ex- 
tends outward  and  unites  by  a  broad  thin  tiange  to  the  tip  of  the  long  | 
pectineal  spine.  Tuberosity  of  the  ischium  not  projected  bac^kward; 
nearly  the  entire  pubis  and  ischium  converted  into  a  broad  plate  of 
bone  at  the  expense  of  the  thyroid  foramen.  Symphysis  pubis  long, 
entire.  The  trochanters  of  the  femur  are  drawn  backward  and  ap- 
proximated; the  inner  trochanter  is  the  longer;  the  outer  side  of  the 
shatt  below  the  head  furnished  with  a  tiange.  The  condyles  small  and 
separated  by  a  wide  notch.  In  the  tihin  the  spine  for  hamstrings  com- 
pressed.   Internal  tuberosity  prolonged;  no  mallelus. 

In  phyllostomines  the  ilium  is  not  deflected  at  crest.  As  seen  inArti- 
heuH  the  ridge  above  the  acetabulum  is  rudimental  as  in  pteropines—  | 
the  ventral  and  dorsal  surfaces  therefore  scarcely  distinguished.  Tlie 
external  border  below  the  crest  is  rugose  and  enormously  thickened. 
The  ischium  is  turned  but  sliglitly  toward  the  coccyx.  The  inferior 
border  of  the  pubis  produced  inward  as  a  long  blunt  process  and  the 
upper  border  forms  a  long,  acicular  process  (pectineal  eminence)  which 
extends  one-half  the  length  of  the  ilium.  The  trochanters  of  the/e>«  )/*• 
not  carried  back,  the  outer  not  separated  from  the  head  by  a  notch. 
The  inner  is  much  longer  than  the  outer.  Tlie  shaft  at  its  inner  side 
at  the  proximal  tifths  exliibits  a  conspicuous  crest.  The  condyles  are 
of  equal  size.  Above  them  posteriorly  is  a  depression  (best  marked 
over  inner  condyle)  to  receive  in  forced  tiexion  the  i>()sterior  border  of 
the  articular  surface  of  the  tibia.  Intercondylar  notch,  pit-like.  Prox- 
imal end  of  the  tibia  with  scarcely  any  inward  projecting  process; 
malleolus  none ;  tubercle  for  insertion  of  hamstrings  markedly  devel- 
oped; surface  for  articulation  with  the  ttbula  rugose. 

In  Hemiderma  the  innominate  is  much  as  in  Artibeus,  but  the  pubis 
not  projecting  or  thickened;  the  pectineal  spine  but  one-third  the 
length  of  the  ilium.  The  femur  quite  as  in  this  genus,  but  the  outer 
trochanter  separated  by  a  notch  from  the  head.  In  Macrotus  the  in- 
nominate bone  much  the  same  as  above,  but  the  pectineal  spine  over 
one-half  the  length  of  the  ilium.  The  trochanters  of  the  femur  approxi- 
nuited  and  carried  well  to  the  back  of  the  shaft.  The  fibula  only  half 
the  lengtli  of  the  tibia. 

In  Mormops  the  ilium  is  greatly  compressed  between  the  ventral  and 


A   MONOGRAI'H   OF   THE    DATS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


26 


dorsal  HiirfiioeH;  first  joint  of  tho  tail  very  long.  The  femur  and  tibia 
■AS  in  MiwrotuH.  OhilonyotcriM  in  liitu  manner  oxhibitH  a  comprusHed 
iliiiin  ossified  to  Haurum  with  broad  rugose  external  border  adjoining 
(;r('st.  Dorsal  surface  sliglitly  cQii(;ave  and  expanded.  In  both  Mor- 
mopH  and  Chilonyvteris  the  tuberosity  of  the  ischium  is  an(;hylo8ed 
to  tlu*  sacrum.  The  pubis  in  the  male  of  Monnops  is  bony  and  entire; 
ill  VhUtmycteriH  it  is  less  firmly  defined.  The  pectineal  spine  in  Mor- 
mops  is  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  ilium.  In  ChilonyoteriH  davyi  it 
is  I'cinarkablu  for  being  nearly  as  long  as  this  bono  and  bound  by 
lilnous  tissue  to  the  vertebrie.  In  both  of  the  genera  of  LobostomidsB 
till-  trochanters  of  the  femur  are  approximate,  confluent,  and  carried 
wi'il  back  of  the  head.    Tibia  and  fibula  much  as  in  Macrotus. 

Ill  MoloHHtia  the  innominate  bone  is  compressed,  expanded.  It  is  con- 
cave dorsally  with  narrow  'iac  upper  border  slightly  projecting.  Pec- 
tineal spine  one-third  the  ....ght  of  the  ilium.  Pubic  symphysis  en- 
tire, bony.  Tuberosity  of  the  ischium  projects  well  backward,  but  is 
tVcf  from  the  sacrum.  The  inner  trochanter  much  larger  than  the  • 
oiitcsr;  truncate  with  a  downward-projecting  spine,  not  carried  back- 
ward. The  outer  trochanter  separated  from  the  head  by  a  slight  notch. 
('oiidyles  e(iual  in  size;  notch  wide,  shallow.  Tibia  straight  with 
larKC^  malleolus. 

Ill  Promopa  tl"^  pelvis  entire  as  in  Molo88ua;  characters  much  the 
sanie  as  in  this  genus,  but  the  upper  border  of  the  ilium  without  spine 
and  the  tuberosity  articulating  with  the  sacrum,  but  not  auchylosed 
thereto.  Femur  and  tibia  of  the  same  character,  the  distal  epiphysis 
of  tlie  femur  narrower  than  the  expanded  shaft.  In  N^yctinomus  the 
ilium  as  in  Molosaus,  but  the  i>ubic  bones  free ;  femur  and  tibia  the 
same. 

Ill  Atalaphn  the  ilium  is  quite  as  in  Molossus,  bnt  is  not  anchylosed  to 
the  sacrum.  The  pectineal  spine  is  blunt,  rudimental ;  tuberosity  of  the 
iscliium  lies  in  the  same  line  with  ilium,  and  approaches  the  sacrum,  but 
is  not  articulated  therewith.  Both  trochanters  of  the  femur  are  carried 
backward  as  in  Vampyri,  but  are  not  approximate,  t.  e.,  they  are  visible 
from  in  front;  the  inner  is  the  narrower,  though  they  are  of  the  same 
length.  Condyles  high  and  narrow,  the  inner  scarcely  the  wider; 
iioteh  narrow,  deep.  Tibia  curved  with  medianly  projecting  inner 
tuberosity,  malleolus  scarcely  discernible.  Fibula  entire;  upper  por- 
tion membranous.  In  Antrozous  the  ilium  is  anchylosed  to  the  sacrum 
and  ill  the  male  at  least  the  symphysis  pubis  is  well  defined;  the  tuber- 
osity of  tlie  ischium  extends  back  of  the  line  of  tne  ilium  and  almost 
touches  the  sacrum.  The  pubic  bone  without  a  thickened  inferior 
border.     The  femur  and  tibia  much  as  in  Vespertilio. 

Ill  V('Si)ertilio  the  ilium  is  narrow,  not  expanded  above,  and  not  con- 
cave posteriorly;  the  outer  border  scarcely  thickened  near  the  crest. 
Tiie  pe(!tiiieal  spine  low,  compressed,  directed  slightly  forward,  blunt, 
scarcely  higher  than  the  acetabulum.  The  inferior  border  of  the  pubic 
boue  greatly  thickened  near  the  symphysic  line  in  the  male.    The  in- 


26 


BULLETIN   43,  UNITED    HTATES    NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


.1 


noniiniite  bono  iH  lightly  liold  to  the  Hacruin  and  at  the  HymphyHiHpu])if).| 
Tiio  innur  tro<;liantcr  of  th«^  fcniui'  i>(|uals  tho  uxternal.  Both  arc  Hinal 
and  the  gluteal  (tr^Ht  is  Hcarcely  hirgor  tliau  a  thmge  wliich  unites  \\w\ 
innur  tro<;hant<>r  to  tlie  sluit't,  thus  making  th(^  femur  unique.  The  in  I 
ncr  condyle  is  sliglitly  the  larger  and  tiie  notch  narrow.  Tho  til)ial 
with  large  projecting  median  spine  at  tlie  ])roxinial  end;  mnlleolus  dix-l 
tinct. 

In  AdelonifcteriH  and  LaaioHi/ctcrifi  tiwi  i)arts  quite  as  in  VeHpertilio] 
the  pectineal  spine  sliglitly  longer;  the  shaft  of  the  femur  Just  below| 
the  head  less  expanded. 

CorynorhinuH  nuidi  as  in  VcupcrtiUo,  but  the  upper  part  of  the  feninr| 
much  less  expanded,  the  shaft  near  tlie  trochanter  scarcely  at  all. 

Tho  femur  is  without  neck.    The  outer  and  inner  troehauters  arcl 
subequal  and  of  large  size,  the  outer  tending  to  become  the  larger  m 
in  the  molossines.    The  outer  side  of  the  shaft  below  the  troehanterl 
is  often  mfirked  by  a  ilango  in  position  of  the  third  trochanter.    Ilip\ 
poHtderoH  and  all  phyllostomines  show  an  inclination  to  the  developnieiitl 
of  a  conspicuous  flange  on  the  inner  side  of  the  shaft  near  tho  inner  trn[ 
chanter.    This  is  most  marked  in  Chilonycteris,  Morntopn,  and  Natuhid 
In  the  genera  last  named  the  trochanters  are  «lrawn  backward,  lie  oiii 
the  posterior  surface  of  the  bone,  and  are  in  close  relation  (resembliiijj;, 
with  the  head,  tho  anterior  end  of  a  geometric  larva),  while  as  a  rule 
they  are  on  lines  which  answer  to  tho  lateral  ligaments  of  the  kneel 
ioiut.    The  condyles  are  approximate  markedly  unequal  with  a  narrowl 
intercondylar  notch,  the  inner  condyle  being  the  larger,  as  is  the  riile,! 
or  wide  apart  with  small  condyles,  as  in  molossines  and  rhinolophincsJ 
The  tibia  may  be  shorter  than  the  femur,  as  in  Ariibeus  and  Moloasim,] 
but  it  is,  as  a  rule,  longer  than  that  bone.    The  inner  tuberosity  is  fur- 
nished with  a  horizontally-projecting  process  in  vespertilionines ;  this  is 
an  excellent  character  defining  the  family.    Tiio  tubercle  for  insertion! 
of  the  hamstrings  is  most  marked  in  strictly  arboreal  forms,  as  tliel 
pteropines.    The  malleolus  is  often  rudimentary  or  absent,  as  in  phyl- 
lostomines and  rliinolopiiines.    Tho  fibula  is  uniformly  imperfect  above! 
save  in  the  molossines,  where  it  is  complete,  or  in  Autrozons,  where  al 
membranous  fillet  continues  the  form  of  the  bone  to  the  inner  tuberosityf 
of  the  tibia.* 


*8iiire  the  above  sketch  was  written  the  Hkelotoii  of  Desinodun  has  been  examnieil.l 
I  find  that  it  beiirs  a  close  rcseuiblanco  to  other  phyllostoniinos,  but  is  distinctivel 
in  the  following  particnlars :  Tho  shaft  of  the  radius  is  joined  at  its  middle  by  tlicj 
ulnii,  which  can  be  traced,  nevertheless,  apparently  to  tho  wrist.  I  say  "apparently  " 
for  the  femur,  tibia,  and  fibula  exhibit  dispositions  to  form  lateral  fianges,  and  it  mnyl 
be  that  the  structure  in /VsworfHs  is  not  the  reappearance  of  the  lost  ulna-shaft  lintl 
is  simply  tho  radius,  which  here  exhibits  an  unusual  form.  In  any  event  it  cim-l 
stitutcs  a  character  not  seen  elsewhere  in  tho  order.  The  fiangcs  of  the  femur  art | 
symmetrical,  directed  forward,  and  convert  the  anterior  surface  of  the  shaft  intoal 
groove  for  the  origin  of  the  femoral  head  of  the  <(uadriceps  extensor  muscle.  The  I 
flange  in  tho  tibia  and  fibula  is  single;  the  two  are  iu  contact — to  obliterate  tbel 
interosseous  space. 


\ 


A  MONOGRAPH  OK  THE  MATS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


27 


Tlu  toeH  retain  two  phalant;cH  to  tlio  flrHt  tov;  all  tlio  otliern  have 
tliK'c,  but  differ  In  tlnur  rulativo  len^tliH.  Tlio  flrH^  phulimx  of  the  flrHt 
toe  iH,  Hu  far  aH  examined,  loii^'er  tlian  tliat  of  the  otlicr  to<>H.  In 
I'litopuH  tlie  lenptliH  of  th(»  to«'H  frouj  the  He(!ond  to  the*  fifth  gradually 
(liiiiiiiiHh.  In  Vhihnycteris  tlmy  abruptly  increase,  that  of  the  Herond 
tot'  being  oue-third  Hhorter  than  the  fifth.  In  all  batH  the  tarHUH  and 
(Mlciinouni  are  elongate  and  exhibit  the  general  character  of  these  bones 
in  iiiiiniinalM,  in  which  little  or  no  weight  is  borne  upon  the  posterior 
(>\tr*'niities.  Jtoth  Imnes  are  so  disi)0Hed  that  the  larger  end  of  ea(;h  is 
directed  i>roxinially.  In  KhinolophiiH  the  <;alcanenm  enters  into  the 
ankle  joint.  In  other  forms  the  calcaneum  is  independent  of  the  Joint. 
Ill  i'liyllostomida',  including  NataluH,  as  well  as  in  the  genus  Rhyncho- 
iijirti'rin,  the  (lalcar*  is  placed  in  axial  line  with  the  calcaneum.  In 
other  fninilies  it  joins  the  calcaneum  to  its  outer  side  at  a  well-defined 
iiiijile.  As  a  rule  the  astragalus  and  calcaneum  are  nearly  of  one  size, 
Imt  in  the  genus  last  named  the  calcaneum  is  notably  the  smaller  (Am. 
Niitmalist,  Feb.,  1886,  170). 


1 


(iKNKRAL    VLAN    OP    ANTEBIOB     EXTREMITIES     IN    PLYING    VEBTE- 

HRATE1)   ANIMALS. 


US,  where  al 


From  the  above  consideration  it  will  be  seen  that  the  wing  mem- 
hriines  possess  various  features  which  can  bo  used  in  distinguishing 
tlic  incMibers  of  the  order.  But  after  what  manner  are  the  flying  mam- 
iiiiil.s  distinguished  from  other  flying  vertebrates! 

There  are  two  distinct  types  of  modification  which  the  vertebrate 
.skeleton  has  undergone  in  adapting  the  animal  for  flight,  both  of  which 
(l('l>end  upon  some  peculiarity  in  the  structure  of  the  anterior  extremi- 
ties; and  in  order  to  obtain  a  correct  opinion  of  them  we  propose  to 
cast  a  glauce  at  each  in  turn. 

.1  plan  of  honii  utruclure  of  the  wingii  of  flying  vertebrate  ammah. 


ItoiicH  (if  riirpus  nnunitoil, 
<listinct;  lliKlit'  innin- 
taiiieil  1>y  dermal  ex- 
paim«. 


b.  Hiincs  of  oarpds  iinited; 
lli^'lit  luiiiiitaiiuMl  by 
dcniial  appeudagua. 


I.  Wing  nibinbrane  supported  by  all  flngors. 

Iiat9  tVeHpiTtilio),  order  of  Mammali * . 
II.  Wing  nionibrano  supported  by  the  fourth  finger 
only   (which    in   immensely    developed),   the 
others  remaining  free. 

I'lcrodactyleg,  order  of  Reptilia. 

III.  Bones  of  metacarpnn,  two  to  three  in  number; 

feathers  not  radiating. 

Living  birds  (AvES) — class. 

IV.  Kones  of  metacarpus,  four   in  number;   feathers 

radiating. 

A  rchaopieryx  ( AvEs) — subclass. 


:> 


'Tlio  calcar  is  an  element  of  doubtful  homology.  It  supports  the  free  border  of 
tli(^  interfeuioral  membrane  and  is  of  the  same  significance  as  the  accessory  carti- 
liij;t?  of  the  tifth  manal  digit. 


I   II 


28  BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

I.  The  Tlat,  in  which  the  hiimoritti  is  long  nnd  nlender,  with  a  small  pectoral 

ridge.    Ulnarndimontury.    The  radinsnonstitutes  the  bulk  of  the  forearm; 

narpus  composed  of  nix  1)oneH ;  the  metacarpal  bones,  five  in  nnmlier,  8e])a- 

-^.  .     rate  and  distinct ;  tlio  phalanges  generally,  two  in  number ;  thumb,  and  in  | 

some  genera  the  index  linger,  surmounted  by  a  claw. 
II.  The  Pterodactyl,  in  which  the  humerus  is  short  and  straight,  very  broud  I 
at  head,  with  angular  and  prominent  pectoral  ridge ;  ulna  and  radius  dis- 
tinct, of  nearly  equal  size;  carpus  composed  of  five  bones ;  metacarpus  of  I 
four  bones,  separate  and  distinct;  first  finger  with  three  joints,  second 
with  Ibur,  third  with  five,  fourth  with  four  joints,  all  provided  with  claw8, 
with  the  exception  of  the  fourth,  which  is  remarkable  for  the  extraordinary  I 
'    development  of  its  several  joints.     It  is  from  this  last-mentioned  finger  to 
the  base  of  the  foot  that  the  skin  was  stretched  by  which  the  animal  was  | 
enabled  to  fly. 


a.  < 


DIAGRAM  OF  THE  BONKS  OF  ANTKRlOlt  EXTRKM1TIE8  OF  WI.YINC}  VEKTEBRATK8. 

A.  Bat.— a.  Scapula,    b.  HunieruH.    c.  ItailiiiR.    d.  Kiidiniuut  of  ulna  nr.„liyloge<1  to  radius,    c  Car 

pus.   /.  MetscarpuH.    g.  PlialaugoH. 

B.  ARCHiGOPTEBVx.— KefereuccB  ii8  in  Fig.  1.    The  dotted  outlines  sevu  at  carpuH  and  the  terminal 

■plialanges  are  restored  portions. 

C.  Bird References  as  in  Fig.  1.    Ttie  dotted  outline  of  the  second  ungual  pliolanx  indicates  the  | 

occasional  occurrence  of  a  clnw  at  tliiH  ]ii>int.    Tlie  nit^jority  of  blnls  are  without  it. 
1).  l*TBHODACTYLE. — References  the  same  as  in  Fig.  1 


I 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


29 


\b. 


IV. 


III.  The  Bird,  in  which  the  humerus  is  curved,  more  or  less  slender;  pectoral 
ridge  prominent,  not  angular;  ulna  large,  curved,  not  united  with  the 
slender  and  more  diminutive  radius;  carpus  or  two  bones;  metacarpus  of 
two,  sometimes  of  three  bones,  the  first  being  small  and  cylindrical,  the 
other  two  of  larger  dimensions  and  united  so  as  to  form  a  bone  resembling 
those  of  the  forearm ;  ulnar  phalanx  of  one  joint,  united  to  the  radial, 
which  is  composed  of  two. 

The  power  of  sustaining  flight  not  dependent  upon  the  expansion  of  skin, 
but  upon  the  excessive  development  of  dermal  appendages  (feathers). 
The  Archaeoptoryx  agrees  with  the  typical  bird  in  general  particulars,  but 
differs  in  the  number  of  metacarpal  bones,  which  are  here  four  in  number : 
the  first  and  second  are  slender,  free  and  separate  from  one  another ;  the 
third  and  fourth  bear  considerable  resemblance  to  those  of  extant  birds,  in 
beinglarge,  stout,  and  closely  approximated ;  but  are  not,  however,  united. 

Flight  is  supposed  to  have  been  maintained  in  the  same  manner  as  in 
living  birds. 

Ill  addition  to  the  instances  already  given,  certain  Ashes,  as  the 
Exoaetm  .and  Dactylopterm,  possess  the  power  of  sust»ining  true  flight. 
T\w  iiiechanisiu  thsit  lifts  the  body  of  the  fish  from  the  water,  and  up- 
holds it  for  a  short  time  in  the  air,  is  obtained  in  the  pectoral  flns, 
which,  iu  these  animals,  are  enormously  developed.  The  structure  of 
tlii'se  flns  is  homologous  to  that  of  the  anterior  extremities  of  other 
vertebrates,  their  form  alone  being  modified  to  adapt  the  animal  to 
tlie  medium  in  which  it  is  placed.  Thus  we  have,  in  each  great  subdi- 
vision of  vertebrate  animals,  a  representative  capable  of  sustaining 
flifiht.  ■ 

Another  somewhat  similar  modification  of  the  animal  economy  is  met 
witli  in  a  few  animals  of  arboreal  habits.  Here  a  peculiar  arrange- 
ment of  the  skin  is  observed,  whicli  enables  the  possessor  to  break  the 
force  of  downward  leaps.  In  the  Flying  Lemur  (Gahopithccm),  in  the 
Flying  Sciuirrel  (Pteromys),  and  in  the  Flying  Opossum  (Petaurista), 
tiie  furred  skin  extends  laterally  from  the  sides  of  the  body  and  is 
attached  to  anterior  and  posterior  extremities  at  the  metacarpal  and 
metatarsal  regions  respectively.  The  only  instance  of  osteological 
development  is  obtained  in  the  Dragon  {Draco  volans),  a  small  lizard 
fn  >in  Sumatra,  in  which  long,  transverse  processes  from  either  side  of  the 
luinl)ar  vertebrae  support  a  thin  membratious  growth  which  is  capable 
of  being  opened  and  shut  by  means  of  muscles  attached  to  the  bony 
tVame-work. 

TEETH. 

In  describing  the  molars  the  nomenclature  of  H.  P.  Osborn  will  be 

I  folio  wed.    The  diagram  herewith  presented  is  copied  from  this  writer's 
|l)ai)er  in  the  American  Naturalist,  December,  1888,  p.  1072. 

UPPEU  MOLARS. 

Antoro-internal  cusp Protocone.     pr. 

I I  'iintfi'o-  internal  cusp  or  sixth  cusp Hypocone.     hy . 

Aiiti'io-externalcusp Paracono.       pa. 

rdstcro-csternal  cusp Metacone.      me. 

AiittTior  intermediate  cusp Pre  toconnle.  pi. 

I  Posterior  intermediate  cusp Metaoonule     <L 


I; 


[ 


I] 


30  BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

LOWER  MOLARS. 

Antero-extemal  cusp Protoconid.  pr' 

Postero-exteriial  cusp Hypocoiiiil.  hy' 

Antero-intornal  curi)  or  Hftb  ciisx) Paraconid.  pii'' 

Intermodiateor  autero-iuterual  cusp  (in  quadritubercular  molars) . . Metaconid.  nieii 

Postero-iuternal  cusp Entoconid.  on'' 

The  upper  molar  in  most  bats  presents  to  an  extraordinary  degree  I 
depressions  on  the  outer  or  buccal  surface  of  the  crown.    Such  depres- 
sions receive  the  name  of  "  flutiugs"  and  are  seen  in  the  teeth  of  many 
mammals  other  taau  the  bats,  as  for  example  in  the  moles  and  shrews  [ 
among  the  Insectivora,  in  the  Ungulata,  and  in  a  marked  degree  in  an 
extinct  genus  described  by  E.  D.  Cope,  LambfJotherimn.    "Flutings,"! 
while  of  no  houiological  significance,  furnish  systematic!  characters,  and  | 
will  therefore  be  noted  in  the  descriptions. '  Disposed  so  as  to  define 
two  V-shaped  figures  the  "flutings"  extend  as  a  sinuate  commissuie] 
between  the  paracone  and  the  metacone.    Of  the  two  V*  an  auteridr 
and  a  iwsterior  will  bo  distinguished.    Each  V  has  two  limbs,  a  first  and 
a  second.    In  the  third  molar  various  degrees  of  loss  of  the  system 
of  flutings  occur.    Commonly  the  anterior  V  is  retained  while  the  set- 
ond  is  lost,  excepting  the  buccal  half  of  the  first  limb,  as  in  A.  fmcus,  w  | 
the  "fluting"  is  reduced  to  the  anterior  V>  the  palatal  half  of  the  sec- 
ond limb  being  lost,  as  in  Macrotm  and  Atalapha.    In  the  bats  of  North  | 
America  the  least  reduced  last  molars  are  seen  in  Nyctinomvs  and  T^, 
hesperus. 

The  tritubercular  tooth  which  results  from  the  i)resence  of  the  three  j 
cusps,  the  protocone,  the  paracone,  and  the  metacone,  may  be  con- 
nected with  a  triangular  figure  by  bands  which  u..ite  the  cusp-points.  I 
Tliese  bands  will  be  named  in  this  mcmograph  the  commissures.    In 
the  molars  of  the  bat  such  a  triiuigle  is  seen  whose  apex  is  palatal  and 
constituted  of  the  protocone  and  whose  commissure  extends  from  this  | 
cusp  to  the  paracone  and  metacone.    Its  base  is  the  extraordinarily 
sinuate  ("fluted")  buccal  surface  of  the  crown.    A  careful  search  must  j 
be  made  for  the  true  positions  of  the  sides  of  this  triangular  figure,  lor 
they  lie  on  the  opposed  sides  of  the  teeth  and  are  inconspicuous.    Tlie 
crown  at  the  "  flutings"  is  of  great  vertical  extent  and  dwarfs  even  tlie 
proportions  of  the  protocone.    When  setsn  in  profile  the  proportions 
between  the  size  of  the  "columns"  of  tlie  two  V^  «iid  the  "cusp"  of  | 
the  protocone  afford  materials  for  interesting  comparisons  in  the  differ- 
ent genera.    Tlio  hypocone  presents  excellent  subordinate  characters. 
It  is  a  development  of  the  (dngulum.    Usually  flat,  as  in  Macrotm,  it  I 
may  be  sharply  defined  as  in  Promops  perotis  or  providcnl  with  a  sharp 
cusp  as  in  tlie  exotic  genus  NocHlio,    The  cingulum  can  be  traced  as  a 
delicate  ridge  which  lies  basal  to  the  sides  of  tlie  tritubercular  triangle.  | 
It  varies  greatly  in  extent,  being  best  developed  in  Nyctinomus. 

In  the  lower  molar  scarcely  any  fluting  is  present  and  the  plan  of  the  J 
tooth  is  simple.  The  protoconid,  paraconid,  and  metaconid  are  united] 
by  cnmmissui-es.    The  apex  of  the  triangular  figure  is  buccal.    The  | 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


31 


lieol  «ir  hypoconid  is  large.    It  is  united  to  the  triangle  by  a  cuuimis- 

sui't'  at  :be  lingual  side.  Such  a  commissure  is  provided  with  a  sharp 
I  cusp  in  P.  perotiH,  but  as  a  rule  it  is  smooth. 

Tlu^  student  can  not  fail  to  be  impressed  with  the  variable  form  of  the 

liiteiiil  incisor  in  both  Jaws.  In  the  lower  jaw  it  may  be  of  the  same 
icliiUiicter  as  the  other  teeth  in  its  series,  as  in  Adelonycteris,  Vcnperu(fo, 

iiikI  l.tmonyctertH,  It  may  be  more  robust  than  its  fellows,  as  in  Ves- 
\lH'rtU(o,  but  oftener  is  simpler  in  outline,  as  in  CoryHorhinns,  and  may 
I  be  IK  it  only  so,  but  dwarfed  in  all  proportions,  as  in  Nyctinomus  hrasil- 

/('H.s/v.    The  next  step  may  be  anticipated,  namely,  its  entire  disap- 
pearance, as  in  Nyctinomus  macrotis  and  in  Promops. 

TiK'se  modifications  suggest  that  the  tooth  has  a  struggle  to  main- 
[tain  its  ow!i  iu  the  dental  armature.    At  all  events  its  study  is  one  of 

interest,  and  should  never  be  omitted  in  defining' the  characteristics  of 
[all  forms  whatever,  either  of  variations,  species,  or  genera. 

The  first  and  second  premolars  in  both  the  upper  and  the  lower  jaw, 
land  the  third  incisor  in  the  lower  jaw,  often  present  a  perfect  cingulum. 

This  is  distinctly  seen  in  the  first  premolar  of  Atalapha.  Such  a  tooth 
lis  remarkable  since,  as  far  as  I  know,  it  is  without  parallel  elsewhere  in 
linainuialiau  teeth.  Various  degrees  of  development  of  the  buccal 
laspect  of  the  cingulum  appear  to  give  rise  to  a  cusp,  which  then  arises 
\((fter  the  outer  or  buccal  cusp.  I  was  led,  in  an  early  study  of  the 
Ihunian  dentition,  to  claim  that  this  the  outer  (labial)  cusp  of  a  bicuspi- 
Idate  form  arose  first  and  the  inner  (buccal)  cusp  arose  Liter.  I  have 
honji'  maintained  (Dental  Cosmos  Phila.  1874,  017,  also  Studies  in  the 
Iracial  Region,  1874)  the  primitive  tooth  to  have  been  monocuspidate 
land  the  subsequent  forms  to  have  been  developments  therefrom.  But 
|iiiy  claim  has  not  been  allowed. 

An  excellent  view  for  contrasting  taxonomic  characters  is  that  ob- 
Itained  by  examining  with  a  lens  the  lingual  aspect  of  the  lower  mo- 
llars.  On  the  whole,  the  first  molar  yields  the  most  trenchant  char- 
lactors.  Three  cusps  are  seen  iu  profile,  named,  from  before  backward, 
Itlie  paraconid,  metacouid,  and  hypoconid.  The  proportions  of  these 
|to  one  another  should  be  made  in  all  studies  of  the  teeth.    In  ptero- 

l)incs  the  three  cusps  are  merged,  and  a  simple  convex  contour  results, 
similar  effect  is  produced  iw  Hemidenna  and  Brachyphylla  among  the 
|])iiyllostomines.  For  the  most  part  the  three  cusps  are  separately  dis- 
|])lay('(l  as  acute  triangles,  whose  bases  are  confluent.  In  rhinolo- 
|l)liines  the  hypoconid  is  flat,  produced  backward,  as  is  also  the  case  iu 

ICIi'Xffoiiycteriii  and  Phyllonycteris  among  the  glossophagines,  but  in 
|(.  iicr  {genera  it  is  acutely  cusped  and  co-equal  with  the  two  preceding 
li'iements.    In  Natalm  it  is  actually  the  largest  of  the  series. 


I 


n 


1  i>' 


l\ 


•■I 


'vi 


1'  i 
>  i 


'  I  KEY  TO  GENERA. 

I.  Bats  with  median  appendage  to  nose,  four  incisors  in  lower  jaw . . .  Phyllostomid*. 

a.  Body  massive,  auricle  shorter  than  head,  not  united  with  its  fellow.  .Artibeiit. 
a\  Body  slender,  auricle  as  large  or  longer  than  head,  united  with  its  fellow  | 
Maorotu 

II.  Bats  without  modian  appendages  to  nose. 

6.  Nostrils  circular,  wings  narrow  and  pointed ;  tail  long,  produced  far  beyond  I 
interfemoral  membrane ;  marginal  toes  fringed  with  coarse  hair.  MoloshiJ 

Lips  grooved 2iyctinomm,\ 

lAyts  not  grooved Promops.  I 

6',  Nostrils  elliptical,  wings  broad,  ample;  tail  ns  long  as,  or  slightly  lou),'ei| 
than,  the  broad  interfemoral  membrane ;  marginal  toes  naked 

VESPKBTILIONIDii:. ! 

c.  Two  incisors  in  upper  jaw. 
tSix  inci.--.ii-s  in  lower  jaw. 
•Interfemoral  membrane  more  or  less  hairy. 

Fremidars  - Dasypterui,  I 

Ji 

2  I 

Premolars  - Atalapha.l 

*  *  Interfemoral  membrane  not  hairy Nycticejm, 

1 1  Four  incisors  in  lower  jaw Jntroioin] 

c'.  Four  incisors  in  upper  jaw.  ^ 

t  Premolars  - ;  greatest  width  of  tragus  at  base  equals  one-half  of  iimetl 

border Adelonydcrii] 

2 

I I  Pre»nolars  -. 

*  Greatest  width  of  tragus  equals  much  less  than  one-half  inner  border;! 

nose  simple,  ears  separate reg^jeriijo.! 

*  *  Greatest  width  of  tragus  equals  one-third  height  of  inner  borderi 

auricles  united. 

5  Nose  with  lateral  club-shaped  gliind-masses Corynorhiniii.l 

}  J  Nose  without  lateral  club-shaped  gland-masses JSurfecmo.l 

2  I 

I I I  Premolars  -- ;  greatest  width  of  tragus  at  middle  and  equals  two-thirdil 

O 

htsight  of  inner  border LasionycteriiM 

Q  r 

1 1 1 1  Premolars  '     Lips  whiskered,  dorsum  of  face  furred Vesperiilm 


Family  PHYLLOSTOMID^E.* 


GeuuH  MACROTUS  Gruy.* 

/'"  ; 

Macrotus  Gray,  Proc.  Zcnil.  Soc.  London,  1843,  21. 

otoptenia  Flower  and  Lydekker,  Mammals  Living  and  Extinct,  1891,  673. 

DiugnoHk. — Ears  large,  united,  produced  iiiferiorly  far  beneath  the 
small  external  basal  ridge;  nosed-leaf  8imi)le,  abruptly  acuminate, com- 
plete, no  separation  between  the  basal  and  ascending  parts;  the  median 
ridge  contined  to  the  interval  between  the  nostrils.  Tragus  tapering, 
convex  on  inner  border  and  straight  on  the  outer.  Wing  membrane 
reaching  to  ankle;  tail  long,  extending  a  short  distance  beyond  the 
I  ample  interfemoral  membrane.    Lower  lip  and  mentum  deeply  cleft. 

1 


3  a 

Ikntal  formula.— ^\o\ax»  ,<;  Premolars 


o  ,  Canines  Z  ;  Incisors  ^,  x  2  =  34. 


J.  E.  Gray  (Voy.  o(  Sulphur,  p.  28),  places  Macrotus  in  a  separate 
Idivisicm  from  the  American  leaf-nosed  bats  and  of  equal  rank  with  the 
|groui)s  now  understood  as  the  Stenodermata  and  Vampyri.  The  fol- 
jlowiug  genera  are  considered  by  him  to  be  closely  related  and  are  thus 
Kletined:  Tail  short,  with  point  on  the  upper  side  of  the  wide  inter- 


"  PHYLLOSTOMID.^. — Bat8  with  laminate  ectoturbinals  of  the  ethmoid  bone; 
pi'cnirtxillii'  with  palatal  processes  forming  a  median  suture  and  defining  an  moisive 
I'orainen ;  trapezium  without  palmar  tubercle,  thus  permitting  flexion  of  the  thumb ; 
kviiig.s  adapted  for  a  fanning  flight,  (excepting  possibly  noofilio)  but  not  for  terrestrial 
[iroirvcssion ;  ulna  with  shaft  ivnchylosed  to  the  radius  at  the  proximal  third ;  proximal 
I'liiliiiient  nou perforate; fifth  digit  without  accessory  curtilage ; coracoid  process  not 
bilid,  curved  forward ;  no  raised  folds  of  skin  at  the  junction  of  carpus  and  metacarpus 
lo  represent  the  palmar  fascia;  no  oblique  line  on  the  wing-membrane  at  the  lower 
^liirdof  the  tibia;  nose-leaf  dominant,  but  absent  in  aberrant  forms  contained  in 
Lol)ostorai,  Noctilionini,  Natulini,  Thyropterini. 
Mr.  F.  W.  True  has  kindly  furnished  the  following  note: 

Flower  and  Lydekker,  in  their  recently  published  work — Mammals,  Living  and  Ex- 
|iii('(— substitute  the  name  Otopterua  for  this  genus,  on  the  ground  that  Macrotus, 
pray,  is  preoccupied  by  Macrofis,  Dejean.  It  appears,  however,  that  Dejean's  name, 
Vhicli  was  published  in  his  Catalogue  des  Coleoptvrea,  18.33,  p.  186,  was  not  acconi- 
kaiiied  by  a  diagnosis,  and  has  not  been  adopted  by  later  writers  on  insects.  It  can 
lot,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  valid. 

(^litc  aside  from  this  fact,  it  is(iue8tionable  whether  Maerolun  and  il/((cro(i«  should 
|e  regarded  technically  as  identical  names.  Agassiz  gives  'ViW"''/f^h)ugitudo"  as 
proi>er  derivation  of  the  latter  (as  also  of  his  genus  Macrota).  This  is  inter- 
pting,  as  Keid  in  1836  (P.  Z.  8.,  p.  131)  gave  the  name  Macrolis  to  ParameleB  lagotii 
pow  called  Peragale  laijotig).  If  the  difl'oronce  in  the  termination  of  the  two  words 
1  to  lie  disregarded,  Gray's  name  is  preoccupied  by  that  of  Keid.  This,  as  already 
tated,  seems  oj)en  to  (|uesiion,  and  Gray's  name  is,  therefore,  retained. 

441—^0.  43 3  33 


I 


;1  I 


34 


BULLEyiN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


femoral  membrane;  ears  lateral,  separat-  Mosia,  Mystacina,  Aello, 
JSmballonuraj  Centronj/cteris,  Urocryptus,  IHclidurus,  Taphozom,  Noc- 
tiliOf  Phyllodiaj  Chilonycterisj  and  Mormops  are  embraced  in  this  oddly- 
arranged  group.  lu  the  same  work,  p.  10,  the  author  places  Macrotm 
near  Megaderma  and  Bhinopoma  as  a  subgroup  of  the  Phyllostomiiia: 
"  Ears  close  together  over  the  forehead ;  forehead  with  a  rather  deep  pit; 
nose-leaf  lanceolate,  erect;  tail  elongate,  produced  beyond  the  inter- 
femoral  membrane;  wings  from  the  ankle ;  lower  joint  of  thumb  mod- 
erate." 

Wagner  was  of  the  opinion  last  named,  that  Macrotm  exhibits  affini- 
ties with  Megaderma.    S.  F.  Baird  followed  this  writer,  and  I  naturally  I 
accepted  this  opinion,*  since  my  work  was  carried  on  under  the  guidance 
of  the  eminent  authority  last  named.    Peters,  in  his  revision  of  the  | 
PhyllostomidiBjt  definitely  fixed  the  position  of  the  genus. 

Macrotm  resembles  Lonchorhina  in  the  elevation  of  the  nasal  bones  I 
and  in  the  depression  on  the  facial  portion  of  the  frontal  bone,  as  well  I 
as  in  the  elevation  of  the  skull  at  the  vertex  near  the  oc^ciput  and  in  the| 
large  size  of  the  tympanic  bone.  From  Lophostoma  it  is  easily  distin- 
guished by  the  absence  of  the  temporal  crest,  which  is  so  conspicuous  I 
in  this  genus,  and  by  the  form  of  the  zygoma,  which  is  high  and  ofl 
uniform  diameter  throughout.  The  frontal  bone  is  without  a  depressioul 
in  the  facial  portion,  an^  the  nasal  bones  do  not  form  a  ridge,  wliilej 
the  dorsi-facial  surface  is  cylindroid.  Phyllostoma  is  distinguished  iiil 
having  a  small  lachrymal  process  and  a  fiat,  broad,  dorsi-facial  surface,! 
The  temporal  crest  is  defined,  though  not  conspicuous.  The  zygoniaj 
is  of  the  same  character  as  in  Macrotus.  The  tympanic  bone  is  muchi 
smaller  than  in  this  genus.  In  a  fragment  of  an  immature  skull  ofl 
Vampyrus  auritm  the  skull  is  without  temporal  crest,  the  dorsi-facial| 
surface  is  cylindroid  and  without  depression  on  the  frontal  bone. 

1.  MaorotUB  californlcuB  Baird.     (PlatoB  i,  ii.) 

Macrotm  calif ornious  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.,  1858,  117.  Ih.,  Kep.  l',| 
8.  and  Mexican  Boundary  Survey,  pt.  2  (Mammals),  1859,  4,  PI.  1,  Fig.  2. 

Maoyotus  waterhousii  (in  part),  Dubson,  Cat.  Chirop.  Brit.  Mus.,  1878;  Alston,  l!iol.| 
Centrali-Amer.,  Mam.,  1879-'82,  38. 

Diagnosis. — Auricle  much  longer  than  head.  Basal  lobes  well  devell 
oped.  Nose-leaf  with  defined  lower  border.  Fur  (above  and  belo\\)| 
base,  white;  terminal  third,  fawn;  tip,  gray. 

Description. — The  auricle  is  ovate  and  longer  than  the  head.  The  inl 
ternal  basal  lobe  is  rounded  and  free,  raised  above  the  head  and  restiiin 
against  the  interauricular  membrane.  The  external  basal  lobe  is  liii'^^f.l 
the  greatest  width  equal  to  the  distance  between  the  eye  and  eml  o| 
the  muzzle.  A  prominent  wart,  which  lies  above  the  rictus,^  terminsi 
the  lobe  anteriorly.    Two  longitudinal  ridges  are  seen  on  the  iniierj 

^Monograph  N.  A,  Bats,  1864. 

tMB.  Aknd.  Berlin,  1865,  p,  256. 

^Rictus  will  be  used  ait  a  ti-rin  interchangeable  with  angle  of  ike  mouth. 


m. 

cina,  Aello^ 
lozom,  Noc- 
I  this  oddly- 
}8  Macrotm 
'llostomina: 
ler  deep  pit; 
1  the  iuti'i 
huuib  mod- 


liibits  ailiiii- 

I  naturally 

he  guidance 

ii!iion  of  the 

nasal  bones 
sne,  as  well 
it  and  in  the  I 
isily  dist  in- 
conspicuous I 
bigh  and  oil 
I  depressiouj 
ridge,  while] 
nguished  in  I 
cial  surface, [ 
Che  zygoma  I 
one  is  muchl 
ire  skull  ofl 

dorsi-faciall 

bone. 


Ih.,  Rep.  U,| 
Fig.  2. 
;  Alston,  Hiol.l 

8  well  devel  I 
and  below)! 

ad.  The  in] 
and  restiiin 
lobe  is  lai'gfl 
)  and  end  m 
\  terminiitesl 
m  the  iniierf 


e  month. 


Explanation  of  Plate  I. 


1.  Front  vifnv  ofhciid  of  Mticroliix  cali/oniinix. 

2.  Side  \  iew  (iCsaine. 

:i.  View  of  tragus  and  inner  surface  of  auricle. 

I.  The  wini;-  ni<-nil>rane  of  same. 

.">.  The  tail  and  interfeuioral  niemlirane. 

(i.  The  skull  seen  from  above,     x  2. 

7.  The  skull  an<l  lower  jaw  seen  from  the  side,     x  2. 

X.  The  OS  i)etrosa.     x  2. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  I 


Macrotus  CALIFORNICUS. 


m 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


35 


sinfiico,  one  small  and  inconspicuous  at  junction  of  internal  basal  lobe 
to  tlu^  main  portion  ot'tl»oauri<ile;  a  second,  much  lonjjer,  arises  behind 
tilt'  tragus  and  passes  upward  nearly  to  the  tip.  The  auricle  anterior 
to  the  ridge  last  named  is  sparsely  covered  with  hair.  Numerous  deli- 
cute  transverse  folds  are  seen  on  the  outer  half  of  the  auricle,  which 
reach  almost  to  the  border.  Nearly  on  aline  with  the  Junction  of  the 
external  basal  lobe  and  the  main  portion  and  opposite  to  the  meatus  a 
.semilunar  raised  fold  is  seen. 

The  interauricular  membrane  is  notched  above,  hairy  on  the  outer  sur- 
t'lice,  and  with  a  h)ngitudinal  ridge  in  young  individuals  in  the  middle 
line.  The  membrane  extends  beyond  the  inner  canthus  of  the  eye,  at 
wliieh  point  it  bears  a  snmll  wart.  The  tragus  is  l«)Ug,  slender,  and 
tapering;  when  laid  forward  it  reaches  to  the  inner  canthus.  The 
posterior  surface  is  furnis'..  )d  wit'.i  u  longitudinal  ridge.  The  base  ex- 
hibits two  roots,  one  extending  a  short  distance  obliquely  on  the  face; 
the  otlier  continuous  with  the  ridge  o]>posite  to  tlie  meatus.  The 
trafiiis  is  slightly  constricted  above  the  facial  root,  but  soon  becomes 
convex  along  the  inner  border.  The  outer  border  is  strsiight,  ex- 
cepting at  the  base.  Here  the  parts  are  variable.  In  the  greater 
number  of  specimens  examined  a  trace  only  of  an  external  basal  lobe 
is  seen.*  The  nose-leaf  is  simple,  entiie,  rounded  at  the  muzzle  and 
lixed  to  the  upper  lip,  whik  free  at  the  sides.  The  erect  portion  tapers 
acutely,  and  is  sparsely  covered  with  hair.  A  rudiment  of  a  midrib  is 
seen  between  the  nostrils.  The  nostrils  are  oblong,  oblique,  with  raised 
trenchant  borders.  They  ar*  slightly  narrowed  externally  and  do  not 
modify  the  lateral  contour  of  the  nose-leaf.  A  crescentic  patch  of  warts 
lies  on  the  fiice  back  of  the  muzzle.  Two  small,  slightly  oblique,  smooth 
mental  plates,  separated  by  a  groove,  are  seen  at  the  chin.  Well  back 
(tf  the  chin-plates  is  a  conspicuous  median  wart.  The  rictus  is  on  a  line 
with  the  inner  canthus.  The  wing  membranes  are  attached  to  the  epi 
troclilea.t    The  fifth  metacarpal  bone  is  the  longest. 

The  prevailing  color  of  the  fur  is  white.  On  the  dorsum  for  the  apical 
lifth  it  is  light  brown,  fawn,  or  yellow  brown.  Frequently  the  extreme 
[tip  is  gray.  On  the  venter  the  basal  half  of  the  hair  is  alone  white, 
the  apical  half  being  ashy-brown,  the  extreme  tip  again  appearing 
white  or  plumbeous.  The  face  retains  the  color  of  the  venter  without 
the  basal  white.    The  side  of  the  neck  and  the  base  of  the  prebracU- 


•  In  a  ymiiig  individual  (8916,  S.  I.,  the  epiphyses  not  united,  and  the  length  of 
I  the  bculy  44'""')  the  external  basal  lobe  was  thick  and  acutely  concave  on  th§  outer 
jliiiidcr.  It  was  obscurely  verrucose  and  received  by  a  delicate  fold  the  outer  bor- 
Idcr  of  the  tragus  upon  its  anterior  surface.  A  thioliened  longitudinal  swelling  was 
Ispcn  on  the  posterior  surface  near  the  inner  border.  In  a  second  immature  speci- 
|iiifii  (121"'"  long,  tlie  niillt  tf>eth  being  in  position)  the  tragus  was  more  as  in  adult. 

till  an  immature  specimen.  No,  4405,  Miis.  Coiup.  ZooL,  the  membrane  came  from 
It  he  I'picoudyle. 


'1 


II. 


I  it' 


86 


nULLETIN    i:i,  L'NITEIJ    HTATK8    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


inin  arc  of  th«  colors  of  the  dorsuin  rather  than  the  venter.*    Imme- 
diately behind  thejinietion  of  the  ears  the  head  is  nlnioHt  naked.    Tlu; 
basal  third  of  tiie  iitit'icle  is  covered  with  hair.    Tlie  external  aurfaie  I 
of  the  external  basal  lobe  is  entirely  clothed.    The  inner  surface  of  tlie 
auricle  at  the  internal  basHl  h)be,  and  extending;  thence  upward  along] 
the  inner  border,  is  sparsely  covered  with  short  hairs.    The  lu-oxinml 
half  of  the  humerus  is  also  clothed,  as  well  as  the  endopatiifi^iuni,  iiiidl 
a  line  theiu-e  to  the  proximal  one  half  of  the  thijjh.     Klsewhere  tiii'l 
membranes  are  naked,  save  at  the  dorsum  of  the  tlrst  metacarpal  boiif, 
where  a  few  hairs  are  found. 

MembranvH. — In  the  second  intersjjace  of  the  wiug;  the  membrane  inl 
attached  to  the  ]>ulmar  borders  of  the  second  and  third  metacarpal 
bones;  in  the  third  interspace,  to  dorsal  boi'der  of  the  third  metacarpiil 
bone  and  palmar  border  of  the  fourth;  and  in  the  fimrth  interapace,  to 
the  ]>alniai'  borders  of  the  fimrth  and  tifth  metacarpal  bones.  The 
ealearotarsal  expanse  is  absent.  The  ])rebrachium  is  withor.t  distiiifl 
five  lines.  Intercostal  lines  nin(^  in  number.  Coracobrachialis  faseiclel 
does  not  rea<^h  the  line  of  the  elbow.  At  the  elbow  is  a  number  of  fiiuJ 
ra«liated  lines,  apparently  due  to  muscle- tlbers.  The  membrane  isl 
slightly  thickened  near  the  ankle.  Triceps  fascicle  system  made  up! 
of  two  inferior  and  two  superior  branches.  Vertical  muscle  lines  seveu! 
in  number.  A  small  thread-like  line  appears  at  the  proximal  third  iifJ 
the  tifth  metacarpal  and  passes  nearly  the  entire  length  of  the  di;,'it,r 
In  tln!  fourth  interspace  the  predigital  nerve  arises  from  the  fifth  met  [ 
acarpal  bone  at  about  its  middle;  one  or  two  nerves  arise  from  thetiftlij 
metacarpophalangeal  joint;  the  post-digital  from  the  metacarpo-plia [ 
langeal  joint;  longitudinal  line  distinct.  Thirty-six  transverse  liiiesj 
can  be  counted  in  the  tburth  interdigital  interspace.  These  are  greatljl 
in  excess  of  i  he  number  in  any  other  form  examined.  Both  in  this  spiiccl 
and  in  the  angle  between  the  tifth  metacarpal  bono  and  the  radius  al 
fine  network  of  fibers  is  present.  No  similar  appearance  is  seen  clseT 
where.  In  the  third  interspace  both  predigital  and  post  digital  nerYesj 
arise  from  the  metacarpophalangeal  joints;  longitudinal  line  dlstiiict.1 

The  interfemoral  membrane  reaches  to  the  ankle.  The  tail  projoctsl 
one-sixth  of  its  length  beyond  the  inferior  margin.  An  oblique  lino  exi 
tends  from  the  end  of  the  second  vertebra  to  the  middle  of  the  calfarl 
The  ■'trm^ture  last  named  is  one-half  the  length  of  the  tibia;  its  tip| 
projects  conspicuously  from  the  truncated  border  of  the  interfemoral 
membrane.  The  terminal  cartilage  of  the  third  digit  acicular;  that  of! 
the  fourth  digit  is  bifid,  witii  the  h)bes  equal;  while  that  of  the  litthl 
digit,  while  bifid,  exhibits  the  posterior  lobe  greatly  prolonged,  liij 
specimen  No.  404  S.  I.  the  terminal  cartilage  of  the  right  third  digit  i| 
comi>08ed  of  four  segments. 


*C<)ne8  and  Yarrow  (Wheeler  Exp.  Geo!.  Snrv.,  Zoiil,  1875)  state  that  alcohol-blfflili 
iujf  causes  the  difference  between  if.  caUfornicus  and  M.  waterhouaii.  Of  this  stati'- 
ment  the  authors  offer  no  evidence.    I  doubt  its  correctness. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  II 


1.  Maxillary  teeth  of  Macrotus  californicus.    x  8. 

2.  Mandibular  teeth  of  same,    x  8. 


cohol-bl<'nili-| 
3f  this  st.itc- 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


37 


Variations. — The  distance  between  the  tail  and  the  tip  of  the  caloar 
is  inconstant.  The  sides  of  the  interfenioral  membrane  do  not  always 
end  at  precisely  the  same  level  on  the  tail. 

Tiie  basal  part  of  the  nose-leaf  may  be  separated  from  the  ascending 
part  by  a  sulcus  in  the  manner  seen  in  Artibeus  and  I'hyllostoma.  Tlie 
lower  margin  may  be  separated  from  the  groove  to  the  outer  side  of  the 
lateral  margin. 

Manal  formula. 


Iinniatiire 


Sccciiid  interspace 
Thiiil  iiiturHpaeo  . 
iMiiirtli  iuterspacti 
Fdrciiiiii 


Skull. — The  brain  case  is  raised  much  above  the  level  of  the  face.  The 
sa}i;ittal  crest  is  defined,  except  on  tlie  meteucephalon,  where,  excepting 
at  the  extreme  tip  of  the  angle  between  the  vertex  and  the  occiput,  it  is 
absent.  No  convexity  exists  over  the  region  of  the  proencephalon,  Tvliich 
measures  one-eighth  of  the  length  of  the  brain  case.  The  region  of  ibe 
metencephaloii  measure.-,  one-third  of  the  length  of  the  brain  case.  The 
tympanic  bone  is  large,  almost  entirely  concealing  the  cochlea.  The 
basioccipital  bone  is  without  lateral  fossif.  The  lingual  process  of  the 
splienoid  bone  is  rudimentary  or  absent.  The  posterior  temporal  impres- 
sion is  deflected  from  the  sagittal  line  at  meteucephalon  to  define  with 
the  aid  of  the  fellow  of  the  opposite  si<\e  a  large,  triangular,  convex  space. 
The  fiiee  vertex  is  markedly  inflated  at  the  side  for  the  greater  part  of 
its  length;  a  median  ridge  extends  over  the  anterior  two-thirds,  the 
])osteri()r  thirds  being  depressed;  on  ea(;h  side  of  the  median  line  a 
small  foramen,  which  transmits  a  nerve  to  the  auricle,  is  seen.  On 
the  side  the  iuflatiou  occupies  the  greater  part  of  the  superior  maxilla 
and  causes  the  region  of  the  infraorbital  foramen  to  be  slightly  de- 
pressed. The  anterior  border  of  the  orbit  is  trenchant.  The  ectoturbi- 
nal  i)lates  show  through  the  frontal  bone  as  it  forms  the  orbital  inner 
wall ;  a  small  foramen  is  seen  near  the  rhinencephalon  lying  below  an 
ol)li([ue  ridge.  The  upper  border  of  the  malar  bone  is  incised  at  the 
middle  third.  A  line  produced  from  the  upper  border  of  the  anterior 
nasal  ai>erture  intersects  the  middle  of  the  first  upper  premolar.  The 
inner  surface  of  the  ascending  ramus  of  the  lower  jaw  is  furnished  with 
a  i  idfic  which  extends  forward  <m  a  line  with  the  teeth.  The  condyle  end 
readies  the  aveolus.  The  angle  is  narrowed,  curved,  and  tapering  at  the 
tip ;  it  projects  posteriorly  beyond  the  condyle  to  the  outer  third  of  which 
it  lies  as  the  bone  is  viewed  from  above.  The  distance  from  the  con- 
dyle to  the  tip  of  the  coienoid  is  eqnal  to  the  width  of  the  horizontal 
ramns. 

The  cochlea  in  the  Phyllostomidu),  as  a  rule,  exhibits  the  loop  of  the 


'  < 


■\'' 


38  BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

outer  semicircular  canal  free  from  boue.  In  Maorotus  this  cliaracter 
is  less  constant  than  in  other  genera  examined,  for  oiit  of  three  exam- 
ples one  shoNved  the  loop  occupied  with  a  thin,  bony  lamina. 

Millimeters, 

Length  of  skull 23 

I  Width  of  skull  at  tho  widest  part 9 

I  Width  of  dorHi-facial  rogioii  at  the  widest  part 5 

Length  of  superior  dental  series 9 

,  Width  of  haao  at  tlie  glunoid  cavities 11 

In  the  skull  of  an  immature  iudividual  from  the  Museum  of  Compara- 
tive Zoology,  measuring  21"""  from  end  of  the  premaxilla  to  the  occiput, 
the  following  characters  are  noted:  The  mandible  projects  2"""  beyond 
the  premaxilla^  The  premaxillie  do  not  join  the  nasals,  which  are 
twice  as  wide  at  the  posterior  ends  than  at  the  anterior.  The  tympanic 
bones  are  complete. 

Tlie  arrangement  of  the  turbinal  plates  is  as  follows:  The  ectotur- 
binal  is  small,  a  little  less  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  first  endo- 
turbinal.  Its  ui)per  border  is  horizontal  and  its  lower  concave.  The 
extreme  tip  of  tho  lobule  extends  as  far  as  the  anterior  border  of  the 
first  molar.  The  second  plate  is  concealed  and  the  third  and  fourth 
are  arranged  much  as  in  Vampyrops,  which  this  tbnn  in  great  part 
resembles.  TIr".  lobule  on  the  first  endoturbinal  is  small,  but  readily 
discernible.  The  plates  below  their  inflated  summits  are  not  clearly 
seen.    The  parts  on  the  median  surface  are  contiguous. 

Xotes  on  the  skrleton. — The  atlas  is  provided  with  two  spines  on  the 
nferior  border  of  the  transverse  process  and  a  tubercle  on  the  body. 
The  meso-sternum  is  provided  with  a  trenchant  unbroken  keel.  The 
tlnar  rudiment  at  the  distal  end  of  the  radius  is  a  minute  tubercle 
without  notch  or  foramen ;  the  proximal  rudiment  is  a  little  less  than 
half  the  length  of  the  radius.  The  vertebral  border  of  the  scapula  is 
sigmoid  with  the  concavity  corresponding  to  the  base  of  the  spine. 
The  infra  spinatus  fossa  is  not  deepened  at  the  axillary  border.  The 
end  of  the  spine  at  the  glenoid  cavity  end  is  not  angulated.  The 
coracoid  process  is  abruptly  curved  toward  the  axillary  border;  the 
end  reaches  a  point  below  the  glenoid  cavity.  Tlie  inner  tuberosity 
of  the  humerus  is  scar(;ely  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  head.  A 
narrow  notch  is  defined  between  the  epitrochlea  and  the  trochlea,  the 
under  border  of  the  epitrochlea  is  furnished  with  a  spine. 

The  first  metacarpal  bone  equals  one-half  the  length  of  the  first 
phalanx  of  the  first  digit,  the  second  lacks  one  fifth  the  length  of  the 
third  metacarpal  bone  and  is  slightly  arched.  The  second  digit  is  a  > 
long  as  the  third  metacarpal  bone.  The  third  and  fifth  metacarpal 
bones  are  of  eipial  length  and  are  not  as  long  as  the  forearm.  The 
fourth  is  2"'"'.  shorter.  The  tliird  metiicarpal  bone  is  much  tlu; 
stoutest,  the  second  phalanx  is  slightly  the  longer.  In  I'epose  the  first 
phalanx  of  the  third  digit  is  in  axial  line  with  the  third  metacarapl 
bone.    The  fourth  an<l  fifth  digits  are  of  the  same  length.    The  femurs 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE   IJATS  OV   NOKTH   AMERICA. 


39 


brought  nearly  to  the  median  line  posteriorly,  where  they  lie  almost 
in  ('(Mitact.* 

Maxillar!/  teeth. — Central  incisor  much  larger  than  the  lateral,  con- 
tiguous with  its  fellow  with  sharp  transverse  cutting  edge.  The  lat- 
eral iucisor  very  small,  crown  directed  obliquely  forward  and  inward 
with  an  obscurely  bilobed  cutting  edge.  Canine  rather  E)mull  not 
twice  the  length  of  the  central  incisor;  the  first  premolar  as  broad  as 
tlu'  second  but  less  abruptly  pointed  and  touching  canine.  The  second 
])r('iuolar  with  wide  base  where  it  rests  against  the  first  molar.  An  in- 
toi'val  exists  between  the  two  teeth.  The  first  molar  slightly  inclined 
backward  with  low  protocone  and  obscure  commissures,  the  posterior 
being  in  great  part  absent.  Paracone  forming  a  smaller  V  than  the 
iiietacono  but  is  more  fiuted  than  it.  Hypocone  obscure,  low.  The 
second  molar  more  quadrate  than  the  first;  the  protocone  somewhat 
better  defined.  The  Vs  of  the  buccal  cusjis  equal  but  the  protocone 
is  tumid  at  an  angle  formed  by  it  with  the  anterior  border  of  the 
erown.  The  third  molar  with  protocone  having  well  defined  commissures. 
Tiie  i)(>sterior  limb  of  the  paracone  but  half  the  length  of  the  anterior 
limb.    Tlie  remaining  parts  of  the  tooth  not  represented. 

Mandibular  teeth. — Incisors  simple,  even,  obscurely  bilobed.  First 
prenu)]ar  higher  and  broader  (in  profile)  than  the  second  and  third. 
Tiiis  distinction  is  not  so  apparent  when  the  parts  are  viewed  from 
ab()\e.  The  second  and  third  premolars  are  progressively  more  pointed 
and  lower  than  is  tho  foregoing. 

The  first  molar  with  the  V  much  smaller  than  the  triangular  heel 
whose  anterior  limb  juts  against  the  ])Osterior  limb  of  the  V  near  its 
base  (perhaps,  on  the  whole,  to  a  less  degree  than  is  represented  in 
the  figure).  The  base  (t.  c,  the  lingual  aspect)  of  the  V  is  open,  but 
tliat  of  the  heel  is  closed  by  a  depressed  (;ommissure.  The  second  molat 
uuieli  the  same  as  the  foregoing,  the  V  and  heel  being  subequal.  The 
tliird  molar  with  tlio  largest  V  in  the  series  but  with  a  small,  com- 
pressed, deflected  tubercle  like  heel. 

1  Paraconid  in  first  lower  molar  smallest  of  any  in  the  series.  The 
conjoined  bases  of  the  paracouid  and  metaconid  deeply  incised  so  as  to 
sliow  the  protoconid  when  the  tooth  is  seen  in  profile  on  lingual  aspect. 
Tiiis  eliaracter  is  not  seen  outside  of  this  group,  but  reaches  a  higher 
degree  of  development  in  Ischnof/IonNfi. 


Cat. 

S|)ci'|. 

No. 

iiirni). 

1!;H7 

1 

.VJ14 

28 

6174 

1 

11  ■.'(!,') 

B 

MMII 

1 

lilTl 

Lucality. 


List  of  HpvcimenM. 


Sex. 


I 


Fort  Yuma,  Cal 

Cape  St. LucSH  ...' 

...do 

...ilo 9.1d' 

Nfar  TiicHon d'liiiiii 

Nolwulity '    ? 


Presenteil  by — 


Kntnro  of  8|M)ci- 
men. 


M^i.G.  H.  TliumaH...|  Alruliol  (type). 

Juhu  Xautiis ;  Alcoliol 

do do 

I do 

I. ...do 

I. ...do 


Collection. 


U.S.NHt.MuN. 
Oo. 
Do. 

1)0. 

Do. 
Do. 


'  For  otLur  comiuenta  ou  the  skeleton  of  Maorotua,  see  lutroduotion. 


40  BULLrCTIN  43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Dobsoii  (/.  c.)  considers  M.  calif ornicm,  Baird,  to  be  the  same  as  M. 
waterhouHii,  Gray.  S[)eciinciis  of  the  latter  are  not  available  for  ex- 
amination. Bats  of  the  Antilles  may  range  north  and  west  through 
the  neotropical  belts  of  the  United  States,  but  M.  waierhouHii  does 
not  appear  to  be  an  example  of  the  tendency.  By  the  measurements 
taken  by  Mr.  Dobson  this  species  appears  to  possess  a  smaller  tail  and 
a  shorter  appendage  to  the  nose  than  does  M.  californicus.  Among 
other  measurements  (English  scale)  of  West  Indian  species  are  the 
following:  head,  1"';  body,  2.(50'";  tail,  1.50'";  ear,  1.10'";  tragus,  0.42'" ; 
nose-leaf,  0.30™ ;  wing  from  carpus,  0.3'" ;  forearm,  0.2"". 

On  the  whole,!  have  concluded  not  to  make  any  change  in  the  name 
of  the  Californiaii  species  of  Macrotus,  and  shall  rest  content  to  quote 
from  the  first  edition  of  the  Monograph  (pp  3,  4)  the  following  pas- 
sages: 

A  comparison  of  the  type  with  good  specimens  of  the  latter  from  Cuba,  preserved 
in  alcohol,  and  presented  by  Prof,  Poey  to  the  Quiitlisoniaii  Institution,  show  un- 
mistakable ditferences,  as  do  others  from  Jamaica,  recently  received  from  Mr.  March. 

The  chin  plates  are  less  acutely  defined ;  the  internal  border  of  the  tragus  is  much 
thickened,  and  the  revolutcd  i)orti(>n  nt  the  base  of  the  external  border  is  slightly 
swollen.  The  fur  is  bicolored;  central  portion  dark-brown  instead  of  fawn.  The 
nose-leaf  is  of  about  the  same  height  as  above  species ;  the  tail,  however,  is  0.25  of 
on  inch  shorter.    The  duntatiou  is  similar. 

The  M.  mexicana,  Saussurc,  is  a  species  from  Mexico  described  by  M.  Saussure  in 
Revue  et  Mag.  de  Zool.,  2d  series,  XII,  1860,  p.  486.  The  author  states  that  the  de- 
scription is  taken  from  a  specimen  which  was  in  poor  condition.  It  is  difficult  to 
tell  from  his  description  whether  his  species  is  the  same  as  M,  oalifomious  or  not. 

MeamremenUi  of  an  average  of  four  individtiaU. 

Milli- 
meters. 

Length  of  head  and  body  (from  crown  of  head  to  base  of  tail) 39 

Length  of  head 22 

Height  of  ear 23 

Height  of  tragus 10 

Length  of  arm 22 

Length  of  forearm 48 

First  digit : 

Length  of  first  inet^icarpal  bone 4 

Lengtli  of  first  phalanx 4 

Second  digit : 

Lcngtii  of  second  nu^tacarpal  bono 28 

Length  of  first  phalanx 4^ 

Third  digit: 

Length  of  third  metacarpal  bone 34 

Length  of  first  phalanx 14 

Lengtli  of  second  phalanx 16 

Length  of  third  ]ilialanx 9 

Fourth  digit : 

Length  of  fourth  metacarpal  bone 32 

Length  of  first  )>halanx 13 

Length  of  second  phalanx 11 


2347 

- 

52  H 

1! 

,VJ14(«  '        2 

52116   j        2, 

WNf   1        2, 

MU(/  ■■        2. 

WUc   1        2. 

Iil74     i        2. 

A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


41 


Milli- 
Fii'th  digit:  met^TS. 

Ijcugth  of  flftli  metacarpal  bone 35 

Length  of  Urst  phalanx 12 

l^t'Hgth  of  second  phalanx 9 

Length  of  thigh 16 

Length  of  tibia , 20 

Length  of  foot 10 

Length  of  tail 27 

Meaauremenls  from  firtt  edition  of  Monograph.  * 


(,'m'- 
ri'iit 

From 
tip  of 

Leiigtli 

Height 

of  uoHe 

luaf. 

Length 
of  tore- 
arm. 

Length 

Lengtii 
of 

Lengtii 

of 
tliunib. 

Height 

Heiglit 

0? 
tragus. 

Ex- 

Nature  of 

iiiiiii- 
liL-r. 

iiom!  to 
tail. 

In: 

of  tail. 
Int. 

of  tibia. 

lougeHt 
(luger. 

ot  ear. 

pauHe. 

specimen. 

Int. 

I,,F. 

Int. 

Int. 

Iim. 

Int. 

Int. 

Int. 

2M7 

2.3 

1.8 

0.2 

1.10 

0.1» 

3.3 

0.5 

1.1 

0.5 

10. 0 

Alcohol. 

,VJU 

2.0 

1.3 

0.2 

1.8 

0.8 

3.0 

0.5 

1.0 

0.4} 

10.0 

Do. 

J214« 

2.0 

1.4 

0.2 

1.10 

0.10 

3.2 

0.4 

1.2 

0.5 

10.0 

Do. 

■flUb 

2.0 

1.3 

0.2 

2.0 

0.10 

3.0 

0.5 

1.0 

0.4i 

10.0 

Do. 

KUc 

2.0 

1.2 

0.2 

2.0 

0.8 

3.0 

0.5 

1.0 

0.5 

11.0 

Do. 

.VJ14(/ 

2.0 

1.4 

0.2 

1.8 

0.10 

3.0 

0..-, 

0.11 

0.4 

10.6 

Do. 

.'i214^ 

2.0 

1.4 

0.2 

1.9 

0.0 

3.0 

0.5 

1.0 

0.0 

11.0 

Do. 

1)174 

2.0 

1.3 

0.2 

1.8 

0.8 

3.0 

0.5 

1.0 

0.5 

10.6 

Do. 

Mucrotus  bulleri  H.  Allen. — The  following  description  of  a  Mexican 
spcfies  of  Macrotm  may  prove  to  be  of  value  in  studying  M.  califor- 
nicm,  and  is  therefore  introduced  at  this  place.  The  original  can  be 
found  in  the  proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  1890, 
Vol.  xxviii,  p.  72. 

In  Article  X  VI,extnicted  from  the  Bulletin  of  the  American  Museum 
of  Xatural  History,  Vol.  ii,  No.  3,  p.  10(),  entitled  "  Notes  on  a  collec- 
tion of  Mitmmals  from  Southern  Mexico,"  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen,  occurs 
the  following  statement: 

^[ai'l•otun  californivuH,  Baii'd. — Eight  skins  and  skulls  and  three  additional  skulls, 
nil  niuleH.  Bolano.s,  Jalisco,  July  3,  1889.  "  Occurs  in  iinmouse  numbers  in  the 
ailit.s  and  old  mine  driftn  of  the  Mineral  de  Bolanes.  Of  the  fourteen  captured  all 
were  males,  whereas  in  the  case  of  the  other  kinds  of  bats  taken  here  females  gen- 
erally iirodoniinate."    (Audley  Buller,  MS.  notes.) 

In  the  absence  of  specimens  for  comparison,  it  is  ditflcnlt  tosay  certainly  whether 
Ibeyarc  the  same  as  the  California  specimens.  Judging  by  descriptions,  they  are 
somewhat  darker  in  color. 

1  had  an  opportunity  through  the  courtesy  of  Dr.  Allen  of  esamin- 
iiiS  two  of  the  specimens  of  this  series,  and  contuirred  with  this  au- 
thority in  considering  th(  to  be  identical  with  M.  cali/ornicus.  The 
skins  were  of  immature  inaividuals  and  the  jiarts  about  the  auricle  ap- 
paiciitly  inutilated.  The  hair  was  furnished  with  (lark  cinereous  tips, 
ii  character  which,  while  in  striking  contrast  with  the  more  northern 
form  of  the  spciiies,  was  not  thought  to  be  distinctive  for  southern  ex- 
it iiiples  of  other  species,  as  A  >7j7*^««  pempieilliitiiK  nwl  Atalapha  nove- 
hoyaroisix  are  differently  colored  from  nortliern  individuals.  The  main 
iiu'iisuroments  were  the  same.      But  since  Dr.  Allen   published  his 


;-  I  i 


n\ 


is;  J.- 


•  See  Preface. 


1 1 


42 


BULLETIN    13,  UMTEl)   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


[I, 


notes  I  have  carefully  soaked  oue  of  the  skins  in  diluted  spirits  and 
have  detected  that  the  apparent  mutilations  of  the  auricle  are  due  to 
dist(H'tion,  and  that  the  form  of  the  auricle  is  sufficiently  pronounced 
to  warrant  a  careful  examination  of  the  cranium. 

Dr.  Allen  has  sent  to  me  eight  crania  for  inspection.  The  characterH 
of  these  specimens  are  in  many  res]»ect8  quite  different  from  those  of 
M.  californicus.    The  following  is  the  description  of  this  new  species: 

Auricle  scarcely  longer  than  head;  the  internal  basal  lobule  rudi 
mental  and  projects  about  a  millimeter  bej'^ond  the  juncture  of  the 
interauricular  membrane.  lOxternal  basal  lobe  reduced  to  a  thin  ridge 
which  leaves  the  tragus  exposed.  Tragus  with  convex  anterior  border 
for  basal  two-thirds,  and  an  abruptly  acuminate  apical  third.  The 
outer  border  is  straight — apparently  without  basal  notch  or  lobule. 

The  nose-leaf  without  well-defined  lower  border — scarcely  longer 
thf  n  the  face.    Chin  apparently  without  divided  plate. 

Skull. — Facial  I'egion  without  depression  on  the  frontal  bone;  indeed, 
it  is  faintly  ridged  posteriorly;  region  over  ethmoid  scrolls  scarcely 
inflated.  Squamosal  i>ortion  of  zygoma  not  more  than  one-half  the  size 
of  the  same  part  in  M.  cali/ormcus.  No  projection  of  vertex  at  occiput, 
but  the  entire  superior  curvature  of  the  head  simple.  Angle  of  mandi- 
ble projects  scarcely  at  all  back  of  the  condyloid  surface.  The  two 
halves  of  the  mandible  closer  together  than  in  M.  cali/ormcus. 

Teeth. — The  lower  premolars  are  more  crowded  than  in  M.  californicus. 
The  palatal  portion  of  the  upper  canine  is  produced  to  a  point  posterior 
to  the  lateral  incisor. 

Fur. — On  the  back  the  basal  two-third  is  white,  the  apical  third  very 
dark  plumbeous,  the  tip  tending  to  gray.  These  distinctions  are  best 
defined  on  the  sides  of  the  neck.  At  the  middle  of  the  back  the  gray 
tip  is  absent.  The  colors  xmdergo  no  variation  over  the  posterior  sur- 
fa<'e  of  the  prebrachium,  the  humerus,  oi  the  rump.  On  the  endo- 
patagium  the  hairs  are  shorter,  sparsely  do\'eloped,  and  of  a  fawn  color 
throughout. 

On  the  venter  a  disposition  exists  for  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  hair 
to  be  whiter  tlian  the  rest  of  the  hair.  This  is  most  marked  on  the 
sides  of  the  trunk,  and  is  nearly  absent  at  the  middle.  The  apical 
third  is  less  markedly  plumbecms  and.  the  tip  is  more  gray  than  on  the 
back.  On  the  whole  the  venter  gives  the  impression  of  being  gray, 
and  the  back  as  being  of  a  dark,  sooty  hue. 

The  posterior  surface  of  the  auricle  covered  with  short  unicolorcd 
gray  hair  which  extends  upward  along  the  median  border  nctarly  its 
entire  length.  The  hair  extends  both  on  the  bacsk  and  the  venter  over 
the  fleshy  part  of  the  forearm. 

Two  immature  examples  (the  distal  epiphyses  of  the  metacarpal 
bones  of  the  third,  a  fourth,  a  fifth,  manal  digits  ununited)  2004,  2005 
(Am.  Mus.,  N.  Y.),  from  Bolanos,  .Talisco,  Mexico. 


A  MONOORAPU  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  43 

Mcaturemeutii. 

MlUlmeteri. 

Ilcifjlit  of  auricle  from  vortex « 7 

lliijjlit  ot'trajjuH  (slightly  distortetl; 6 

Jliight  of  nowe-lenf _   7 

[.iiifjth  of  forearm 44 

First  digit : 

Mt!tiionrpal 4 

First  phalanx 4 

Seconil  phalanx 2 

SccoikI  digit : 

M(!tacarpal , 45 

I'irst  phalanx 5 

Tliirtl  digit: 

Metacarpal 32 

First  phalanx 16 

Second  phalanx 15 

Third  i)halanx 9 

Fourth  digit : 

Metacarpal 31 

First  phalanx 14 

Second  phalanx 11 

Fitth  digit : 

Metacarpal 33 

First  phalanx 14 

Second  phalanx 10 

Leiif{th  of  femur 15 

Length  of  tihia 16 

LciiKth  of  foot 13 

Length  of  tail 25 

Length  of  free  portion  of  tail 3^ 

Genus  ARTIBEUS  Leach. 

Artibeus  Leach,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc..  London  (1822),  xiii,  75;   Peters,  MB.  Akad. 
lierliu,  1865,  :»6;  Alston,  Biol.  Ceiitrali-Amer.,  Mam.,  1879-'82,  47. 
.Uadatd'Hs  Leach,  1.  c.,  81. 

Antibeua  Gray,  Mag.  Zoiil.  and  Bot.,  1839,  II,  487. 
Fteroderma  Gervais,  Exped.  du  Comte  de  (Jastehiau,  Zoiil.,  1855,  34. 

1.  Artibe'js  perspiolllatus  (LinniFus).  (Plates  iii,  iv,  v.) 


VfHpertilio pergpieiUatua hinmf^ns,  Syst.  Nat.,  7th  ed.,  47;  Schreber,  Saiigethiere,  1775, 

p.  160,  PI.  XLVi, 
J'hyllostoma  perspicillalum  Geotfroy,  Ann.  du  Museum,  xv,  1810,  176,  PL  xi;  Wagner, 

Schreb.  Saiigeth.,  SuppL,  i,  1844,  402;  v,  1855,  631. 
.Irliliriw  jamaicendi*  Leach,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xiii,  1822,  75. 
Madatwm  letomi  I-each,  1.  c.  p.  82. 

I'll  111  fostoma  supcrciUatum  Wied,  Beitr.  zur  Naturgesoh.  Brosil,  ii,  1826,  200. 
■  lictiheitH perspiciUatua  Gray,  Mag.  ZoJil.  and  Bot.,  1839,  487. 
JrtibeiiH  carpohjiua  Gosse,  A  Naturalist's  Sojourn  in  Jamaica,  1851, 151. 
I'terderma  perspicillatum  Gervais,  Exjted.  du  Comte  de  Castelnau,  Zoologie,  1855,  34, 

ri.  viu,  Fig.  7;  PL  x,  Fig.  1  (teeth). 


44 


BULLETIN  43,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


Artiheu»per»picillatua, FoterSfUh.,  Akad.  licrlin,  1865,p. 350;  (l)Mayuur(l, Bull.  Esse^c 
Inst.,  1872,  137;  DobHon  Cat.  Chirop.  Brit.  Mus.,  1878,  519;  Alston,  Biolog.  Cen- 
trali-Amer.,  Mam.,  187»-'82,  47." 

Artibeus  is  intermediate  between  Urodernia  and  Dermanura  and  the 
three  genera  are  in  ch)se  alliance.  Peripheral  characters  Huch  as  those 
of  the  auricle  and  nose-leaf  are  of  doubtful  value.  The  small  third 
lower  molar  separates  Artibeus  from  Dermanura,  as  the  absence  of  the 
third  upper  molar  separates  it  from  Uroderma. 

All  of  the  three  genera  named  can  be  distinguished  from  Vampyropn 
by  the  shape  of  the  first  lower  molar.  In  Vampyrops  the  protoconid 
is  greatly  elevated,  while  the  anterior  border  of  the  tooth  is  not  pro- 
longed. 

DiagnoHis. — Nose-leaf  smooth,  with  entire  margins  and  a  broad 
longitudinal  ridge,  which  is  discernible  on  both  anterior  and  posterior 
surfaces;  lower  portion,  us  a  rule,  not  free  at  any  part  from  the  upper 
lip.  Infra  marginal  tubercles  at  the  mentum  more  than  three  in  num- 
ber.t  Mentum  provided  with  a  large  central  wart,  on  either  side  of 
which  is  placed  a  smaller  wart;  the  whole  arrangement  is  surrounded  by 
a  semicircular  row  of  nodules.  Interfemoral  membrane  scanty,  deeply 
emurginate,  without  tail. 

Molars  broad  without  Vs  and  exhibit  a  disposition  to  become  cuspi- 
date on  outer  and  inner  bordert>.  Upper  middle  incisor  broad  and 
straight. 

2  2  12 

Dental  Formula. — Molars,-;    premolars,..;    canines,:-,     iuci8Oi'8,-x2=30. 

Description. — General  form  massive;  the  body  heavy;  the  head 
with  broad  transverse  diameter.  Auricles  small,  separate.  Each  au- 
ricle when  laid  against  the  face  reaches  the  external  canthus.  The 
inner  border  is  markedly  convex  and  continued  in  a  single  curve  with 
the  broad  internal  basal  lobe.  The  outer  border  is  straight,  with  a 
number  of  transverse  lines  on  couch.  The  hem  is  one-third  the  width 
of  the  auricle  at  its  broadest  part  and  is  continuous  below  with  the 
rounded  broad  external  basul  lobe.  A  conspicuous  external  basal  ridge 
is  present.  The  tragus  in  height  equals  the  distance  ft'om  the  tragus 
to  the  eye.  It  is  erect,  slightly  convex  on  inner  border,  almost  straight 
in  the  inner,  and  thickened  along  the  mediau  surface,  which  is  usually 
coarsely  spinose  inferiorly.  The  basal  notch  broad,  with  a  spine  at  the 
upper  border  the  basal  lobe.  A  fold  of  skin  extends  obliquely  from 
the  base  to  the  face.  The  nostrils  are  oval  and  placed  obliquely  upwanl 
and  outward.  The  ends  of  the  opening  are  free,  but  the  sides  are 
remarkably  foliated.  The  nose-leaf  is  thus  divided  by  the  nostrils  into 
an  upper  (supra  narial)  and  a  lower  (infra  narial)  portion.    Both  of 


•The  synonomy  in  part  has  been  copied  from  Dobson's  Catalogue  of  the  Chi- 
roptera  iu  the  British  Museum. 

Iln  two  specimens  of  Derma nio-a  ciiierea  examined,  the  sides  of  the  nose-leaf 
were  concave,  the  posterior  surface  of  the  no.,e-leiif  was  without  trace  of  longitu- 
dinal ridge,  and  the  infra-marginal  tubercles  were  three  in  number. 


lull.  £88e\ 
olog,  Cen- 

'  and  the 
as  tboHe 
all  third 
36  of  the 

mpyropn 
otoconid 
not  pro- 

a  broad 
•osterior 
»e  upper 
in  num- 
:•  side  of 
nded  by 
,  deeply 

e  cuspi- 
oad  and 


>. 

e  head 
lach  au- 
8.  The 
ve  with 
with  a 
a  width 
ith  the 
*1  ridge 
tragus 
traight 
usually 
Q  at  the 
y  from 
ipward 
les  are 
ils  into 
Joth  of 

lie  Chi- 

lose-Ieaf 
longitu- 


mi 


M 


Fit 
Ki( 
Ki( 
Ki( 
Fi( 

Fi( 


Explanation  of  Plate  III. 

1.  Front  view  ot  lioml  oC  .litihniH  ixriipMlliituH. 

2.  Side  view  ol'snine. 

;i.  View  of  traj>iiN  iiiul  inner  surfiiii-  olaiiriclo. 

1.  'I'Ih'  iiit(>rt('in()r,'il  nirinlirnnc 

5.  The  skull  and  the  lower  .jiiw  seen  from  the  siih 

(>.  The  skull  seen  from  a  hove,     x  2. 

7.  The  OS  ])etrosa.     x  I. 


x2. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  Ill 


..=s^ 


Artibeus  perspicillatus. 


f 


tlU'S» 


I 


K 


B 


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is  Hi» 
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fcllov 
wliici 

l)l't\V( 

tiirou 

(lible 

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a  (list 

Tlic  (' 

Vm 

iiose-l 

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spccir 

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variat 

spiH'ie 

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ret^  t  St 

of  cole 

The 

Fa\vu, 

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the  hi 

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stance 

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crown 

were  a 

ries  of 

tip,  wl 

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species 


n.l 


ki. 


A  MONOGRAPH  OP  THE  HATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


45 


rln'seare  vertically  diHimaed — the  latter  lying  in  advance  of  the  fonner. 
'i'lu'  iip])er  nostril -border  in  obli(inely  dinpoHed  to  form  a  fleshy  band 
wliich  widens  to  form  the  lateral  margin  of  the  naked,  erect  nOHeleaf. 
'i'liese  margins  tend  to  unite  at  the  posterior  surface  of  the  tip  of  the 
midrib.  Ikying  between  the  nostrils  is  a  tubercle;  above  this  is  a 
broadly  ovate,  convex  mid-rib.  A  similiar  midrib  is  seen  on  the 
l)(»stcriov  uurfrtce.  This  "fer  de  lance"  is  spoken  of  in  general  zoological 
writings  as  the  erect  ])art  of  the  nose-leaf.  The  infra-narial  outgrowth 
is  <iisposed  laterally.  It  also  is  naked,  conforms  to  the  large,  crescentic 
mass  of  mu//Kle- glands,  and  is  coarsely  sinuate  on  its  fre<.>  margin.  It 
unites  with  the  posterior  surface  of  the  supra-narial  porti(m  at  the  point 
wlicre  this  leaflet  frees  itself  from  the  head.  Below  it  unites  with  the 
fellow  of  the  opposite  side  across  the  muzzle  by  a  row  of  obscure  nodules 
wliich  may  form  a  ridge.  A  few  hair-bearing  warts  lie  in  the  space 
between  the  muzzle-glands  and  the  eye.  The  upi)er  lip  is  bordered 
tliroughout  with  marginal  papilhe;  the  lower  lip  is  free  from  the  man- 
dible its  entire  length,  and  furnished  with  i>apillie  at  the  sides  only. 
Near  the  mentum  the  papillte  become  coarser,  and  in  front  of  the  incisors 
form  a  distinct  row  which  is  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  semicircle  round 
a  distinct,  undivided  chin  plate.  The  eye  is  large  and  conspicuous. 
The  calcar  is  short,  about  the. length  of  tarsus;  tail  none. 

Variations. — The  lobe  at  the  free  margin  of  the  basal  portion  of  the 
nose-leaf  may  be  conspicuous  or  almost  absent;  a  faintly  marked  cres- 
cent of  minute  warts  may  lie  ou  either  side  of  the  upper  lip,  in  some 
Hpceimens  the  basal  part  may  be  without  tubercle.  The  external  basal 
lobe  of  the  tragus  may  be  nearly  quadrate.  The  spines  on  the  outer 
border  of  the  tragus  proper  are  subject  to  much  minor  variation. 

Coloration. — The  color  of  the  hair  of  this  species  is  subject  to  great 
variation,*  a  circumstance  which  probably  accounts  for  the  number  of 
species  which  have  been  proposed.  The  material  at  hand  has  not  been 
Kutticicut  to  satisfactorily  determine  the  ranges  of  variation.  I  will 
le.' t  satisfied  in  defining  some  of  the  more  marked  characteristic  types 
of  coloration. 

The  prevalent  shades,  however,  are  not  very  broadly  differentiated. 
Fawn,  deep  sienna  brown,  mouse-gray  with  various  shades  of  ashy 
white  tips  to  the  hairs,  being  the  prevalent  hues.  The  degree  to  which 
the  hair  is  unicolored  or  bicolored  is  also  inconstant.  Unfortunately 
the  exact  localities  from  which  material  has  been  collected  in  many  in- 
stances are  not  known. 

In  the  specimen  No.  11187  N.  M.,  Mirador,  Mexico,  the  fur  of  the 
crown  was  white;  the  longitudinal  streaks  usually  present  in  Artibeus 
were  apparently  absent,  but  in  reality  they  formed  the  lateral  bounda- 
ries of  the  crown.  The  occiput  and  back  were  of  a  light-gray  brown  at 
tip,  while  the  main  portion  of  the  hair  much  lighter.    Over  the  sacrum 


*l»r.  .1.  A.  Allen  (Bull.  Am.  Mum.,  1801)  ciiti'iH  into  a  careful  comparison  of  this 
species  from  the  West  Indies,  Uolivia,  and  Bogota. 


46 


BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


r  , 


i  ■■  ' 


the  hair  was  almost  white  without  brown  tips.  The  face  was  provided 
with  light-brown  hair  verging  to  white.  The  inter-ramal  space  was 
white;  so  also  was  the  front  of  the  neck.  The  same  color  extended  over 
the  middle  of  chest.  The  rest  of  chest  aud  abdomen  was  of  a  light 
shade  of  fawn,  with  ashy  tips  to  the  hair.  The  fur  was  slightly  thin. 
ner  over  the  front  of  the  trunk  than  at  ihe  sides.  The  side  of  the  neck 
was  of  the  prevalent  color  of  the  back.  On  each  side  the  lower  part 
was  covered  with  white  tips  to  the  hair,  thus  simulating  shoulder 
tufts. 

No.  5206,  N.  M.,  from  Cuba,  showed  the  same  coloration  as  above, 
excepting  that  the  crown  was  brown  and  the  lateral  stripes  were  scarcely 
discernible. 

In  the  second  example  the  color  was  the  same  as  above,  excepting  tue 
fur  was  less  white  on  the  back.  The  crown  was  of  a  brown  color  and 
the  two  lateral  stripes  were  distinct.  The  region  of  the  sacrum  was 
also  brown  in  color. 

In  specimen  No.  13320  N.  M.,  the  fur  was  everywhere  of  a  rich 
sienna  brown,  and  was  unicjlored.  The  lateral  stripes  on  the  head 
were  distinct.  A  small  linear  tuft  extended  from  the  base  of  the  tragus 
to  the  external  canthus.  A  long  fringe  of  hair  laid  in  front  of  the 
auricle. 

In  a  third  individual  a  few  sparsely  distributed  hairs  were  seen  ou 
the  venter  of  the  antebraehium,  a  distinct  row  projecting  over  the  free 
margin.  The  dorsum  of  the  forearm  from  near  the  elbow  to  the  middle 
was  covered  with  a  sparse  growth  of  short  hair,  which  was  directed 
downward  and  backward.  The  venter  of  the  forearm  exhibited  a  simi- 
lar disposition;  the  hair  was  confined  to  the  fleshy  portion.  The  dor- 
sum of  the  first  metacarpal  bone  was  occui)ied  by  a  few  hairs.  The  dor- 
sum of  the  endopataguim  was  covered  with  hair  in  the  angle  between 
the  lower  border  of  the  thorax  and  the  arm  near  the  elbow.  On  the 
venter  it  extended  as  a  thin  layer  from  the  lower  end  of  the  biceps  to  near 
the  upper  third  of  the  thigh. 

Prof.  B.  G.  Wilder,  of  Cornell  University,  kindly  sent  me  for  examina- 
tion a  specimen,  which  bore  a  general  resemblance  to  those  from  the  Na- 
tional Museum.  No  haii",  however,  was  on  the  forearm  or  on  the  dorsum. 
The  hair  over  the  ventral  aspect  of  biceps  muscle  and  along  the  side  of 
the  trunk  to  the  pubis  was  much  darker  than  elsewhere,  and  was  of  a 
ashy  brown  color.  On  the  dorsum  of  the  head  the  color  was  white ;  thus 
the  linear  streaks  were  apparently  lost.  The  chest  and  loin  were  of  a 
light  brown  at  the  tip,  yellow  brown  in  the  middle,  two-fourths  aud 
plumbeous  at  the  basal  Amrth. 

A  second  example  from  the  same  source  showed  the  color  to  be  a  gen- 
eral dark  brown ;  the  stripes  were  well  defined ;  a  white  patch  was  seen 
at  the  base  of  each  auricle  posteriorly ;  the  back  was  provided  with  a 
long  lustrous  brown  hair,  unicolored  for  the  most  part,  but  showinf; 
paler  shafts  over  the  scapul*.     Below  the  fur  was  much  darker  than 


U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  IV 


epting  tbe 
I  color  and 
icrum  was 


t 


■I 


!  f 


Wing  membrane  of  Artibeus  perspicillatus. 


I 


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\n 


m 


m 


ab()\ 
Tlie 
rect( 
bone 
In 
AciU 
11]. pc 
thel 
till'  1 
grciil 
tlie  li 

tliC  il 

uiiicc 

lii.stri 

tiiictl 

brow 

}fr 

1"""  V 

muse 

the  1 

passe 

in  niii 

bnii'l] 

t'lbo\\ 

imnil] 

as  tilt 

obli(ii 

niarki 

exten 

(ligitii 

lai'gci 

joint  ( 

a  loiij 

withii 

tiie  ni 

across 

<iigiti 

digit  i 

tlic  ai 

Shi 

the  or 

direct 

tlic  i)a 

suture 

c(iin]»a 

the  frt 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


47 


above,  and  uiiicolored  save  at  the  tips,  which  is  distinctly  cinerous. 
Tlie  Heshy  part  of  the  forearm  was  covered  with  hair,  which  was  di- 
rected toward  the  elbow.  The  dorsal  surface  of  the  first  metacarpal 
bone  was  marked  with  a  small  clump  of  hair. 

In  two  specimens  collected  by  the  expedition  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  at  llxmal,  Yucatan,  in  1889,  the  general 
aiipcarauce  of  the  venter  was  mouse-gray  beneath,  with  silvery  tips  to 
the  liair,  and  that  of  the  dorsum  was  darker  and  without  gray,  except 
tlie  two  faint  stripes  ou  the  head.  The  head  and  neck  were  for  the 
greater  part  white,  the  tip  alone  being  ash  gray.  The  white  lines  on 
the  head  were  inconspicuous.  On  the  side  of  the  neck  the  hair  was  of 
tlie  above  type,  but  much  longer.  The  front  of  the  neck  was  nearly 
nnicolored,  the  basal  one-tifth  alone  being  white.  The  dorsum  was  dark 
lustrous  and  uncolored  at  the  loin.  The  venter  was  provided  with  dis- 
tinctly ashy  appearance  of  the  tips,  but  the  rest  of  the  fur  was  ash 
brown. 

Membranes, — The  prebrachium  with  free  margin  occupied  with  a  band 
1"""  wide,  which  apparently  represents  the  tendou  of  the  occipito-poUicis 
muscle;  intercostal  markings  conspicuous,  four  in  number;  the  lowest  is 
the  largest  and  extends  as  lar  as  the  ankle.  The  oblique  line,  which 
passes  upward  and  outward  as  far  as  the  ankle  on  the  mesopataginm 
in  many  genera,  is  here  absent.  The  line  of  the  fascicle  of  the  coraco- 
brachialis  is  conspicuous  and  extends  to  a  point  in  a  vertical  line  with  the 
elbow.  The  lines  of  the  vertical  platysma  fascicles  are  about  thirty  in 
number.  The  system  into  which  the  triceps- fascicle  enters  extends  as  far 
as  the  end  of  the  fifth  digit.  It  is  composed  of  three  divisions,  a  vertical, 
obi  i(iue,  and  a  hoi'izontal.  Thefourth  interspace  is  provided  with  a  faintly 
marked  longitudinal  line,  which  begins  at  a  point  22"""  from  carpus  and 
extends  to  a  point  10""'  from  the  free  margin  of  the  membrane.  The  pre- 
iligital  nerve  appears  at  the  middle  of  the  fifth  metacarpal  bone,  and  is 
larger  than  the  post  digital,  which  appears  at  the  metacarpophalangeal 
joint  of  the  third  finger.  The  third  interspace  is  also  provided  with 
a  longitudinal  line.  It  extends  from  near  the  palm  and  reaches  to 
within  10"""  of  the  free  margin  of  the  membrane.  A  nerve  a])pears  at 
the  nietacarpo-phalangeal  Joint  of  the  fourth  finger  and  lies  obliquely 
:i(rf)ss  the  lower  part  of  the  interspace.  The  fourth  phalanx  of  the  third 
4ligitis  sickle  shaped,  the  membrane  being  to  its  tip;  that  of  the  fourth 
digit  is  of  the  shape  of  an  inverted  T;  that  of  the  fifth  is  triangular, 
the  angle,  which  is  directed  toward  the  body,  being  prolonged. 

Shdl. — The  skull  is  massive,  broad,  as  compared  with  other  crania  in 
tiie  Older,  Concave  muscular  impressions  are  defined  in  the  region 
directly  back  of  the  temporal  bone.  The  mastoid  process  is  longer  than 
the  iiaroccipital.  The  tympanic  bone  is  complete  above,  though  the 
suture  between  the  two  parts  is  conspicuous.  The  bone  is  small  as 
cominued  with  the  same  part  in  other  genera;  it  recedes  slightly  from 
the  free  border  of  the  squama,  and  as  seen  frou  below  letvves  the  cochleft 


48 


BULLETIN    13,  UNITED"  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


■li 


'I 


F  !■ 


exposed  for  a  diBtance  slightly  in  excess  of  its  own  width.  The  splie- 
noidal  tongne  is  not  detlected  from  tlic  level  of  the  basisphenoid.  The 
infraorbital  foramen,  as  a  rule,  is  doubled.  The  posterior  border  of 
the  vomer  is  almost  on  a  level  with  the  posterior  edge  of  the  hard 
palate.  Tlu>  angle  of  the  mandible  is  slightly  detleeted  outward.  Tlie 
lachrymal  canal,  as  seen  in  the  orbit,  is  exceedingly  small  and  in  some 
examples  is  apparently  absent.  In  large  specimens  it  rudiment  of  the 
postorbital  process  is  present  and  the  anterior  border  of  the  temporal 
Assure  is  trenchant. 

Nasal  bones  without  median  depression.*  The  shape  of  the  zygoma 
is  8ubje<'t  to  considerable  variation ;  the  depth  of  the  notch  on  the  upper 
border  and  the  height  of  the  arch  midway  between  the  maxillary 
sqnamosis  processes  being  inconstant  proportions.  The  styloid  pro- 
cess is  relatively  of  great  length  and  projects  into  the  substance  of  the 
tongue.  From  an  average  of  measurements  of  three  specimens,  the 
following  was  secured : 

Length  28""" ;  length  of  superior  dental  series  11""» ;  outside  measure- 
ment of  the  width  of  the  dental  arch  at  the  first  upper  molar  13 '; 

width  of  the  base  of  the  cranium  at  the  glenoid  region  15""" ;  the  length 
of  the  face  from  the  postorbital  processes  9"-"';  the  length  of  the 
mandible  18""" ;  the  height  of  the  coronoid  process  3""". 

The  aiTangement  of  the  turbinals  in  Artibens  is  as  follows:  The 
ectoturbiiml  is  exceedingly  slender  and  is  furnished  with  a  fleshy  sum- 
mit, which  is  convolute  outward.  Its  upper  portion  alone  is  seen  from 
the  median  surface.  The  first  endoturbinal  is  free  below  but  fleshy 
above.  It  is  produced  forward  one-half  its  length  beyond  the  end  of 
the  ectoturbinal  in  the  form  of  a  lobule,  is  acuminate,  and  possesses,  as 
iu  Dermanura  a  small  posterior  lobe.  The  second  endoturbinal  is  con- 
cealed by  the  third.  When  the  latter  is  pre8se<l  aside  at  its  upper  part 
the  small  biconvolute  plate  of  the  second  plate  is  seen  in  position. 
The  third  endoturbinal  possesses  a  large  h>bule,  which  lies  upon  the 
median  surface  The  lobule  is  subrounded  in  form,  completely  occu- 
pying the  upper  edge  of  the  plate  so  that  it  appears  to  ariSe  from  the 
cribriform  by  a  pedicle.  The  fourth  endoturbinal  presents  an  exposed 
jdate  on  the  median  surface.  It  is  beneath  the  convex  nonpertbrate 
space  and  yields  a  single  large  couvoluti<m,  which  is  turned  outward. 
Although  this  plate  lies  back  of  the  cribriform  plate  the  absence  of 
any  connection  between  it  and  the  vomer  would  seem  to  sliow  that  tlie 
arrangement  met  with  in  many  mammals  is  departed  from. 

Four  examples  of  immature  crania  were  studied.  No.  1  measured 
14"""  long  and  9"""  wide  at   mastoids.    Maxilla  articulates  with  the 


'^11' 


*Tho  genera  I'roderma,  Artiheut,  and  Dermaiiiira  are  all  characterizod  by  tliis  ni'na- 
tiv«!  charat'trr.  In  rampyvopH  a  groove-liko  depn-HHioii  in  bpcu  (tii  tlio  dorsum  of 
tlu)  face  at  tbi'  upjier  twti-tliinls  oC  the  nasal  boiicH.  This  jn'cnliarity  cnaltles  tlie 
observer  readily  to  di«tin};iiisli  tlio  crauia  of  Crodcrma  and  Vumpyropt,  uotwitii- 
staudinj;  tbat  the  deuta  formuliu  are  the  same. 


A   MONOGRAPH   OP   THE    BATft   OP   NORTH   AMERICA. 


49 


nasal  at  the  upper  flftU  of  its  outer  border,  tUo  reinaiuiug  four-iifthfl 
being  occupied  with  the  premaxiUa.  The  nasals  twice  the  width  above 
as  below,  where  the  free  margin  is  oblique  froui  within  outward  so  that 
an  inverted  A-shaped  space  is  defined  between  them.  The  frontals 
separated  by  a  sharply  limited  median  suture;  the  encrauial  and  facial 
region  in  the  orbit  defined;  a  fronto-squamosal  suture  evident:  An 
intermediate  oaside  to  the  squamosal  and  opisthotic  elements  is  seen 
at  tlie  side  of  the  cranium.  The  basioccipital  and  exocoipitals  unite 
as  in  mammalia  generally.  The  part  first  named  is  tilted  upward, 
thus  forming  the  wall  of  a  deep  basicranial  depression.  The  pro- 
portions of  the  tympanic  bone  and  cochlea  are  as  in  the  adult.  The 
permanent  central  upper  incisors  are  alone  erupted.  Five  hook-like 
deciduous  teeth  are  visible.  They  may  be  named  two  incisors,  one 
canine  and  two  premolars.  All  the  permanent  lower  incisors  are  erup- 
ted. The  only  hook-like  deciduous  tooth  is  one  in  the  position  of  the 
canine.  The  premolars  and  molars  are  near  the  surface  of  the  gum  and 
can  be  obscurely  outlined. 

Tiie  glaus  penis  is  free.  The  prepu(!e  is  reduced  to  a  conical  lappet 
interiorly.* 

Maxillary  teeth. — Incisors  contiguous  or  separated  by  a  slight  inter- 
val. T]»e  lateral  incisor  does  not  touch  the  canine  tooth.  Central 
incisors  with  quadrate  crown  and  straight  bilobed  cutting  edge. 
Lateral  incisors  subtriangular;  crown  with  concave  anterior  surface, 
iuid  oblique,  simple,  cutting  edges.  In  some  individuals  these  teeth 
exliil)it  concave  cutting  edges  and  convex  lateral  borders.  The  canine 
is  i.s  long  as  the  interval  between  the  two  teeth  is  wide,  with  low  cin- 
guUmi  on  all  sides  except  the  buccal.  Tlie  first  premolar  touches  both 
canine  and  second  premolar  or  slightly  overlaps  the  latter.  The  second 
premolar  is  larger  than  the  first,  with  rudiment  of  protocone.  Pos- 
teriorly a  double  buccal  contour  is  seen,  with  a  rudiment  of  a  metacone. 
Tlie  grinding  surface  of  the  first  molar  is  elongate,  with  a  slight  incli- 
nation backward;  the  protocone  is  c(moidal.  Between  it  and  the 
scarcely  fluted  buccal  aspect  a  smooth,  deeply  concave  surface  is  seen. 
With  the  exception  of  an  irregular  double  basal  (contour  all  trace  of 
the-  (tonoidal  shape  of  the  paracone  and  metacone  is  lost.  The  inner  of 
the  two  lines  is  often  incomplete  (see  figure).  The  hypocone is  conoidal 
and  well  developed.  On  the  buccal  surface  the  positions  of  the  para- 
cone and  metacone  are  well  defined,  conspicuous,  and  sectorial.  The 
metacone,  which  is  more  especially  defined  by  the  inner  con<"our,  is 
coarsely  pectinate  in  some  specimens.  The  second  molar  is  smaller  than 
tlie  first.  The  inner  contour  line  extends  the  entire.length  of  the  buc- 
cal border.    The  molars  are  contiguous  at  their  buccal  edge  only.  This 

'Tlui  value  of  this  chamctor  1h  apparent  when  compared  with  Sfiiniira,  in  which 
KtMius  the  glans  is  free  boneath  only — the  abruptly  truncated  prepuce  above  being 
adliurcut  iilmoat  to  the  entire  upper  surface  of  the  glauH.     In  BraohyphijUa  the  glaus 
is  oouccalt^d  by  an  elongatii  prepuce, 
ill— No.  43 4 


I  if! 


w ' 


50 


BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


pecaliarity  is  less  marked  in  the  youn^  adult  than  in  some  of  the  older 
auimals. 

Mandibular  teeth. — The  incisoi'H  are-  contiguous,  blunt,  uniform — an 
intervalexistinjf  between  the  anterior  and  posterior  borders  of  thecuttiug 
edges.  Canine  excavfite  posteriorly  touching  the  triangular  coin 
pressed  simple  first  premolar.  Tlie  second  ]>remolar  is  a  third  higher 
than  the  first.  The  cingnluni  is  slightly  elevated  at  the  base  of  the 
main  cusp  (paraconid)  and  provided  with  a  small  heel  (hypoconid). 
The  first  molar  much  larger  than  the  second,  quadrate  tapering 
slightly  forward.  Protocouid  marginal,  compressed,  sectorial,  less 
than  twice  the  height  of  hypoconid  and  expanded  at  base  anteri- 
orly. Paraconid  trifld,  the  main  cusp  conoidal  not  distinct  from  ciu- 
gulum,  marginal  hypoconid  compressed.  Bntocouid  conoidal,  conspic- 
uous, marginal,  an  intermediate  tiibercle  between  it  and  the  ptu^aconid. 
Second  molar  quadrate,  tapering  slightly  backward.  Protoconid  not 
marginal,  but  a  well  defined  nearly  complete  cingulum  at  buccal  base, 
conoidal,  with  flange  at  base  anteriorly,  paraconid  obscurely  trifld,  the 
main  cusp  much  thelongest,  hyxwconid  sectorial,  entoconid  conoidal, 
no  intermediate  tubercle  between  it  and  paraconid.  The  third  molar 
rudi mental  scarcely  larger  than  one  of  the  lower  incisors;  blunt,  de- 
pressed in  center  of  grinding  surface;  sometimes  provided  with  a  par- 
tial cingule. 

The  milk  incisors  are  re^aiued  for  a  longer  time  than  the  other  milk 
teeth.  They  may  remain  in  the  jaw,  lying  to  the  labial  side  of  the 
complete  set  of  permanent  iucisore. 

Remarks. — I  am  not  certain  about  the  identiflcation  of  some  of  the 
cusps  of  the  molar  teeth  in  Artibens.  Individual  variation  occurs  in 
the  arratigenient  of  the  cusps  on  the  lingual  aspect  of  the  first  and 
second  mandibular  molars,  which  make  it  likely  that  they  are  develop- 
ments from  a  cingulum  in  a  tooth  from  which  all  traces  of  the  true 
Ottsps  have  disappeared.  If  this  hypothesis  be  accepted  the  description 
is  greatly  simplified.  But  it  lacks  proof,  and  demands  for  Artibeux  a, 
more  abberant  i)08ition  than  is  suggested  by  other  features  in  its 
economy. 

The  loss  of  the  V-hke  cusps  of  the  molars,  the  development  of  mar- 
ginal cuspules,  the  delicate  and  somewhat  elaborate  sculpturing  on  the 
grinding  surfaces  combine  to  the  make  these  teeth  of  Artibeun  unique.* 

After  framing  the  above  description  I  Htudied  the  teeth  iu  the  allied  genera  ('en- 
titrio,  Stiirnira  and  Brachijphylla .    Those  notes  are  herewith  appended: 
Centurio—The  mandibular  molars   sui'h  aa  in  JrUbeus.    The  canine  deeply  con- 


K,-- 


•The  following  notes  on  the  teeth  of  allied  genera  will  be  of  value.  In  Dermaiiiira 
the  lower  incisors  are  twice  the  length  of  the  same  teeth  in  Arlibeua  and  Uroderma. 
The  upper  central  incisors  in  the  genus  Inst  nuined  are  much  longer  than  the  laterals, 
and  are  furnished  with  oblique  cutting  edges  much  in  the  same  manner  .as  in  Hemi- 
dennaaml  Vampyropa.  Artibi^ua,  Dermitnnra,  and  Uroderma,  nre readily distinguislied 
from  Vampj/ropa  by  the  presence  of  a  marginal  cusp  (protoconid)  on  the  ^tuterior  half 
of  the  lingual  aspect  of  the  first  lower  iMolar, 


S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL,  V 


1.  Maxillary  teeth  of  Artibeus  perspicillatus.    x  8. 

2.  Mandibular  teeth,    x  8. 


iM' 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


51 


fftve  on  anterior  surface.  The  firHt  premolar  nuich  smaller  thau  second,  which 
liuai'H  u  small  denticlo  on  the  posterior  border.  The  uietacouo  creiniilatu  on  the 
jiiiNterior  border.  The  posterior  border  is  excavated  to  a  point  opposite  the  tirst 
iiKilar.  The  niundibiilar  first  premolar  is  smuller  than  the  second.  The  first  premolar 
ix  Hiiialler  than  the  second.  The  llrst  molar  with  four  simple  cusps,  the  second  with 
tliit'c;  all  nro  simple  and  nearly  coimiuuI. 

siurnira — The  iirht  maxillary  premolar  us  largo  as  second,  not  compressed  from 
before  backward.  The  maxillary  tirst  an<l  seccmd  molars  tritubercular,  no  trace  of 
hypiicone.  I'aracouo  with  a  double  contour  linoou concave  simple  grinding  surface. 
Third  uiolar  bicuspidate.  The  tirst  mandibular  premolar  much  wider  than  second, 
but  of  the  same  height.  The  tirst  molar  larger  than  second,  Paracone  is  simple, 
niiioidal,  marginal  with  cuspidate  commissure  so  high  on  lingual  border  as  to  re- 
HCiiiblc  a  distinct  cusp;  endoconid  same  a  paracouid.  These 4hree  cusp-like  points 
arc  visible  from  lingual  aspect  of  tooth,  Hypoconid  scarely  smaller  than  protocouid 
but  not  conoidal.    Third  molar  obscurely  trituborcular. 

lii-achyphylla. — Large  posterior  basal  cusp  on  posterior  border  of  canine;  first  pre- 
molar minute  entirely  outside  of  axis  of  tooth-row.  Second  premolar  with  well  de- 
tiiu'il  palatal  basal  lolie  (protocoue)  which  is  continuous  with  Hutlngs  which  extend 
to  ajtex  of  oonoidal  crown  which  almost  reaches  level  of  canine.  First  molar  slightly 
Binaller  than  second ;  tritubercular  protocone  oblique  with  intermediate  cusp  between 
it  and  mctacone.  Paracone  and  metacone  subcquul  (the  former  being  the  larger) 
Nectorial  and  irregularly  fluted  on  palatal  sides.  .Second  molar  as  first  but  the  prot- 
ocone is  straight,  i,  e.,  parallel  to  buccal  border,  no  intermediate  cusp  on  crown  but 
a  large  marginal  cuspule  on  buccal  side  between  the  subequal  paracone  and  meta- 
cone (the  latter  being  the  larger.)  The  third  molur  one-half  the  size  of  the  first 
with  well  defined  anterior  and  posterior  commissures.  The  mandibular  premolars 
Biil)c(iual,  the  posterior  with  a  longer  heel.  The  mandibular  molars  quadrituber- 
enhir,  cusps  well  defined,  crown  not  excavate. 

Notes  on  the  skeleton. — Atlas  with  inconspicuous  or  no  tubercle  on 
body.    No  spines  on  the  lower  border  of  the  tran.sverse  process. 

Axis  with  very  small  transverse  process,  which  bears  no  foramen  to 
outside  of  the  foramen  for  the  vertebral  artery.  No  tubercle  on  the 
keel  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  centrum. 

Scapula. — The  coracoid  process  scarcely  curved  and  the  free  end  not 
reaching  a  point  below  the  level  of  the  glenoid  cavity.  The  free  end  of 
tlic  spine  angulated.  The  infra-spinous  fossa  slightly  deepened  at  the 
axillary  border.  The  inner  tubercle  of  the  humerus  slightly  raised 
above  the  head. 

Humerus. — Theconvexityof  the  trochlea  well  defined,  broad  in  front; 
lui'dian  concavity  deeper  behind  than  in  front;  the  same  is  true  of  the 
limiting  ridge;  the  lateral  concavity  is  v/eak  and  not  produced  back  of  the 
longitudinal  axis  of  the  humerus.  Epicondyle  horizontal,  conspicuous; 
no  spine  on  the  under  surface;  no  median  pit  on  the  shaft  beneath  the 
ci)icoiidyle. 

The  radius  with  a  spoon-shaped  distal  articular  sui'face  with  mark- 
edly-developed side  flanges.  The  biceps  impression  occupies  entire  lat- 
eral surfiice  of  the  shaft.  The  surface  for  articulation  of  the  ulna  is 
broad  above,  narrow  below,  and  is  throughout  irregular. 

The  proximal  rudiment  of  the  ulna  is  free  at  the  olecranon,  but 
aiichylosed  with  the  radius  a  little  above  the  middle  of  the  shaft.  The 
distal  rudiment  is  a  small,  hatchet-shaped  tubercle. 


62 


BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


The  trapezium  is  three  times  jih  large  as  and  (covers  uiul  eoiieeals  the 
trapezoid.  J  t  i)reseiits  a  large  spheroid  surface  for  first  digit,  but  yields 
a  superfleies  on  same  general  surfaiie,  which  is  without  fa(!et.  Proximal 
surface  with  dorso-ventral  ridge.  The  trapezoid  is  sigmoid,  sleudi-r. 
The  magnum  recalls  general  sha])e  in  man;  the  distal  end  is  large  and 
oblique.  The  un(;ilbrm  is  irregularly  prismoidal,  with  large  lateral  sig. 
moid  articular  notch.  The  carpus  exhibits  a  flat,  scale  like  element  iu 
first  row,  which  remained  with  the  radius  in  <lisarticulation. 

The  second  and  third  metacarpal  bones  are  compressed  at  proximal 
articular  surface,  the  second  being  C-shapeand  the  third  spatula-shape. 
The  fourth  and  fifth  are  irregularly  spinose,  the  fourth  being  multifex, 
articulation  axial;  the  fifth  trifex,  articulation  lateral. 

In  both  ArtiheuN  and  VampyruH  the  entire  length  of  the  second  digit 
is  not  greater  than  the  l(>ngth  of  the  third  metacarpal.  Hence  the 
movement  of  digits  of  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  finger  do  not  attect  that 
of  the  second  digit.  In  Vespertilionidm  (well  seen  in  Atalupha)  all  is 
difllerent;  the  second  <ligit  of  second  finger  is  flexed  with  the  flexion  of 
the  entire  series.  The  first  metacarpal  and  the  first  phalanx  of  the  first 
digit  are  as  in  Macrotm,  The  fifth  metiicarpal  is  the  longest  and  the 
fourth  is  the  shortest.  The  second  phalanx  of  the  third  digit  is  greatly 
longer  than  iu  Macrotm;  the  fifth  meta(;arpal  is  as  long  as  the  forearm. 
In  repose  the  first  digit  lies  parallel  to  long  axis  of  the  face  and  above  it. 

In  common  with  some  other  phyllostonune  bats  (e.  g.  Stenodenna  and 
Olossophaga),  some  of  the  elements  of  the  manus  are  imperfectly  ossi- 
fied, and  hence  are  flexible.  The  second  digit,  the  second  and  third 
phalanges  of  the  third  and  fourth  digits  exhibit  this  property. 

Remarks  oh  measurements. — The  fourth  metacarpal  bone  is  shorter 
than  the  third  and  fourth.  In  the  type  the  three  bones  are  of  the 
same  length.  The  thumb,  face,  tragus,  and  foot  are  as  large  as  in  the 
type,  while  the  forearm,  auricle,  head,  trunk,  thigh,  and  leg  are  smaller. 
The  phalanges  of  the  manus  (excepting  those  of  the  thumb)  are  longer, 
proportionately  to  the  length  of  the  forearm,  than  in  the  type.  Hence, 
the  thumb,  forearm,  head,  auricle,  phalanges,  thigh,  and  leg  are  varia- 
ble quantities,  while  the  tragus,  faee,  and  foot  are  fixed. 

The  females  range  somewhat  larger  than  the  males.  In  four  females 
the  average  length  of  forearm  was  70""".    In  six  males  it  was  66""". 

Habitat. — Neotropical  America. 

The  reasons  for  including  Artibeus  perspiciUatUH  in  this  monograph 
are  derived  from  a  statement  of  Mr.  C.  F.  Maynard  (Mammals  of  Flor- 
ida, p.  22).  This  writer  reports  the  existence  of  the  species  in  Florida. 
The  following  extract  is  taken  from  Mr.  Maynard's  paper: 

While  at  Key  West  in  the  early  winter  of  1S70  I  observed  several  large  bats  flying 
about  the  city,  which  closely  resembled  in  flight  a  species  which  I  had  seen  in  north- 
ern Florida  two  years  before,  but  which  flow  so  high  that  I  was  unable  to  shoot 
them.  I  was  very  anxious  to  obtain  a  specimen,  but  as  shooting  was  prohibited  in 
the  streets  of  the  city  of  Key  West,  and  as  I  never  siiw  the  bats  elsewhere  on  the 
island,  I  feared  that  I  should  be  obliged  to  go  away  without  one.    I  wasj  there- 


A   MONOGRAPH   OF   TIIK    MA'r.S   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


53 


foil',  :i<,'ri'('al>l,v  Hiirprincil  nno  iiiiii'iiiiiK  to  hvv,  a  hoy  c-ntnr  my  room  with  ii  but  in  Lis 
liiiiiit  wliii'li,  IVom  ltd  liU'Kt<  Hi7.<>,  1  kui'W  roiild  bo  no  otbcr  thiin  tint  H]iecioH  wbiok 
I  liiiil  HO  long  <k>sii'r<1  to  obtuin.  Ktt  Huid  ihut  ku  bud  fonnd  it  bunKinj^  n|)on  the 
li'iil'  III'  a  truo  and  had  killud  it  with  a  piuco  of  iiinoHtonf.  Tliift  ix,  I  think,  the 
I'iinI  iiistunc*^  <in  rocord  of  a  bat  of  thin  form  licinf;  taki-n  on  tho  Atlantic  slope. 
This  spcrirs,  witliont  doubt,  inliabitH  the  wliolo  of  I'lr.i'idii.  They  lly  t-nrly  in  the 
('vriiinj{,  often  bi-foro  HunHot,  and,  aH  liaH  Itccn  rfinnrki'd,  UHnally  very  hi>{h. 

Noiiii  of  tho  batH  of  Florida  appear  to  hibernate,  or  nt  best  they  only  remain  quiet 
iIiiiiiiK'  I'U  od'attionally  cold  niKht.* 

MeamiremenU. 


I.i'ii^th  III'  lii'iiil  anil  lioilv  (I'l'iiiii  rrnwii  iil'  lii'iiil  In  linsi^  ol'tiiil). 

I.inulli  nriinii 

l.i'MClli  III'  rmiMriii • 

First  ilinil : 

l.riiytli  (if  tlist  intilniai'iiiil  bniio 

I.I  ii^tli  ot'tlrHl  )iliuliiiix 

Sri'iillil  ili^it: 

liimlTi  of  sci'iiiiil  iiK'tai'iii'iial  bono 

I.i'imtli  of  llrHt  iilinlaiix 

Tliiiililiuit: 

l.i'iiKtIi  of  tliinl  nii'tnrnriml  Imiio 

I.t'ii^tli  of  lli'Ht  pliiilaiix 

l.i'iiKtIi  of  Kciiiiiil  plialaiix 

I,inj;tli  of  tliiiil  jihiilanx 

FiiiirtliiliKil: 

l.iii^tli  iif  fiiurlli  iii<itiii'ur|ial  Vioiio  

I.i'iidtli  of  tlrnt  ]iIiiiIhiix 

Lnintli  of  Hi'i'oiiil  iilialniix 

FillliiliHit: 

l.iimlli  of  fiftli  nii'tararpal  Iioiio 

LiiiKtli  of  llrHt  ]ilinlniix 

I.in^tli  of Hi'conil  ])liuluiix 

I.iiiCth  of  livnd  

Iliitlil  of  I'ar 

Hiiulit  nf  trngiiH 

I.iiidl  h  of  thigh 

Li'iiiith  of  tihla 

Length  of  foot 


I'.S.  N.-M. 

I11H7. 

Miradiir, 

Miixico. 


211 
57 


41 
SI 

m 

'.m 
111 

DO 
Vi 
20 


I'.S.  N.M, 
i:i22«). 


no 

«0 


51 


02 
21 
37i 
2U 

62 
20 
26 


.11 

02 

u 

17 

14 

19 

:io 

84) 

Hi 

16 

0 

0 

19 

17 

2;i 

20 

i;i 

13 

lA.X.  S.P. 

'Kx|H'<l.,lHMS. 

\  tioatan. 


66 

as 

a 

4 
6 

41 

• 

4» 
17 
38 
18 

47 
IS 
10 

47 
11 
IS 
SO 
13 

a 

15 
M 
10 


:l 


Family   VESPERTILIONIDyE.t 
(ienuH  CORTNORHINUS  II.  Allen. 


ron/Hoi/iiiiM*  II.  Allen,  rroe.  Aead.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.,  1865,  173. 

I'lecutiin  Leconte,   Cuvier's  Animal    Kingdom   (McMnrtries'  ed.),  App.   1831,  431; 

Cooper,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  1837,  72.  73;  Dobson,   Cat.  Chirop. 

l{rii.  Mils.,  1878,  180. 
Siinotiis  II.  Allen,  Monog.  N.  A.  Bats,  18(>4,  63. 

Dminoais. — Ears  with   internal  basal  lobe  not  entire  but  almost 
aborted  near  the  headfold.    Nostrils  with  no  trace  of  nasal  cornu.   The 


'  'I'hi.s  paper  appeared  in  tho  (inarterly  .loiiriial  of  the  Boston  Zoillogieal  Society, 
vol.  11,  188)!.  Mr.  Maynard  kindly  sent  me  a  drawing  of  the  bat  he  describes.  I 
have  no  hesitation  in  idenlifviiig  it  as  Ai-tibciia  persiiirillatiia. 

tVi;si'ERTILIONID/E.  Bat.s  with  volute  tiirbinals  of  the  ethmoid  bone;  pre. 
iii:i.\illn'  without  palatal  jiroeesses  forminij  a  median  suture,  but  in  its  place  a  wide 
inti'isiiace  which  includes  the  incisive  foramen  of  other  types;  no  sphcno-palatine 
i'oiaiiiine;  trape/.inm  with  palmer  tubercle,  and  hence  thumb  erect,  i.  c,  uot  inclined 
to  tluxiou  on  palm;  wings  adapted  for  a  rapid  irregular  flight,  and  auimal  for 


1    I      :. 


64  lUILLETIN   4;t,  UNITKD   STATES   NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 

inar{;ii)H  oftlu'  dursully  directed  iipeiture  everted,  tlie  lower  outer  angle 
beiiifj  (fpooved.  The  I'aehil  eluini)  of  glands  hack  of  tlie  niuexle  ele- 
vated into  eliib  shaped  manses.  Hplienoidal  foramen  at  the  bottom  of 
a  deep  r<>ceas.  A  wt!ll-d<r(lned  hem  of  membrane  between  thumb  and 
the  seeond  digit.  The  fifth  digit  greittly  longer  than  the  forearm.  Tlie 
palmar  asjject  of  digits  in  undissccted  speeimen  with  outlines  defined 
at  proximal  ends.  The  terminal  eartilage  of  the  fourth  digit  axial, 
Hmall. 

Deiitiil  formula — M(ilur»'  ,  I'rciiiitlurN'  ,  ('iiiiinnH  ,  IiioiHors  ,  X2—  36teetli. 

O  i  1.  O 

Membranes  of  tln^  seeond  digital  interspace  is  attached  to  the  ven- 
tral border  of  the  third  metacarpal  bone;  that  of  tlm  third  interspac^e 
to  its  dorsal  border.*  The  thumb  is  semiflexed,  callosity  rudimental; 
phalanges  disposed  to  curve  forward  in  flight.  The  second  phalanx  of 
the  third  digit  is  longer  than  the  first.  The  otic  capsule  nnich  as  in  A  n- 
trozouH;  the  external  semicircular  canal  is  free  from  bone.  The  tym- 
panic bone  appears  to  bo  united  to  the  capsule  (oh  piirona). 

Corynorhinus  differs  markedly  from  AntrozouH  in  the  greater  devel- 
opment of  the  hypocoiie  in  both  ui)per  and  lower  molars  and  in  the 
less  rudim(>ntal  form  of  the  third  maxillary  molar.  The  points  of  the 
cusps  are  all  more  produced  than  in  the  genus  named. 

Since  some  writers  (vide  Dobaon  /.  c.)  do  not  accept  Corynorhinns  as 
a  valid  genus  but  assign  the  species  to  7V<'c«<m«  the  following  diagnosis 
of  this  genus  is  given.  Plecotm :  the  first  phalanx  of  the  third,  fourth, 
and  fifth  digits,  longer  than  thi.  second.  Nostrils,  as  in  Vespertilio,  i.  <:, 
■with  a  well-defined  cornu  and  a  lunate  aperture.  The  internal  basal 
lobe  of  the  ear  entire.  The  tragus  foliate  scarcely  tapering  above. 
The  sphenoidal  foramen  not  at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  recess.  The  clumps 
of  gland-masses  on  the  snout  not  raised,  indeed,  are  smaller  than  in 
most  genera  of  the  family. 

The  following  is  the  manal  formula: 

Milli- 
meter. 

Second  interspace 2} 

Third  interspace 12 

Fourth  interspace 20 

Forearm 38 

The  material  available  for  stiuly  of  ('ori/nnrhinim  was  unsatisfactory. 
I  have  three  examples  of  C.  viacrotin — one  of  them  innnature — two 
alcoholics.    Of  C.  townsendii  I  have  four  examples  in  alcohol,  all  adult. 

both  nerial  and  terrestrial  progression;  ulna  with  siniill  iiroxinial  rudiment  rart'ly 
forming  a  well-defined  shaft  whicli  is  anrliylosed  to  tht?  Viidius  (Kerivoula),  liiit 
usually  forming  a  lilaniout  which  endn  among  the  mnsch^s  of  the  forearm ;  accessdiy 
cartilage  to  the  fifth  digit  present  except  in  I'lecoll;  coracoid  as  a  rule  bifid  (excep- 
tions in  I'lecoli  ami  Autro::om);  raised  folds  of  skin  at  the  junction  of  the  carims 
and  uietacar)>u8  (except  in  I'lecuti);  oblique  line  on  the  wing  mcmbrnne  at  the  lower 
third  of  the  tibia;  nose-leaf  absent;  tall  inclosed  in  the  ample  interfenioral  uiem- 
brane,  or  the  last  joint  alone  projecting;  hy]iocouc  rudimental  or  absent;  the  paro- 
conid,  metaconid,  and  bypocouid  large,  subequal. 
"Same  as  in  Antrozoua. 


Milli. 
meter. 

...     2\ 

...  12 

...  20 

...  38 

ifiictory. 

ire — two 

Al  adult. 


A    MONOOttAHM    OK   THK    HA'I'S    OF    NORTH    AMERKJA.  55 

Tliv  VeHiMsrtilionidiK  liav«t  liithorto  (MiibnutiHl  all  tlio  Hiiiall  iiakod* 
nosed  batH  not  iiududcd  in  the  iiioIoshjiiu  and  «niballananmi  gronpH. 
1  ii:iv«  elsewhere*  jfiven  reasons  for  asui^niit)^  yatalun  to  a  separat<^ 
I'iiinily  iu  <rloKe  alliance  with  the  pbylloHtonune  bats,  ntttwithtttandinf; 
that  the  uose-leaf  (at  least  in  the  adult)  is  absent.  I  have  no  donbt 
tliiit  Thyropteni,  Vorymtrhi am,  Euilvrmiu  N^oeHlio,  and  Aiitrozoun  are 
also  to  be  separated  from  the  ti-ue  v<^spertiIioMine  forms.  The  intervals 
between  these  outlying  genera  are  unerpial.  Thi/roptcra  is  in  close  re- 
lilt  ion  to  Natalm;  Cori/Horhinm  to  Emlefmu.  Yet  the  e.xhibition  ol 
pli.vllostomino  characters,  suggest  that  these  genera  are  aberrant  e.t- 
pressioiisof  the  leaf-nose  types,  and  are  probably  the  forerunners  of  the 
genera  of  the  group  iu  which  Atalapha,  Vespertilio,  Adelonycterin,  Ve»- 
pcriKjo,  Lasionycterh^  and  Nycticejus  are  fonnd. 

Xoctilio  exhibits  phyllostomine  affinities,  but  approaches  more  nearly 
to  tlie  raolossine  than  to  the  vespertilionino  group,  though  the  genera 
XorlHlinin,  Minioptenis,  and  Vhalinolobua  may  here  be  said  to  occupy 
ail  intermediate  position. 

Aiitrozoua  iu  like  manner  can  be  shown  to  have  oi-iginated  from  a 
piiyllostomine  stem,  though  probably  at  points  independent  of  either 
of  tliose  above  named. 

1.  Cotynorhinua  maorotia  (Leconte).    The  Big-eared  liat.     (Plate  vi,  vii). 

Plecnina  maorotia  Loconte,  Cuv.   Animal  Kingdom   (McMiirtries'  e<l),  Appendix  i, 

1831,  431 ;  Dobsou,  Cat.  Chirop.  Writ.  Mn».,  1878,  180. 
rtei'iilua  lecoatii  Cooper,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  iv,  1837,  72. 
Sjiiiotua  lecontii  Wogner,  Sclireb.  Saiigeth.,  Siippl.  v.,  1855,  720. 
Sjiiiiitiia  marrotii  H.  Allen,  Monog.  N.  A.  Bats,  18ft4,  63. 
Coryitorhinug  macrotis  H.  Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  .Sei.,  Pliila.,  1865,  173. 

Diagnosis. — Phalanges  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  digits  of  equal  length. 
Tlie  maxillary  central  incisor  not  bifid.  The  post-digital  nerve  of  the 
t'ourth  interspace  arises  at  a  point  midway  between  the  distal  and 
|)ri)\imal  ends  of  the  fourth  metac^arpal. 

'Die  following  is  the  inanal  formula: 

Secimd  interHpawi 8 

I'liinl  inturspace 15 

KoMitli  iiitorspapr 27 

I'oicarm 40 

Ihscriptlon. — Kars  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  head ;  internal 
basal  lobe  rudimental,  rounuod,  free  inferiorly,  but  lost  iu  a  mere  line 
al)ove,  and  ending  on  the  internal  border  at  the  bcadfold  in  a  small  non- 
pri)je(!tiug  tubercle.  The  internal  border  moderately  convex,  turned 
abruptly  backward  so  as  to  lie  upon  the  posterior  surface  of  the  auricle, 
and  is  lost  on  the  headfold.  The  tip  is  small,  rounded;  outer  border 
nearly  straight,  not  incised.  The  first  scallop  alone  is  present ;  it  passes 
downward  and  forward  to  near  the  angle  of  the  mouth,  well  to  the  out- 
side and  beyond  the  external  basal  lobe,  which  forms  a  rounded  sharply 

*Proc.  Nat.  Mubouui. 


56  BULLETIN    13,  TNITRD   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

doflued  loallot  Tho  tiiporiii^  tragua  in  less  than  half  the  height  of  the 
auricU;;  baHal  uotch  Hcarccily  (U^IIikhI;  banal  lobe  Heiiiic.irunlar,  coiicavo 
above,  ]>ro.iecting  outward.  NostrilH  irregularly  (iua<lrate,  roachiii^r 
alinoat  to  the  top  of  tho  high  iimz/Ui;  the  borderH  slightly  produced; 
lower  border  furiiiHhed  with  a  groov«^;  Neptuiu  abHent.  Fa<>4al  glands 
not  extended  laterally,  but  raised  toward  dorsum  of  rostrum  into  a 
prominent  ehi!  -Mha))ed  niasH.  Lower  li]i  not  moveable,  without  mental 
plate. 

Thocorn>co-bTo«'hialisand  trieeps  niuschis  not  sending  fascdcles  totlio 
wing-membrane. 

Postdigital  nerve  arises  from  the  fourth  metacarpal  bono  about  mid- 
way between  tiie  pro  .inial  and  distal  ends.  Tiie  mesopatagium  is  pro- 
vided with  a  system  of  nr  scle-fascicrles  which  are  dispersed  obliquely 
frtmi  above  downwanl  about  midway  between  the  forearm  and  the  t'lva 
margin.  Tail  just  below  the  pubis  is  raised  from  the  under  surface  of 
the  interfemoral  membrane ;  for  the  rest  of  its  extent  it  is  raised  from  tlie 
upper  surface;  the  tip  is  not  oxsert.  The  calcar  is  weak,  extends  less 
than  one-half  the  length  of  the  free  margin  of  the  interfemoral  mem- 
brane and  is  without  ])o8t-ealcaral  lobe.  Foot  slender,  as  long  as  the 
thund). 

Fur  on  the  dorsum  dark  brown  at  apical  one-third;  dark  ash  at  basal 
two-thirds;  on  the  ventre  the  fur  is  light  gray  or  white  at  apical  one- 
third;  black  at  basal  two-thirds.  A  sparse  growth  of  hair  is  seen  on 
the  base  of  the  toes. 

Maxillary  teeth. — Central  incisor  bifid -posterior  cusp  much  the  smaller. 
Tooth  phu'ed  at  the  edge  of  incl.'.or  notched  and  presents  a  convex 
median  border.  Lateral  incisor  with  long,  acJculate  cusp;  concave  on 
palatal  surface,  oblitiue  on  lateral  border,  parallel  with  central  tootli 
oil  median  border.     In  other  respects  the  teeth  as  in  C.  towusendii  (q.  v.). 

Mandibular  teeth. — These  are  the  same  as  in  C.  townsendii,  except 
that  the  incisors  are  nun-e  crowded. 

8kuU. — Tiie  entire  ""rion  of  the  vertex  of  the  region  of  the  mesen- 
cephiUon  is  elevated ).  .  defln.4  laterally  by  the  weak  posterior  tem- 
poral crests.  Greatest  length  10'".  Great^-ist  width  8">  to  1)^'".  Least 
width  3".  Length  of  mesencephalon  ;{"'.  The  length  of  face  from  the 
orbit  is  3™.  Greatest  height  5.06"'.  Thus  the  height  is  absolutely 
gnater  than  in  Euderma,  while  the  length  is  much  less.  The  sagittal 
crest  is  absent  over  the  \)osterior  half  of  the  vertex  and  extends  to  a 
lino  which  answers  to  the  middle  of  the  auditory  meatus;  the  anterior 
ttMuixn'al  imj'  '^ssions  are  faintly  defined.  The  face-vertex  with  sharply 
limited  pit-like  concavity,  which  is  sharply  separated  from  the  anterior 
nasal  aperture.  The  region  of  the  proencephalon  is  well  defined  above. 
The  fron to-maxillary  infiatiou  is  most  marked  at  the  region  of  the  or- 
bit, but  to  a  mut^h  less  degree  than  in  Euderma;  the  orbital  ridge  is 
swollen  and  faintly  marked.  The  faciiil  opening  of  the  infi'aorbital 
canal  lies  1"""  above  the  tooth  row.    Tim  outer  wall  is  sharply  crested, 


IM, 

Bight  of  the 
ar,  concave 
ft,  roacliiii^r 
produced; 
«ial  glands 
rum  into  u 
out  mental 

iiclos  to  tlio 

about  mid- 
ium  is  pro- 
I  obliquely 
ul  the  free 
surface  of 
id  from  the 
bonds  less 
aral  ineiii- 
)»g  as  the 

h  at  basal 
pica!  one- 
is  seen  on 


16  smaller, 
a  convex 
racave  on 
bral  tooth 
du{q.  v.). 
a,  excei)t 

le  meseii- 
rior  tem- 
'.    Least 
from  the 
bsolutely 
I  sagittal 
inds  to  a 
anterioi- 
sharjtly 
anterior 
d  above. 
F  the  or- 
ridge  is 
aorbital 
crested, 


0 


Ki( 
Fi( 
Fit 
I'K 

Fi( 
Fi( 


Explanation  of  Plate  VI. 

1.    I'r.uit  view  oni,.ii.l  of  Coniiiorlihiiix  iiiarrotis. 

'■i.  Side  view  ol'N.uiit'. 

3.  Vit"\V(.ltrjij{iis;iii«l  iiiii'     siirfiice  oliiiiriclc. 

I.    WiiiK'  liieiilln'iliic. 

r>.  Tail  and  iiitiTft'inDial  numihiaiie. 

li.  Skull  st'fii  (Vom  above,     x  2. 

7.  Skull  sffii  Iroiii  tlxi  .side,     x  L'. 


V.  s.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL,  VI 


CORYNORHINUS  MACROTIS 


wit 

iiiitl 
the 
iiii'i 
Tlic 
(;oii.> 

iii«' 

fill: 

liiirc 

ciivi 

Iiori; 

cave 

ll('rt( 

iiiipi' 

tlio  r 

Tlic  1 

Ua 

HoiiM 

the  ii 

ii(»r(li 

of  A I 

<)('  bill 

t'oryii 


!■-■? 


f'! 


^■1 


V, 


iii'iiii  III 

l-ciijjth 
l-cii 

I'ii-st  (li 
L.-ii 
l.cn 

St'l'IMul  I 
I.CIIj 
I.CIl) 

TliinI  (li 

I.CIIJ] 

l.i'iijj 

l.rn, 

KiiiM'th  (I 

I..MlJjr 

'■''"'K 

I'it'lll   (lijr 

Ll'Ilirl 
l.l'lljrl 


! 


i* 


A    MONOGRAPH    OP   TIIK    HAT8   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


57 


wiflioiit  pit.  A  line  imMluood  I'roiii  tlic  upi)er  bordor  of  the  jviitevior 
iiiisul  aperture  iiiters«Hits  tliejiinctiun  of  the  llrst  premolar  with  tl;c  lirst 
molar.  Tlio  zypMiia  at  the  posterior  third  wideii<>d  and  elev:>l!'il  at 
llid  upper  border.  TIhj  paroecipital  and  mastoid  proeesHos  aid  iiidi- 
iiicntary,  and  the  Hterno-mastoid  region  is  scarcely  depressed. 
Tliere  is  n<»  trac-e  of  a  Hphenoidal  tongue.  The  pterygoid  process  is 
(•(iiispicuous.  The  tympanic  bone  is  complete  and  very  large,  conceal- 
ing the  cochlea.  The  tympanic  bulla  is  in  contact  with  the  basioccipi- 
tiil  and  basisphenoi<l ;  it  is  not  excavate,  but  incised  anteriorly  and 
Imri'ly  reaches  a  line  whit^h  answi'rs  to  the  posterior  border  of  the  glenoid 
cavity.  The  eoronoid  process  is  acuminate  and  about  the  height  of  the 
h(trizontal  ramus.  Tiie  posterior  border  of  the  ascending  ramus  is  con- 
cave. Tiie  angle  is  ]»roduced  but  slightly  bey«)nd  tlw  <u)ndyle,  and  is  de- 
lIcrtcMl  beyond  the  outer  border  as  seen  from  above.  The  masseteric 
iiii|u'cssion  is  imperfectly  limited  iiiferiorly,  not  reaching  the  border  of 
Mi(^  ramus.  The  angle  touches  the  plane  on  which  the  mandible  rests. 
The  lower  border  of  the  ramus  is  markedly  concave  near  the  angle. 

Habitat. — All  the  specimens  examined  have  been  collected  in  the 
Hoiilh  Atlantic  States,  except  one  from  Hanta  lY,  New  Mexico.  On 
the  authority  of  Prof.  IJaird,  it  has  been  obtained  at  Meadville,  in 
iiordiwM^stern  Pennsylvania.  At  my  recpiest,  Prof.  J.  II.  Montgomery, 
of  Alleghany  (3ollege,  Meadville,  recently  kindly  collected  a  number 
of  bats  from  this  neighborhood,  but  has  not  succeeded  in  procuring 
VtiryiiorhlnvH. 

Mvamrvments. 


: 

4 


[No.  tk)G2,  I'roiii  Uiin.  (.'uiiip.  Zoiil.] 


Ifilllmeteri. 
46 


lliMil  and  body  (from  crown  of  h»a<l  to  l)aHu  of  tail) 

Li'iijjtli  of  arm : 

I -I'liKth  of  foroarm 38 

Kii'st  difjit: 

l.ciinth  of  ftrst  motacarpiil  bone 3 

I.fn^tli  of  lirat  ]iliulaDx 4 

Sci'oiid  diffit: 

l.i'iiKtli  of  Hccoiid  metacarpal  bono 32 

Length  of  lirst  phalanx 2 

Tliinl  digit: 

Length  of  third  mutacarpal  bono 35 

Length  of  first  |dialan\ 12 

Length  of  Hocoud  ]>halanx 17 

I'omlh  digit: 

Lengtli  of  fourth  motacarpal  bone 34 

Leiigtli  of  lirst  |)halan\ 9 

Length  <d"  Hocond    ]dialanx 9 

I'it'ili  digit: 

Li'nglli  of  lifth  metacarpal  bone 34 

Length  of  lirst  |>halanx 8 

Length  of  second  |dnilaux 8 


58 


HIILLETIN   43,  UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


1 


MilliiiK'tcrH. 
Length  of  head : 

Height  of  ear 27 

Height  of  tragus 12 

Length  of  tliigh 15 

Length  of  tiliia 19 

Lengtli  of  foot 10 

Lengtii  of  tail 44 


B" 


I 


From 


Mr»»»n'tHontH  from  first  ediliim  of  Monitijruitli, 


n\ 


U.8.N.M.   ;ti,rof!l,.ngth^;|.'f''L..n«.l,oV'K  "•='?"' I     Kx-      Nature  of 

Cat.  No.        nose  to    (if  tniL      ......  '  of  tlliiii.  ist  llu-    .,,,;Li.    <)ffur.    ,.,.'"....  panse.  j  Bpeeinien. 


fi232. 

1377. 

4727. 

890. 


j      Mil. 

\ 

!     In. 

In. 

1.8 

1.7 

;    1.8 

1.7 

1.0 

1.6 

i.e 

1.8 

1.10 

1.8 

K<T. 


thumb.   "''■"'••    truK.is.'  l'*""' 


In. 

1.7 
(0 
1.0 
1.7 
1.7 


In.          In.     1     In. 

0.8  ,        2.H           0.4 
0.8  i        2.0           0.4 
0. 9           2.  8           0.  4 
0.0           2.8  1        0.5 
0.  8           2.  8           0. 5 

In. 
1.1 
1.1 
1.0 
1.2 
1.1 

In.     1 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0,7 

In. 

9.0 

0.4 
0.0 

n.o 

10.0 

Alcoholic 

Do. 
Dr.v. 

Do. 

Do. 

List  of  speoimi'tiH. 

Cat,  No. 

No.  of 
sjiecl- 
ni«ii8. 

Locallt.v. 

I'ruHuiitod  by— 

Natun^  of  spcni- 
nit'DH. 

Collection. 

5451 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

5 

1 

South  f'aroliim '  W.  f'oopcr 

ilo ' do 

SocictV  ilill.4    S    C                !    M     \     I'lirliu 

Drv 

V  S  Nat  Mu» 

6528 

l„ 

Do 

5453 

do 

Do 

5460 

....do 

....do  

Do. 

5452 

Kemper  County,  Miss  .. 
Kiitaw,  Ala 

D.  C.  Llovd 

Prof.  WiiulieU.. 
(f) 

Dr.  Boaii 

Mai.  I,o(;outn 

W.J.  Howard.. 

....do 

Do. 

5407 

Alcoholic 

Drv 

Do. 

"» 

Do. 

6234 

Alcoholic 

Dry 

Do. 

4727 

"  Uiiitwl  Stiite.s  " 

Santa  Fit 

Do. 

5232 

Alcoholic 

Do. 

2.  CorynorhinuB  townsendii  (Cooper).     (I'latovii). 

rUcoius  townsendii  Cooper,  Ann.  Lyr.  Nat.  Hist.  New  Yorli.  iv,  1837,  73. 
,Synotu8  townsendii  Wagner,  Sclireb.  Siiugetli.  Suppl.,  v,  lS."i."),  720. 
Corynorhinus  townsendii  H.  Allen,  I'roi',  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1865,  173. 
Plecotus   macrntuH  Dobson,  Cat.  Chirop.  Brit.  Mus.,  1878,  180;  Allen,  Monog.  N.  A. 
Bats,  18&1,  ()."). 

Diagnosis. — Post-digital  nerve  arises  from  near  distal  end  of  the  fourth 
metacarpal  bone.  First  phalanx  of  third  and  fourth  difjrit  shorter  than 
second.  The  first  phalanx,  fifth  linger,  longer  than  second.  Central 
maxillary  incisor  bifid.  Forearm  38  to  4(».  Tragus  slightly  longer 
than  in  (J.  nmerotis,  and  the  general  appearance  of  the  animal  is 
more  robust.  The  fur  quite  as  in  ('.  vhicrotia,  witli  the  color.>4  of  ventre 
inclining  more  to  gray  than  to  white. 

Maxillary  teeth. — The  maxillary  incisors  conical,  ^mple,  with  entire, 
well-defined  cingula ;  the  inner  border  of  the  lateral  not  touching  central. 
The  central  much  the  larger.  Tlie  two  teeth  touching,  but  an  interval 
present  between  the  lateral  and  tlic  canine.  The  first  premolar  minute; 
resembles  lateral  inci.sor.  The  second  premolar  with  un  usually  treuchan-s 
protocoue.    The  first  molar  with   anterior  coimuissure  of  protocoiie 


'-■' 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43    PL.  VII 


1.  Maxillary  teeth  of  Corynorhinus  macrotis.    x  12. 

2.3.  Maxillary  and  Mandibular  teeth  of  Corynorhinus  townsendii.    x  12. 


'J 

1, 
.i' 

1 

f  f 


•I  ;i 


A  MONOGRAPH  OK  THE  HATH  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


59 


trcnchaut  and  ^I'ell  seen  from  above.  Anterior  V  Hlightly  smaller  than 
I)(»sterior ;  hypocone  absent.  The  third  molar  with  protocone  with  entire 
coininisHure;  anterior  V  complete;  posterior  Y  lacking  the  greater  part 
of  the  posterior  limb. 

Mandibular  teeth. — The  incisors  trifld,  scarcely  crowded;  basal  ridge 
developed  into  a  high  cinguluni,  giving  the  teeth  a  multitubercnlate 
appearance.  The  canine  with  a  well-developed  cingnlum  at  the  lingual 
aspect;  both  anteriorly  and  iwsteriorly  it  is  furnished  with  a  tubercle. 
The  first  and  second  premolars  are  small,  conical,  with  complete  cingula. 
The  first  tooth  is  slightly  the  smaller.  The  cusps  of  the  molars  are  all 
high  and  sharp.  The  heel  is  well  developed  in  all  the  molars,  and  in  the 
third  is  triangular.  The  commissure  on  base  in  all  the  molars  is  unusu- 
ally high.  The  paraconid  subequal  through  molars,  inclined  forward, 
the  conjoined  bases  of  this  cusp  and  that  of  the  metaconid  incised  some- 
what as  in  MacrotUB. 

Notes  on  the  skeleton — Scapula. — The  coracoid  is  simple,  neither 
curved  backward  nor  forward ;  axillary  border  nearly  straight,  scarcely 
convex.  Humerus. — The  epitrochlea  as  in  Vespertilio;  the  lateral 
groove  on  the  trochlea  is  sharply  defined;  olecranon  fossa  i)resent. 
Ulna. — Proximal  rudiment  anchylosed  to  radius;  shaft  not  traceable. 
Distal  rudiment  quadrate  plate  as  in  Vespertilio.  The  pisiform  bone 
lies  across  the  palmar  aspect  of  the  carpus  and  does  not  act  as  a  splint 
to  the  fifth  metacarpal  bone. 

Hahitat. — Western  and  central  portions  of  the  United  States,  extend- 
ing south  to  Mexico.*  Specimens  in  the  National  Museum  are  from 
Utah  and  the  upper  part  of  Missouri. 


I 


MeaHiirenienln. 

[No.  1220.) 

Millimeters. 

Head  and  body  (from  crown  of  head  to  base  of  tail) 38 

Li'iijrth  of  arm 21 

Lfiigth  of  forearm '. 42 

First  digit  : 

Length  of  iirtit  metacarpal  bone 2^ 

Lengtli  of  first  phalanx 3i 

Si'coud  digit : 

Length  of  second  metacarpal  bone 34 

Length  of  first  phalanx 2 

Third  digit : 

Length  of  third  metacarpal  bone 35 

Length  of  firHt  phalanx 13 

L(>ngth  of  second  phalanx 16 

I'tmrth  digit : 

Length  of  fourth  metacarpal  bone 

Length  of  first  phalanx 10 

Length  of  second  phalanx 12 

*  J.  A.  Allen  reports  it  from  Guadalajara,  Mexico. 


60 


HULLKTIN  43,  UNITED   STATES  NATIONAL  MU8EUM. 


Mlllinii'trrH 
Fifth  dinit : 

Length  of  fifth  inoliiciirpiil  hone 1(1 

Length  of  fIrKt  jihnlaiix 10 

LoiiKth  of  Rcroiiil  ])hiiliiMX !l 

Length  of  hf'ftd 8 

liinght  of  «iir 30 

Height  of  tragiiH Ill 

Length  of  thigli 

Length  of  tibiii 21 

Leni;th  of  foot it 

Length  of  tail 37 

Mmsitri'miiiilH  J'rom  Jlml  cdiliuii  of  Muiwyrupli. 


Curriiiit  uiiin- 
Iwr. 


ft231... 

n2:ioa . 

b'SMb  . 
5'j:iO(?.. 
b-SMd  . 
WWr. . 
51!a(/. . 

5'jaoj/  . 


From 
tip  of 
iioHe  to 

tall. 


In. 
1.9 
1.9 
l.U 
1.0 

i.e 

l.»i 

l.B 

1.9 


l.ciiKlli 
of  tnil. 


III. 
I.O 
1.8 
1.7 
1.9 
1.0 
1.9 
1.0 
l.H 


I.i'liKtli 

lit'  fori'- 

arm. 


In. 
l.H 
1.0 
1.0 
l.H 
1.0 
1.8 
1.0 
1.8 


n,«tl.fe^-r''i.ei«...,^'^r' 

.tl.l..       ....*   U..  *"  ..I'. I  "* 


l.( 

of  lil)itt. 


In. 

0.8 
0.8 
U.O 
(1.8 
U.8 
U.8 
O.U 
0.8 


C'Ht  liii- 
gor. 


In. 

2.10 

2.1) 

2.10 

2.0 

2.10 

2.11 

2.11 

2,10 


thvuuli. 


In. 

(1.4 
0.4 
0.4 
0.4 
0.4 
0.4 
0.4 
0.4 


of  CHI-. 


I 


tragiiH. 


In. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 


In. 
0. 
0. 

0. 

0. 
0. 

u. 

0 

u. 


PUIIRU. 


In. 
II.O 
U.O 
l!.0 
10.0 
10.  tl 
10.0 
10.0 
10.0 


Nuliiic  of 
Bpeciiiieii. 


Alcoliolir 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


List  of  Mpiximenn. 


Cat.  No. 


6231. 
5230. 


1  No.  of 
mens. 


l.ocnllty. 


rreHHDtcil  by- 


^'"'"ni™."'""'''        tJolleotlon. 


Upper  MlHHouri  ...   Dr.  F.  V.  Hnyilfii Alcoliolio 

Utah Capt.  J.  H.  SimpRou*.! do 


»  Collecteil  by  C.  S.  McCarthy. 


Oouim  EUDERMA  H.  Allen. 


V.  S.  Nat.  Mii8. 
l)u. 


Euderma  H.  Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  18il2,  467. 

HMiotua  J.  A.  Allen,  Hull.  Anier.  Muh.  Nat.  Hist.,  Ill,  No.  2,  Feb.  20,  1891,  195. 

Diagnosis, — Two  proniolar.s  in  eacli  jaw.  Auricle  coiistrit^ted  at  base, 
the  simple  internal  and  external  basal  ridges  holding  it  to  the  c(>Tre 
sponding  borders  of  the  base  of  tragus.  The  internal  hem  narrow,  not 
over  one  sixth  width  of  auricle.  External  basal  lobe  sharply  delineil 
posteriorly  by  the  external  basal  ridge  and  is  without  ridge  or  lobule; 
post  rietal  wart  ab.sent.  External  basal  lobe  of  tragus  absent.  Snout 
simple,  broad  median  depression  between  nostrils.  Membranes  as  in 
Corynorhiniis.  Auditory  bulla  not  united  on  inner  margin  to  skull,  and 
reaches  to  a  point  opposite  middle  of  glenoid  cavity.  Oeneral  character 
of  the  teeth  as  in  Corynorhiniis. 

S  2  1  ''    * 

Dental  Formula. — Molars,^;  Premolars -;  Canines  :j;  IncisorH^,  x2  =  34  teeth. 
O  Ji  i.  o 


F 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  WATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


61 


The  above  diti^^tioHis  may  bu  cuiiiitarvd  with  advantage  with  that  of 
('(irynorhinuH  and  PU'Cotus. 

Cofjinorhinuii, — Tlirri'  |>r<>m()liirH  in  lower  Jaw.  Auricle  not  conHtrictod  at  bnan; 
bill  It  ItuHiil  riil){0M  liuiiiK  tVi-u  from  triiK)iH.  Inturnal  busiil  ri(l((u  with  thiol<  tranitvurHu 
Ciilil  HiiiuilatiiiK  an  iuturiial  basal  lobo  wliii^h  U  iiltAcnt.  Width  of  internul  Uutn 
ni'iiily  half  that  of  tiiu  aiiriclu.  'I'l-a^riiH  with  doliii);  I  oxturual  baHiil  lobe  and  notch. 
lAtirnal  liaHu  lobo  with  intiM'ual  lol>iil(t  ending  in  larjfo  poHt  rictal  wart.  C'lavute 
jii'i MM  on  uach  Hido  of  tho  Hnoiit;  nostrilx  with  niiond  bordt^r,  liinicn  Hiniiate. 

I'ltrotun. — Tliruu  prenudai'H  in  each  jaw.  Auriolo  not  couHtrictud  at  baHe.  Tho 
iiarntw  iuturual  auricular  hum  not  ov<t  one-eiglith  width  uf  thu  auriclu  and  !»  pro- 
iliiccd  infiU'iorly  into  a  lapput.  Internal  baHiil  ridge  Simple,  free  from  tragus.  Kx- 
li'i'Miil  biiHal  lol>i^  not  limited  jtoatfriorly  and  bearH  a  minute lolnile  on  inner  surface. 
TrM^iiH  with  wt'll-dotlnud  notch  and  basal  lube;  {lost  rictul  wurt  hairy,  coujoiued  to 
liasal  lobe. 

The  following  statements  concerning  the  differential  characters  of 
lh«lenna,  Corynorhinim,  Plecotus,  and  Synotun  are  herewitli  submitted, 
ill  my  judgment  SynotuH  is  more  widely  separated  from  the  other  three 
genera  than  are  any  of  the  last  named  from  one  another,  and  it  is  prob- 
ably true  that  ifynotus  is  not  ii  member  of  the  group  of  the  plecotiau 
bats,  but  is  iu  closer  aftinity  with  Vespcruyo. 


ICiuIerma. 


Internal  Ii«»h1  Icibc  I'n'o 
i'r<iH»i  iiK  Intonml  rUlgi). 


Hotli  intornal  anil  exter- 
nal riil;;i'H  I'oiitliiiioim 

Willi  llllHI'  of  tl'IIKIIH. 

TniKus  witliuiit  iiitoruul 

liasjil  IoImi, 
Ti'iiniiml    rnrtilagtt, 

fiiintli  digit  nxial. 

C'lMiiiiiiiil  proi'i'HH  round- 
I'll ;  aiigli'tii  lower  jaw, 
liiiiiiil  at  1iaH«. 

Tviiipanir  liiiUa  extendi 
liii'»iiril  to  point  o|i|ii>- 
aiti'  middle  ol'  fil«Doiil 
cavity.  SplKMiiipala- 
tin»  ioranii'n  iiresont; 
till' iipiier  orbital  bor- 
ilir  I'ugoBu. 


I'liliitid  iilnto  extends 
bark  of  linu  of  liiMt 
miliar  for  a  iliHtiinoe 
I'linalling  noarly  one- 
hall  tlir  Iciigtliof  tliu 
litrrv^oid  protiCHa. 

Aiili'riiir  tmniHiral  crust 
nut  niurkvd. 

.Seriiiirt  upper  premolar 
nut  toiirhlng  drHt  mo- 
lar. 


CorynorhtnuH. 


Internal  basal  lobe  not 
free ,     riidiiiientary.  j 
Large  Hwollen  tliread  { 
airoHH  internul  riilge.  , 

ItiillieH  not  eontliniouH 
witb  base  of  tragus. 

Traj;iiH  witli  internal 
basal  lobe.  { 

Terniiual  cartilage 
fuurtli  digjt  axtal.         I 

Curouoid  process  lU'umi- 
nate;   angle  to  lower  I 
jaw  not  broad  at  base.  I 

Tympanic  bulla reuebes 
posterior  iMiriler  of 
glenoid  cavity, 
nplieno-palal  ine  ores  - 
ont{  tbe  upperorbltal 
border  not  ruguau. 


Same. 


rteootUR. 


Internal  basal  lube 
free,  not  crossing 
internal  ridge. 

Uiilges    not    eontlnu- 

oiiH    witli    base    II  f 

triiguH. 
TiagiiH  witli  iutorual 

basal  lobe. 
Tenninal  cartilage  I 

fourtli  digit  uxial. 


T  y  III  p  a  o  i  e  bulla 
■"e a  dies  u  point 
slightly  in  advance 
oft  lie  glenoid  cavity. 
Splieno-iialiitinclor- 
amen  amiarcntlv  ab- 
sent ;  I  pper  orliital 
border  not  rugose; 
trenchant. 


Synotiis. 


Anterior  temporal  crest 
not  marked. 

Second  u)iper  premolar 
not  toMchiug  first 
molar. 


Sagittal  and  anterior 

temporal      crests 

inarked. 
.Second  uiiper  |irenio- 

lar  not  toucbingtlrst 

molar. 


No  Internal  basal  lobe. 


Ridges  not  conttniiouh 
with  base  of  tragus. 

Tragus  with  internal 
basal  lobe. 

Terminal    cartilage 
fourth  digit  dutlocted 
toward  t  hiinib. 

Angle  of  lower  jaw  nar- 
row at  base;  coronold 
process  pidnted. 

Tympanic  bulla  reaches 
liosterlor  Isirder  of  glen . 
did  cavity.  Spheno- 
palatine foramen  pres- 
ent; theupiH'r  orbital 
border  not  rugose. 


Palatal  plate  extends 
back  of  lino  of  last  mo- 
lar for  adistiuiceeiiual- 
ling  one-third  the 
length  of  pterygoid 
|iriH'ess. 

Sagittal  and  anterior  tern- 
l>oral  urestA  marked. 


I 


1.  Euderma  maculata  (J.  A.  Allen). 


Hisliotus  maculaius  J.  A.  Allen,  Hull.  Amer.  Mus.  Na*.  Hist.,  Ill,  1891. 

hiagnosin. — The  diagnosis  of  the  single  species  is  that  of  the  genus. 

Description. — Kars  three-fourths  length  of  the  forearm,  broad  at  tip, 

united  by  a  small  membrane.    Internal  basal  lobe  well  deftued.    luter- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


£   KS   112.0 

lit 


12.2 


m 


1.25  III . .4     ,,.6 

< 

^„  

► 

Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WfST  MAIN  STRiET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  873-4S03 


m 


\ 


:\ 


\ 


rv 


o^ 


—T  ,-       n      • 


^ 


62 


BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


'I 

I 


fif 


nal  basil  ridge  extends  nearly  the  entire  length  of  the  auricle.  Exter- 
nal border  simple,  entire,  without  scallops.  The  external  basal  lobe 
well  defined,  simple,  not  recurved,  hairy  on  outer  surface.  Auricle 
greatly  constricted  opposite  base  of  tragus,  to  wliicli  it  is  attachied;  no 
external  basal  ridge.  Tragus  elongate,  but  scarcely  narrowed  at  tip, 
little  more  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  auricle,  straight  or  slightly 
convex  on  inner  border,  moderately  convex  on  outer  border;  basal 
notch  shallow,  indeterminate;  no  basal  lobe.  Muzzle  simple, depressed 
in  middle;  glands  on  the  side  rndimental,  not  club-shaped;  nostril 
entire  oval,  without  corhu. 

The  auricle  is  marked  with  numerous  transverse  striae  at  outer  two- 
thirds  excluding  the  tip.  The  inner  border  and  tip  fringed  with  short 
hair,  a  sparse  growth  occupies  the  inner  surface  of  the  auricle  from  the 
inner  border  of  the  internal  basal  ridge. 

Membranes. — The  thumb  disposed  t(>  be  Hexed,  the  membrane  extend- 
ing to  the  base  of  the  first  phalanx.  A  distinct  hen)  extends  between 
the  thumb  and  second  digit.  The  second  digital  interspace  ;i""" 
wide.  Metacarpal  bones  distinct  on  palnnir  asjiect.  Palmar  tblds  nt 
fifth  metacarpal  two  in  number.  The  terminal  cartilage  of  the  fourth 
digit  axial.  Foot  one-seventh  of  the  length  of  the  forearm.  Tail  as 
long  the  forearm,  tip  exsert. 

The  markings  on  the  membranes  are  as  follows:  In  the  fourth  inter- 
space the  predigital  nerve  arises  midway  along  the  fifth  nu^tacarpal  aiul 
the  post  digital  from  the  distal  fourth  of  the  fourth  ]neta(;arpal  bono. 
Oblique  tibial  lines  four  in  number.  The  interfemoral  membrane  c:  - 
tire,  ample,  marked  by  ten  well-defined  comjdete  transverse  lines.  Iii- 
tercostals  twelve  in  number,  ranging  oblitiuely  outward  and  upward. 

Fur. — Black  and  white  hues  arranged  in  a  manner  uni(pie  in  Olu'i- 
roptera.  Dorsum  with  fur  of  a  i)revailing  black,  the  hair  being  nni- 
forndy  long  and  unic(dored,  excepting  at  the  base  of  the  ears,  over  tlie 
shoulder  blades,  and  at  the  rump,  where  the  hair  is  white.  The  cluin])s 
on  the  ear  are  unicolored ;  those  on  the  shoulder  blades  have  hair  witli 
basal  half  black:  that  on  the  rump  is  intermingled  with  black,  but 
otherwise  the  hair  is  as  on  the  shoulder  blades.  The  nape  of  the  neck, 
crown,  and  base  of  the  ears,  where  they  join  the  crown,  of  a  more  rusty 
black  than  that  of  the  dorsu'n  generally.  This  arrangement  is  liniitod 
by  the  low  band  which  unites  the  ears;  the  fa<'e  is  sparsely  covercil 
with  blackish  hairs;  the  lips  at  the  sides  are  whiskered;  the  spaces 
about  the  eyes  are  naked.  The  under  surface  of  the  body  with  white 
as  its  prevailing  color,  the  basal  i)ortion  of  the  fur  everywhere  being 
black,  excepting  where  the  large  ear  extends  down  on  the  side  of  tlio 
neck.  In  this  region  (viz  the  upper  half  of  the  neck)  the  hair  is  pure 
white  and  uni<«)lored  and  continuous  above  with  the  basal  ear  clumps, 
The  lower  half  of  the  side  of  neck  is  black  throughout.  A  faint  white 
line  extends  aca'oss  the  shoulder  to  unite  the  clumps  on  the  shoulder 
blades  to  that  of  the  ventre.    The  fur  otherwise  black  at  basal  two- 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


63 


uh  inter- 
•pal  anil 
al  hone. 
aue  c;  - 
es.  Ill- 
pwanl. 
Ill  V\m- 
inff  imi- 
>ver  the 

1  cliimi"* 
air  witli 
lick,  but 
e  lU'ttk, 
r«>  rusty 
limited 
covered 
spaces 
ill  white 
e  being 
e  of  the 
is  pure 
clumps, 
it  white 
lumhler 
aal  two- 


thirds,  apical  third,  white.  Tho  arm  at  its  basal  third  black.  The 
cxtout  of  the  wbitc  portion  diminishes  from  above  downward.  Mem- 
branes everywhere  naked. 

Skull. — Brain-case,  low,  quadrate,  tht  height  one-half  the  bimastoid 
diameter.  The  metieucephalon  as  long  as  mesencephalon  and  pro- 
oncephalon.  Sagittal  crest  rudimentary,  does  not  extend  beyond  a  line 
ai'sweriugto  the  middle  of  the  zygoma,  the  remaining  portions  of  the 
posterior  temporal  crest  widely  separated:  the  anterior  not  defined. 
I  )orsum  of  face  vertex  with  a  shallow  concavity  which  is  not  sharply  de- 
lined;  orbit  with  inflated  inner  wall  and  rugose  elevated  upper  border; 
lachrymal  tubercle  marked.  Infraorbital  canal  short;  the  foramen  on 
line  with  iutervtll  between  second  prem<»lar  and  first  molar.  Line  of 
tho  upper  margin  of  the  anterior  nasal  aperture  if  i)roduced  would  in- 
tersect the  second  premolar;  tympani(!  bone  apparently  incomplete 
above. 

The  paroccipital  process  bold,  trencdiant;  sterno-mastoid  impression 
deeply  concave;  mastoid  composed  entirely  of  squamosal  element. 
Zygoma  quite  as  in  Corynorhinm — the  squamosal  part  twice  as  wide 
as  maxillary;  sphenopalatine  foramen  present,  of  large  size.  Occipital 
crest  trenchant.  Tympanic  bone  greatly  inflated,  equals  one-third  the 
length  of  the  skull,  not  touching  basioccipital,  or  basisphenoid ;  exca- 
vate anteriorly.  It  extends  to  a  line  which  answers  to  the  middle  of 
the  glenoid  cavity.  The  mest)pterygoid  fossa  as  long  as  one-third  the 
distance  from  the  posterior  palatal  border  to  the  incisors.  The  sphen- 
oidal foramen  is  at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  recess.  The  coronoid  process 
is  round,  small,  raised  scarcely  one-third  the  height  of  the  ascending 
lauins;  lower  border  of  the  horizontal  ramus  near  tl.e  angle  slightly 
concave.  The  angle  is  raised  from  the  plane  on  which  the  mandible 
rests.  Atlas  witli  large  foramen  for  vertebral  artery  which  rests  on  a 
niere  thread  of  bone;  transverse  process  semicircular  without  spine. 
In  common  with  other  cervical  vertebne  the  tubercle  on  anterior  surface 
of  body  is  marked.  Ribs  twelve  in  number.  Both  ]»resternnm  and 
nu'sosternum  keeled.  Scapula  nuich  as  in  (Jorynorhlntis.  It  was  mu- 
tilated in  the  single  specimen  examined. 

}f(t.riUary  teeth. — Incisors  contiguous,  slightly  inclined  toward  the 
nu'd  ian  line,  but  the  lateral  tooth  se[)arated  from  the  canine  by  a  moderate 
interval.  Central  incisor  cuspidate  with  a  small  cuspule  projected  mid- 
way on  the  posterior  surface;  a  distinct  cuspule  also  arises  from  the 
cingulum  posteriorly.  Lateral  incisor  one-half  the  size  of  the  central, 
and  cuspidate,  with  a  small  cuspule  arising  from  the  cingulum  on  the 
anterior  and  a>  second  on  the  posterior  portion.  Canine  not  larger  than 
tile  second  premolar,  the  buiuial  surface  is  abruptly  convex.  The  first 
pit'inolar  is  small  not  wedged  in,  with  complete  cingulum.  The  space 
lietween  it  an<l  canine  narrower  than  that  between  it  and  second  pre- 
niiilar.  The  second  imiuudar  n,s  long  as  the  canine  and  slightly  fiuted. 
Molars  a«  in  Cori/Horhmm^ 


64 


BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


Mandibular  teeth. — Incisors  crowded,  trifld,  i.  e.,  the  main  cusp  pos- 
sesses a  well  developed  cuspuleon  each  side  the  base,  the  cingulumon  the 
posterior  side  being  large.  The  first  and  second  teetlroverlap  for  a  dis- 
tance equaling  one-hull'  of  their  diameters.  The  third  incisor  retains 
a  posterior  cuspulo  which  is  larger  than  the  anterior  and  separated  troni 
the  main  cusp  by  a  wide  interval.  The  canine  is  small  and  projects  but 
a  slv;ht  degree  above  the  incisors.  It  exhibits  a  marked  cuspule  on  the 
cingiilum  anteriorly.  I 

The  premolars  are  j^teparated  by  a  small  interval.  The  first  is  smaller 
than  the  second,  distinctly  trifid,  and  contiguous  to  the  canine.  The 
second  is  much  larger  and  trihedral.  The  molars  as  iu  Corynorhinus; 
the  apices  of  cusps  acicular:  the  lingual  surface  of  hy^ocouid  is  trittd. 

Euderma  is  based  upon  the  type  specimen  of  Hintiotua  maculatus. 
Through  the  courtesy  of  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen  I  have  recently  had  an  oppor- 
tunity of  examining  it. 

Dr.  Allen  believed  that  this  striking  form  belonged  to  Eistiotm  on 
the  ground  that  the  shape  of  the  ears  and  of  the  nuizzle,  as  well  as  the 
disposition  of  the  membranes,  were  of  the  same  general  type,  while  the 
t«eth  were  the  same  in  number. .  In  my  opinion  these  statements  re- 
quire modification.  A  minute  first  upper  premolar  is  to  be  seen  in  the 
rather  large  space  between  the  canine  and  the  second  premolar,  thns 
separating  Dr.  Allen's  species  from  Histiotus,  in  which  a  single  upper 
premolar  is  present.  Together  with  this  peculiarity  1  find  that  the  gen- 
eral characters  of  the  sknll,  the  teeth,  and  tlie  wing  membrane  are  like 
those  of  VoryHorhinuH.  Indeed,  it  may  be  said  to  be  a  Plecotian  genus 
without  nuizzle  processes,  and  since  with  these  peculiarities  the  new 
form  possesses  but  two  premolars  in  the  lower  .jaw,  it  is  quite  distinct. 
I,  therefore,  ])ropose  to  describe  it  as  follows : 

Habitat. — The  single  sjjecimen  known  was  colle<!ted  by  Mr.  Thomas 
Shooter,  Pirui,  Ventura  County,  Cal.    It  was  caught  on  a  fence. 


Genus  ANTROZOnS  II.  All<-n. 

AntrozoHS  H.  Allen,  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.,  1862,  247;  Monog.  N.  A.  Bats,  1864, 
66;  Dobson,  Cut.  Chirop.  Brit.  Mus.,  1878,  170;  C'oues  uiid  Yarrow,  Wheeler's 
Exped.,  Zoiil.,  1875. 

Nose  liigh,  tapering,  narrow;  snout  angular,  blunt;  nostrils  apical, 
lower  (outer) borders  joining  above  in  a  transverse  line;  ears  longer  thau 
head,  not  joined. 


3  111 

Dental  Formula. — Molars,,,  premolars  ~,  canines  -,  incisors  ^x2- 


=28. 


In  the  incomplete  tympanic  bone,  in  the  absence  of  the  palatal  plate 
to  the  premaxilla,  in  the  markings  on  the  fourth  digital  interspace,  in 
the  shape  and  relations  of  the  ulna,  in  the  details  of  the  molars,  and  in 
the  arrangement  of  the  nasal  scrolls,  AntrozouH  is  in  alliance  with  the 
Vespertilionida'.  Affinity  with  Cory norhi nun  is  suggested  by  the  shape 
of  the  muzzle-glands.    Antrosoun  resembles  Atalapha  in  the  shapes  of 


f  ■■)':] 


A   MONOGRAPH  OP  THE  BAT8  OP  NORTH  AMKRICA. 


65 


tlic  last  molars  as  well  as  in  the  proportions  of  the  hjrpoconid.  In  the 
iiiiinbcr  and  arrangement  of  the  premolars  and  molars,  as  well  as  in 
tlif.  shape  of  the  upper  premolar,  Antrozous  is  strikingly  like  Daaifpterm. 
Ill  the  number  of  incisors  in  the  lower  jaw,  in  the  free  lower  lip,  in  the 
ni:inal  formula,  iu  the  disposition  for  the  nostril  to  bear  a  vertical  in< 
tn-narial  ridge  and  the  upper  border  of  the  muzzle  to  exhibit  a  trans- 
verso  outgrowth,  in  the  presence  of  a  hem  on  the  i)oUical  side  of  the 
second  metacarpal  bone,  Antrozous  recalls  the  Phyllostomidse. 

In  the  restriction  of  the  lower  incisors  to  four  in  a  family  where  the 
dominant  number  is  six  it  is  of  interest  to  note  that  in  Nyctinomous 
hmsiliemisttie  third  incisor  on  each  side  is  rudimental  or  may  be  lost, 
thu3  reducing  the  number  from  six  to  four,  the  number  normal  to  N. 
mncrotiH  and  Proh.opa. 

Peters  has  called  attention  to  the  affinity  between  Antrozous  and 
Xyctophilua.  I  have  lately  been  able  to  make  a  comparison  between 
tliese  genera,  so  far  removed  in  geographical  range.  The  following 
characters  have  not  been  used  before  in  classification : 


Antrozoug. 

Transverse  muzzle-band  continuouH  with 
the  lower  margin  of  tho  nostril ;  thus 
the  depression  of  the  nostril  is  con- 
tinuous with  the  groove  above  the 
nostril. 

External  basal  lobe  of  tho  auricle  without 
an  inner  fold. 

Ttrniinal  cartilage  of  the  fifth  <Mgit  bitid, 
the  somad  lobe  prolonged;  incon- 
spicuous accessory  cartilage. 

Tlii^  nerves  in  the  fourth  interdigital 
unequal,  tho  post-digital  much  the 
longer. 

I'rotocone  small,  not  extending  beyond 
the  paracone. 

Ujipcr  premolar  scarcely  fluted,  without 
cinguluni  on  palatal  surface.  Lach- 
rymal ]>roce88  small,  no  supraorbital 
ridge ;  facial  vertex  convex. 


Nyotophiltu. 

Tfansverso  band  is  continuous  with  the 
upper  margin  of  the  nostril ;  thus  the 
depression  of  the  nostril  is  cut  off 
from  the  pit  above  tho  nostril. 

External  basal  lobe  of  the  auricle  with  a 
conspicuous  inner  fold. 

Terminal  cartilage  of  the  fifth  digit 
acicular ;  conspicuoas  accessory  car- 
tilage. 

The  nerves  of  the  fourth  interdigifal 
space  of  e<jual  length  and  arise  on 
same  level. 

Protocone  large,  extending  entire  length 
of  tooth. 

Upper  premolar  deeply  fluted,  with  cin- 
guluni on  palatal  surface.  Lachry- 
mal process  and  supraorbital  ridge 
trenchant ;  facial  vertex  flat  or  oon- 
oave. 


The  shapes  of  the  premolars  and  molars,  the  presence  of  the  acces- 
sory (!artilage  to  the  fifth  digit,  the  number  of  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw, 
are  (iharacters  which  ally  Nyvtophilua  to  the  vespertilionines  and  place 
it  near  Synotus,  while  no  characters  suggest  its  affinity  to  the  phyllos- 
toinines,  unless  the  shape  of  the  nose-leaf  be  held  to  be  of  this  value. 
Ill  common  with  Corynorhinus  and  Antrozous,  the  muzzle  glands  unite 
biick  of  the  nose-leaf.  On  the  whole,  I  incline  to  the  opinion  that  Nyoto- 
pit  Hits  did  not  arise  from  i,i  stem  distinct  from  that  from  which 
sprung  the  vespertilionines,  while  Antrozous  arose  from  the  phyllosto- 
441— No.  43 5 


pi 


66  BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM.  " 

iiiiiu'H  at  a  point  not  far  rcinotu  from  tlio  vainpyrinu  group,  or  the  un- 
known ancestral  stem  of  Natalus  and  ThyropUra. 

1.  AntrcsouB  palllduB  (Leconto).    Tlio  palo  bat.     (Platwi  viii,  ix.) 

VetptTtilio  pallidHs  Looonto,  I'roo.  Aood.  Nnt.  Bui.  Philu.  vii,  1855, 43;  Baird,  U.  S.  aud 

Mex.  Buiind.  Survey,  Koport  ii,  1858,  PI.  i.  Fig.  1. 
Atitrozoui  palUdua  II.  Allan  I.e.;  Dobaoii, Cat.  Ckirup.  Brit.  Mus.,  1878,  170;  Coiiin, 

Aiuer.  Nut.,  1867,  283;  Couoh  and  Yarrow,  Wlieeler's  Exped.,  Zoul.,  1875,85. 

Diagnosis. — Scallopa  of  auricle  not  breaking  convex  outline  of  outer 
margin;  external  basal  lobe  concealed  in  part.  Tlie  vesportilionine 
tragus  half  the  height  of  the  auricle.  Head  folds  continuous  on  the 
dorsum.  Transverse  ridge  defines  the  upper  border  of  the  blunt  muz/le. 
The  nostrils  simple,  lunate.  Chin  plate  subtriangular,  defined.  Iii- 
i  II  ,      cisors  iii  lower  jaw,  four  iii  number.     Protocone  rudimental ;  last  maxil- 

lary molar  but  half  the  size  of  others  and  composed  of  rudimental  pro- 
tocone and  paracone.  Proximal  rudiment  of  the  ulna  not  anchylosod 
to  radius  at  elbow-  Muzzle  glands  flat,  nearly  confluent  above.  The 
second  and  third  metacarpals  distinct  on  palmar  surfaces.  Phalanges 
of  the  third  digit  of  one  length;  the  first  phalanx  of  the  fourth  and 
fifth  digit  longer  than  the  second.  A  well-defined  hem  of  membrane  is 
seen  between  the  thumb  and  second  digit ;  the  fifth  digit  greatly  longer 
than  the  forearm.  The  terminal  cartilage  of  the  fourth  digit  deflected 
toward  the  second  digit.  Jfumerous  clobely  arranged  muscle  fibers 
arise  from  the  tibia  near  the  oblique  tibial  line  and  are  dispersed  over 
the  greater  part  of  the  membrane  nearly  to  the  fifth  digit.  *  The  ole- 
cranon is  dorsal,  the  membranes  arising  from  the  opicondyle.  The  sec- 
ond and  third  metacarpals  are  not  on  level  of  membrane,  but  raised 
above  it,  and  not  crossed  by  oblique  lines.  This  easily  distinguishes 
Antrozous  from  other  genera  of  Vespertilionidae.t 
The  inanal  formula  is  as  follows : 

SecoDd  iutorspaoe 3 

Third  interspace 15 

Foiirtli  interspace 28 

Forearm 51 

The  greater  part  of  the  free  margin  of  wing  membrane  with  a  delicate 
buff  border.  This  is  not  peculiar,  but  appears  to  be  unusually  con- 
spicuous. 

The  tail  is  raised  from  the  plane  of  the  undersurface  of  the  iuterfem- 
oral  membrane  near  the  pubis,  but  for  the  rest  of  its  length  it  is  raised 
from  the  dorsal.  The  terminal  joir.t  is  exsert,  and  bears  a  small  fleshy 
tip.  The  calcar  is  longer  than  the  foot  and  ends  in  a  small  lobe.  The 
post  calcaral  lobe  is  fleshy  and  obscurely  defined.  The  interfemoral 
membrane  is  crossed  by  numerous  broad  transverse  lines. 

*  The  accessory  cartilage  ninst  be  sought  for  with  care  by  the  aid  of  a  powerful 
lens. 

tThe  stateiueut  of  E.  Coucs  that  the  second  digit  has  two  phalanges  is  not  cun- 
firmed.  ,  ^ 


xiniLi 


tllO  Ull- 


.) 

,  II.  8.  ami 

'0;  Coiic'N, 
r5,8o. 

of  outer 
tilioiiiiiu 
i  on  tlio 

etl.  Ill- 
it  uiaxil- 
iital  pro- 
sbyloscd 
re.  TllO 
talangcs 
rth  and 
branc  is 
yr  longer 
eflected 
Q  fibers 
Jed  over 
rhe  ole 
rbe  sec- 
t  raised 
guisbes 


3 

15 

28 

51 

delicate 
Jly  con- 

iterfem- 
s  raised 
11  fleshy 
B.  Tlie 
femoral 


powerful 
not  cun- 


Explanation  of  Plate  VIII. 


F!( 

Vu 
V\i 
Vu 
Vu 
Vu 
Vu 


1.  Front  \U:\v  of  hcail  of  Aiilro:oiiH palUdiin. 

2.  Sido  vi«w  of  saiiii'. 

3.  View  oftrafj;ns  and  inner  siirfaci'  ofanriclo. 
I.   Wing  nieiubriiuc. 

5.  Tail  and  intcrfenioral  nu-niltrani'. 

(>.  Sknll  se<'n  from  above,     x  '2. 

7.  Skull  and  lower  .jaw  seen  from  tln^  side,     x  2. 


Vui.  8.  Os  petrosa. 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  VIII 


Antrozous  pallidus. 


Tli« 
ciilur  1 
paHsiiij 
t'l-om  ( 
toiirth 
tliird  <i 
iiboiitt 
ilt  tlio 

Vari 
fawn  s 
Mi^j.  L 
(liirker 
Hair  a 
not  tip 
tinge, 
meiiibt 
liairs  a 
iialH  e: 
Htat«d 
iutornii 
Hilly  ed 
the  lull 

Ruff< 
third,  1 
crenuh 

a  point 
tooth  1 
which 
with  pi 
obHcpu 
the  pr 
lialfth 
tion.  ' 
in  first 
but  rel 
in  the 
of  the  I 

Mam 
li(iue  c 
preniol 
commif 
The  he 

The 
to  the 
hypoco 


iln 


A  MONOOUAPU  OF  TUE  DATS  OF  NORTU  AMEBICA.     67 

Till)  (lutei-  bordui-  of  the  uuklo  strouKthoiiod  by  n  uuinbur  of  trubo- 
ciilur  liiiOH,  wbichdivuriTu  in  tbo  oiido  part»giuin  and  iiiteratict  the  linuo 
piiHsiiifT  between  the  hiimorus  and  tho  iufurior  extremity.  Fascicles 
from  uorauo-briichialiM  and  triceps  muscles  well  developed.  In  tho 
fourth  intordiKital  space  the  predigital  nerve  appears  at  the  distal 
tliird  of  the  tifth  metacarpal  bone,  while  the  postdigital  apiwars  from 
about  the  middle  of  the  fourth  metacarpal  bono.  Fascial  bands  marked 
at  the  baso  of  the  hfth  digit. 

Variatiom. — Two  varieties  of  ccdor  are  observed  in  this  species — tho 
fawn  and  the  yellowish  brown.  Tho  first  was  tho  one  descril)ed  by 
Mi^j.  Leconte.  This  author  says:  <'IIair  light  fawn  colored,  tip  with 
darker,  beneath  paler."  The  yellowish  brown  may  thus  be  described : 
Hair  above  light  brown  at  base,  darker  at  tips;  below  lighter  browu 
not  tipped.  In  some  instances  the  brown  tip  above  assumes  a  reddish 
tinge,  and  the  fur  beneath  becomes  almost  white.  The  interfemoral 
membrane  is  entirely  naked.  At  the  base  of  the  thumb  a  few  browu 
liairs  are  found.  The  membrane  to  underside  calcar  in  some  individ- 
uals extends  obli<i[uely  across  to  the  hallical  side  of  foot.  As  abov6 
stat«d  the  chin  plate  is  often  divided  in  middle  line  by  a  groove.  An 
internarial  vertical  ridge  is  sometimes  faintly  defined.  The  nostrils  are 
subject  to  slight  variation  in  size  of  median  part  of  aperture  converting 
tiie  lunate  into  an  inverted  comma-like  figure. 

Ruflw. — The  folds  seven  in  number.  Between  the  second  and  the 
third,  the  third  and  the  fourth,  tho  fourth  and  the  fifth,  secondary 
crenulated  folds  appear. 

Maxillary  teeth. — The  single  maxillary  incisor  is  simple,  conical  with 
a  pointed  basal  cusp.  Canine  with  posterior  surface  outside  of  axis  of 
tooth  row;  palatal  surface  broad,  marked  by  a  longitudinal  column 
whicli  gives  to  it  the  appearance  of  a  second  cusp.  The  first  molar 
with  protocone  raised  slightly  above  the  line  of  the  small  cingulum,  tho 
oblique  anterior  commissure  being  absent.  An  interval  exists  between 
tbo  protocone  and  the  posterior  V.  Tho  anterior  V  is  less  than  one- 
iialf  tho  size  of  the  posterior,  both  in  vertical  and  bucco-palatal  direc- 
tion. Tho  hypocone  is  absent.  The  second  molar  with  protocone  as 
ill  first  molar.  The  anterior  V  is  much  larger  than  in  tooth  just  named, 
but  relatively  smaller  than  in  tho  corresponding  teeth  of  other  genera 
in  the  family.  The  third  molar  much  as  in  Atalapha.  Tho  first  limb 
of  the  anterior  V  alone  marked;  the  protocone  rudimental. 

^fandibular  teeth. — Incisors,  trifld,  not  crowded.  Canine  with  ob- 
li(iue  cingulum  on  lingual  aspect  with  no  posterior  tubercle.  The  first 
premolar  obscurely  bifid.  First  and  second  molars  with  thickened 
commissure  to  heel  (hyitoconid)  encroaching  on  the  grinding  surface. 
Tiu!!  heel  of  the  third  molar  a  mere  rudiment  on  lingual  side. 

The  paraconid  and  metaconid  close  together,  and  form  a  narrow  baso 
to  the  triangle  formed  by  those  elements  and  the  protoconid.  The 
liypoconid  is  much  less  developed  than  either  of  the  other  elements. 


68 


BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


Skull. — The  Ha^ittul  tciiiiHiral  croat  in  high  and  couspicuoua  over  the 
mesencophtUou  and  riidiiiiuntary  over  the  metacephuloii  and  proeneeph- 
alon.  A  distinct  convexity  lies  over  the  proencejihalon.  The  an- 
terior temporal  creHts  are  well  defined.  A  tubercle  lies  at  the  btisnl 
end  of  each  creat.  From  this  tubercle  forward  the  imperiectly  defined 
upiM^r  border  o^  the  Himple  inner  o<*bital  wall  extends.  The  vertex  oi' 
the  face  is  without  nasal  enunenci.;  a  groove  extending  from  the  be- 
ginning of  the  sagittal  temporal  crest  to  the  anterior  nasal  aperture. 
The  maxilla  is  without  cunuavities.  The  anterior  border  of  the  vomer 
corresponds  to  the  middle  of  the  first  maxillary  molar.  The  nasal 
bones  and  the  horizontal  plates  of  the  superior  maxilln3  advanced  2 
millimeters  beyond  the  vomer.  Anterior  nasal  aperture  incised.  The 
inner  wall  of  the  orbit  is  convex.  The  lachrymal  foreamen  is  one-half 
as  large  as  the  infraorbital.  The'iiifraorbital  forameu  relatively  large 
and  placed  near  orbit.  The  two  parts  of  the  tympanic  bone  do  not 
unite  but  conceal  the  cochlea;  the  basisphenoid  bone  retains  a  nearly 
vertical  auditory  process.  The  ma^^toid  is  smaller  than  the  paroccipital 
process.  The  ster no- mastoid  impression  is  narrow,  elongate,  not  in- 
flated. The  external  semicircular  canal  is  almost  entirely,  and  the  hor- 
rizontal  quite,  covered  with  bone.  The  posterior  and  upper  surfaces 
are  as  in  Atalapha.  The  apertures  in  the  cranium  by  which  the  otic 
capsules  approach  the  periphery  are  circumscribed.  The  inner  bor- 
der of  the  condyle  of  the  lower  jaw  is  produced,  acuminate.  The  mas- 
seteric impression  is  weak  inferiorly;  the  angle  is  broad  and  flat,  quite 
unlike  other  vespertilionine  forms  excei)ting  perhaps  HarpiocephaluH. 
It  lies  in  a  line  with  the  middle  of  the  condyle  and  is  therefore  not  de- 
flected; the  lower  border  of  the  fossa  for  the  insertion  of  the  temporal 
muscle  forms  a  ridge  which  is  continuous  with  the  line  of  the  alveolus. 
The  ethmoid  bone  in  this  genus  closely  resembles  that  of  other  Vesper- 
tilionidte.    The  ectoturbinal  is  compressed  mediolaterally. 

Notes  on  the  skeleton. — Scapula :  coracoid  process  turned  forward  at 
tip.  Axillary  border  markedly  convex  below  impression  for  triceps 
muscles.  Humerus :  epitrochlea  projects  horizontally,  deflected  down- 
ward, and  is  flat  and  broad;  lateral  trochlea  weak,  scarcely  defined;  no 
olecranon  fossa.  Carpus  not  distinctive:  pisiform  lies  across  palmar 
aspect.  .■'■::•'?  7 ■^;^'.i- 

Penis  with  a  cauliflower-like  thickening  to  prepuce. 

Habitat. — The  pale  bat  is  found  in  California,  Oregon,  Gape  St.  Lucas, 
Mexico  and  Arizona.  It  is  abundant  at  Fort  Yuma.  E.  Coues  states 
that  it  infests  the  houses  and  annoys  the  inmates  by  its  scrambling  al)out 
the  recesses  in  the  walls  and  copings.  The  naked  muzzle  has  "  a  pe- 
culiar livid  hue  in  life,  rendering  the  animal  more  repulsive  and  forbid- 
ding than  is  usual  even  in  this  family."  ;  .i 


'^i^.- 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  IX 


■  t 


1.  Maxillary  teeth  of  Antrozous  pallious. 

2.  Mandibular  teeth  of  same.    X8. 


X8. 


Head 

Longt 

Loiigt 

First 

L( 

L( 

Secou 

L( 

U 

Tliird 

L( 

U 

L« 

I'dlU'tl 

L( 
L< 
U 

Fifth  1 
L( 
Lt 
Lt 

Leiigtl 
lldgh 
Huigb 
l.ungt: 
Lciigtl 
l.uiigtl 
Lougtl 


(Jnrrei 
h 


152. 
5;t8. 
Wl . 
W.t. 
K»(7. 
431. 
m5. 

i7;i. 

■16. 


Cut.  N<i 


15; 
524 
5241 
5451 
5:il 
52 
52;il 

52;r 

623! 
523( 


A  MONOGRAPH  OP  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


69 


MeaturementH  from  an  average  of  four  tpeviment. 

Hillimeten. 

Iluad  aucl  body  (from  crown  of  hotul  to  boHo  of  tail) 48 

Luiigth  of  nrin 31 

Length  of  foreurin 51 

Kirst  digit: 

Length  of  first  metacarpal  bono 3( 

Length  of  firot  phalanx ,  5 

Second  digit: 

Length  of  second  metacarpal  bono 39 

Length  of  first  phalanx 2^ 

Third  digit: 

Length  of  third  metacarpal  bone 43 

Length  of  first  phalanx 13 

Length  of  second  phalanx 13 

I'oiirth  digit: 

Length  of  fourth  metacarpal  bono 43 

Length  of  first  phalanx 12 

Length  of  second  phalaux 11 

riftli  digit: 

Length  of  fifth  metacarpal  bone 43 

Length  of  first  phalanx 11 

Length  of  second  phalanx 8 

Length  of  head 23 

Height  of  oar 26 

Height  of  tragus 

Length  of  thigh 17 

Length  of  tib  a..  , 19 

Length  of  fool 11 

Length  of  tail 41 

Measurementt  from  flrtt  edition  of  Monograph. 


(/'nrrent  num- 
ber. 


From  I 
tip  of  ;  Length 
nose  to   of  tail, 
tail. 


152 

5:w 

.VJl 

in. 

2.10 

2.U 

2.4 

/». 

2.0 

(0 
(1) 
i.« 

M 

431 

M'l      

(» 
2.6 
2.0 
2.0 
2.4 
2.5 

(») 
1.(1 

17;(      

1.6 

.15 

1.6 
l.O 

Length 

Length 
tibia. 

Length 

of  luDg- 

fore- 

e8t fin- 

arm. 

ger. 
In. 

In. 

In. 

2.0 

0.9 

3.0 

2.0 

0.8 

a.o 

1.10 

0.8 

3.0 

2.0 

0.9 

3.4 

2.0 

0.9 

3.0 

2.0 

0.0 

3.4 

t.ll 

1.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

3.0 

2.0 

0.10 

3.4 

2.0 

0.9 

3.5 

l^ength 
thuinb. 


In. 

0.4 
0.5 
0.6 
0.5 
0.5 
0.5 
0.4 
0.5 
0.5 
0.5 


Height 
of  ear. 


In. 

0.10 

0.9 

0.10 

1.0 

0.10 

0.10 

0.10 

0.12 

1.1 

1.0 


^y      Ex-      Natureof 
tragus.!  !"«••••  |»Pec'nien. 


In. 

0.6 
0.5 
0.5 
0.4 
(») 
0.6 
0.0 
0.7 
0.7 
0.7 


In. 

12.0 

10.6 

11.0 

11.0 

(») 

11.6 

11.0 

11.2 

11.6 

12.0 


Dry. 


k. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


List  of  ipeciment. 


rat.  No. 

No.  of 

specimen. 

152 

5211 

5240 

5455 

5:m 

521 

5238 

5237 

5239 

5236 

19  1 

1 

Locality. 


El  Paso  (Bouudary  Survey)  . 

San  Kllnnrio,  Tax 

Fort  Hliss,  N.Mex 

Flirt  D«ll<».  Oreg 

IVwat.'roek,  Cal 

Tnjon  Valiey 

Fort  Tejon,  Cal 

ilo 

Fort  Yuma,  Cn\ 

CaiM<  St.  Lucas 


Presented  by— 


J.  H.  Clark  (type)  . . . 
Dr.  C.B.  Kennerly... 
Dr.  S.  W.  Crawford  . 

Dr.  Ueo.  Suckley 

Dr.  A.  L.  Heemiann  . 

do 

John  XauiuB 

do 

M^.  U.  H.  Tliomas.. 
John  Xantus 


Nature  of 
specimen. 


Dry. 

Alcoholic. 
Do. 

Do. 
Aloohollo. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


70 


BULLETIN  i%  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


il  ^ 


While  tlie  sheets  were  passing  thronj^h  the  press  the  foHowing  addi- 
tions liave  been  made  to  my  study  of  AiitrozouH  and  its  allies,  l}unt/p- 
terns,  C'orynorhinus,  and  Nyatojihiliis.  in  Antrozouii  theparaconids  and 
metaconids  are  indistinctly  defined  and  much  crowded;  in  Dasi/pte- 
ruH  they  are  well  defined  and  separated  from  ejich  other,  as  is  the 
case  in  the  family.  AntrozouH  differs  from  Dmyptertta  in  the  presence 
of  a  broad,  ilange-like  epi(!ondyl»; ;  in  the  simple  (nonbifld)  conusoid 
process;  in  the  smaller  i)isiform  bone,  which  shows  no  disposition  to  be 
prolonged  downward  along  the  shaft  of  the  fifth  metacarpal  bone;  in 
the  flftli  metacarpal  bone  l)eing  almost  the  length  of  the  fourth;  in  the 
greater  trochanter  being  broatl,  and  not  deflected  backward;  a«d  in  tiic 
outer  femoral  condyle  being  smaller  than  the  inner.  The  first  phalanx, 
respectively,  of  the  second,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  toes  are  dis])osed  to 
be  dorsifiexed  on  the  metatarsus — a  character  apt  to  be  repeated  in  all 
scurrying  forms.  I  say  apt  to  be  repeated,  for  it  is  an  adaptive  char- 
acter and  due  to  muscle  traction.  The  reader  is  referred  to  the  figure 
of  Adelonycteris  fuHcuH  in  illustration  of  the  shape  taken  by  the  toes 
when  the  animal  lies  prone.  This  position  is  sometimes  also  assumed 
in  specimens  preserved  in  strong  alcjhol.  The  absence  of  such  a  dis- 
position in  CorynorhimiH  and  Basyptenm  is  in  consonance  with  other 
characters,  nam^iy,  that  in  these  genera  the  foot  is  adapted  to  hanging 
rather  than  to  scurrying,  and  that  both  genera  are  of  the  broad- 
winged  parachuted  type  of  flight  rather  than  of  the  narrower-winged 
zigzag-fiying  type.  One  notes,  therefore,  without  surprise  that  the 
third  finger,  both  in  Corynorhinus  sind  Banynterus,  is  longer  than  in 
Antrozous. 

In  NyctophiluH  it  is  seen  that  the  inner  condyle  of  the  femur  is 
smaller,  and  the  greater  trochaiiti^r  is  deflected  backward — the  last 
character  especiially  being  best  developed  in  parachuted  types. 

The  union  of  gland  clumps  \y,w\i  of  the  nose-leaf  in  Anirozoiia  is  in 
evidence  of  a  dispositiim  seen  in  Bnichyphylla  and  PhyUonyeteris.  So 
far  as  it  goes,  it  indiiiates  an  approximation  of  the  genus  to  the  phyl- 
lostomines. 

Peters  (SB.  Akad.  I>erlin,  1882, 987)  places  Antrozous  and  NyctophUm 
in  association  with  liliinophylla  and  Mv<j<t(krmn  (.').  It  is  remarkable 
that  Mnvrotus  should  also  have  be«^n  pla(;ed  in  a  similar  alliance.  (See 
this  genus.)  I  have  had  nomeansof  instituting  comparisons  with  either 
of  the  forms  last  named. 


Genus  VESPERTILIO  LiiiiiiiMis. 

Q  S  1  2 

Dental  formula. — Molnrs  V,  premolnrH  | ,  (canines    ,  iiirisor.s  _  x2  =  'lH  teetli. 

The  genus  Vespertilio  will  be  restricted  to  those  bats  which,  having 
on  each  side  of  the  jaw  three  premolars  and  three  molars,  have  in  ad- 
dition two  u|)|>er  and  three  lower  incisors.  Each  species  possesses  an 
erect,  tapering  tragus  and  a  marginal  external  basallobe  to  the  auri(;le. 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


71 


Hoth  tilie  internal  and  exterr  al  basal  lobes  are  near  together  and  form 
the  lower  end  of  an  ellipse  of  which  the  tip  .institutes  the  upper  end. 
In  contrast  with  Ktrivoula  a,iid  Natalm  the  scallops  come  well  forward 
in  front  of  the  conch.  Both  sides  of  the  auricle  in  good  specimens  are 
usually  marked  with  raised  arborescent  lines.  In  further  contrast  with 
Kerivoula  and  Nataluti  (genera  which  have  the  same  number  of  teeth  • 
.(B  Veftpertilio)  a  phalanx  is  present  in  the  second  manal  digit.  The 
third  digit  is  scarcely  longer  than  the  combined  lengths  of  the  body 
and  the  lower  extremity,  while  an  oblique  tibial  line  is  present  on  the 
wing  membrane.  The  scallops  of  the  auricle  are  membranous  (i.  e., 
not  thickened),  and  are  not  incurved  toward  the  tragus  in  the  manner 
which  is  so  conspicuously  the  case  in  Adelonycteris  (q.  v.).  The  proto- 
coiie  of  the  third  upper  premolar  is  well  defined.  The  post-digital  nerve 
of  the  fourth  interspace  arises  from  the  side  of  the  fourth  metacarpal 
bone  near  the  middle.* 

The  exact  relations  which  obtain  between  Adelonycteris,  Vesperugo 
and  the  older  genus  VespertiUo,  have  not  been  determined.  This  arises 
from  the  fact  that  minute  variations  in  the  numbers  of  teeth  in  bats 
appear  to  be  less  denotive  of  structural  peculiarities  elsewhere  in  the 
economy  that  is  the  case  with  the  mammalia  generally.  Dobson  {I.  c.) 
places  Adelonycteris,  Vcspertigo  and  Lasionycteris  in  the  same  group, 
each  being  the  type  of  a  sub-genus.  But  the  inter »  .!s  between  mem- 
bers of  the  group  are  most  unequal.  Adelonycteris  and  Vesperugo  can 
scarcely  be  separated  except  by  the  teeth  while  Lasionycteris  has  dis- 
tinguishing characters  in  many  parts  of  the  periphery. 

While  the  species  of  Vespertilio  are  exceedingly  variable,  it  is  of  in- 
terest to  note  that  the  wings  are  quite  constant  in  form.  Scarcely  any 
distinctions  are  discernible  between  these  parts  in  species  so  remote  in 
areas  of  distribution  as  those  of  Europe  and  America.  The  shaiKi  of 
the  tragus  is  of  more  exact  specific  value  than  the  wings  and  on  the 
whole  yields  the  best  single  character  of  the  skin  surface.  The  inter- 
femoral  membrane  is  variable  and  is  of  much  less  value  than  the 
tragus  in  denoting  the  constancy  of  species.  The  same  may  be  said  of 
the  auricle,  for  its  shape  and  proportions  are  more  generic  than  specific 
ill  significance,  though  it  mnst  be  conceded  that  the  size  of  the  first 
scallop  and  the  character  of  the  outer  border  above  the  scallop  dis- 
tinguish varieties.  At  best  the  American  species  are  less  sharply  dis- 
tiii}>nished  fi-om  one  another  than  are  those  of  the  old  world.  In 
support  of  this  statement  the  ensuing  notes  ;;ire  presented  of  my  ob- 
servations on  a  few  well-known  exotic  forms: 

v.  miifieola  (Indiii). — Nostril  with  cormi  well  defined  with  prominent  mnrginn, 
licirder  of  iioHtril  ftt  innz/.lo  imperfectly  limited,  septum  recodeut  obscure.     Muzzle 

"  I't'xiwrtilio,  according  to  ('ones  and  Yarrow  (Wheeler  Expedition,  1875),  includes 

1  2  *^  S 
all  ImtM  with      ,j  ^  '    prcmohirs.     'I'liesii  chnructerH  define  respectively  the  genera 

J,  w,  ,1,  A, 

la^^  dcliiiotl  hy  them)  Vetpcrug,  I'vupcriigo,  f'enimridvii,  and  Veiiptrtilio. 


n 


BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


glands  distinct,  nodular.  Postmental  wart  constitiito  s  a  largo,  hard  nodule.  Thumb 
directed  outward,  scarcely  larger  than  its  metacarpal  bone ;  callosity  large. 

F.  nattereri  (Europe). — Nostril  as  in  V.  miiricola;  muzzle  and  post  mental  glaniU 
rndinieutal.  Internal  margin  of  thr>  auricle  and  internal  basal  lobe  not  lying  against 
the  head.  Outer  margin  >>i  the  base  of  the  tragus  obscurely  separated  from  tlio 
inconspicuous  lobule.  Tragus  greatly  viroduced,  tiliform.  First  metacarpal  bono 
strongly  Hexed,  outline  w^flned;  callosity  small.  Thumb  scarcely  if  at  all  projected 
beyond  the  contour  of  the  second  metacarpal  bone.  Oblique  tibial  lino  arises  from 
the  distal  third  of  tlio  tibia. 

V.capaccinii  (Europe). — Foot  jinormous;  tragus  long,  filiform;  membrane  from 
ankle,  or  a  point  slig}itly  above  i:,  covered  with  hair  which  also  clothes  the  leg  ami 
the  sides  of  the  intorfenioral  niPinbr.nne. 

F.  wyglaciiiiia  (P^uropc). — As  opposed  to  the  preceding  this  species  is  not  ho 
easily  distinguished  from  the  American  species  (vide  Monograph).  The  tragus  in 
quite  as  in  the  phases  of  our  Western  States.  The  fur  presents  some  distinctive 
features,  viz,  in  the  diit'erent  hues  of  brown  of  the  back. 

The  American  species  further  resembles  V.  mystacinus  in  the  bearded 
upper  lip,  especially  the  western  forms,  as  stated  in  Monograph,  p.  C(». 
In  alcoholic  specimens  this  is  less  conspicuous  than  in  the  dry,  for  the 
hairs  are  soft  and  readily  cling  to  the  skin.  In  some  varieties  the  hairs 
quite  thickly  clothe  the  sides  and  front  of  the  face,  and  are  conspicuous 
from  their  bhick  color.  Apart  from  the  wing  membrane  this  is  the  best 
peripheral  charsicter  by  which  VespertiUo  can  be  distinguished  from 
Adelonycteris  and  Veaperugo. 

The  difficulties  acknowledged  in  identifying  the  American  species 
are  apparently  insuperable,  so  great  is  the  range  of  variation  in  the 
proportions  of  the  ears,  thumb,  feet,  tail,  and  phalanges  of  the  manus, 
and  in  the  coloration  of  the  fur  and  the  membranes.  If  the  purposes 
of  zoological  science  should  end  with  the  identification  of  species,  the 
student  might  well  be  discouraged  in  his  studies  in  this  field.  But 
fortunately  the  very  intricacies  of  the  subject  Si:ggest  problems,  in  the 
attempts  to  solve  which,  his  knowledge  of  the  life  and  structure  of  these 
little  organisms  can  not  fail  to  be  increased. 

After  careful  consideration  from  the  available  material,  I  have  con- 
cluded thsit  there  are  three  species  of  Vespertilio  in  the  United  States, 
namely,  F.  gryphus,  inhabiting  the  country  east  of  the  ninety-eightli 
degree  parallel  longitude;  F.  albescens,  and  F.  niftdiw,  in  the  country 
west  of  the  line  above  named. 

Numerous  variations  exist  which  make  it  unsatisfactory  to  frame 
diagnoses  of  these  species  after  the  manner  seen  elsewhere  in  this 
memoir.  Such  variations  are  of  great  interest,  and  it  will  be  found  con- 
venient to  retain  for  them  names  of  well-marked  varieties  as  though 
they  had  specific  value.  Among  such  I  include  F.  luci/ngun  under  V. 
gryphvs;  V.  melanorhhms  under  F.  albescens;  V.  macropus  under  F.  albes- 
cens; V.  eiiotis  under  F.  albescens;  V.  longicrus  under  F.  nitidus;  V.  yu- 
manensis  under  F.  nitidus. 

Variations  in  animals  are  commonly  included  under  the  headings  of 
the  regions  of  country  in  which  they  occur  and  by  which  their  distri- 
bution is  limited.    While  varieties  so  defined  are  doubtless  the  main 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATft  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


73 


ones,  two  other  kiiidH  arc  recognized  a8  present  in  the  American  species 
of  Vespertilio.  The  first  of  these  is  ontogenetic  and  consists  in  adults 
not  infrequ(Mit1y  retaining  in  an  irregular  manner  some  of  the  propor- 
tions  of  the  young.  This  I  pro{M)He  calling  pedomorphic  vai-iation,  or 
pt'doinorphism.  The  second  is  due  to  depositions  of  black  pigment  in 
increased  proportion  in  those  parts  of  the  skin  which  is  not  covered  by 
I'lir,  as  on  the  ears,  membranes,  snout,  and  feet.  This  I  propose  calling 
iDclanic  variatitm.  Pedomorphic  and  melauic  variation  is  seen  in  all 
three  species. 

1  propose  presenting  each  of  these  subie(!ts  in  some  detail  under  dis- 
tint^t  lieadings,  sis  follows: 

Pedomorphic  variation. — In  young  bats  the  foot  and  thumb  are  apt 
to  be  disproportionately  large  as  compared  with  the  same  parts  in 
mature  individuals;  at  the  same  time  the  auricle  and  tragus  are  corre- 
spondingly small,  the  snout  high,  blunt,  and  nearly  naked.  Thisdispo- 
for  the  sition  for  our  species  occasionally  to  retain  juvenile  peculiarities  has 

led  to  much  confusion  in  their  identification.  Prof.  E.  D.  Cope  has 
])i'oposed  to  employ  for  this  condition  the  term  retardation,  that  is  to 
say,  the  parts  above  named  are,  as  it  were,  held  back  while  others  are 
permitted  to  go  on  to  adult  expression.  V.  lucifugits  of  Leconte  is  a 
"ihnnorphic  variety  of  V.  gryphm  as  V.  yumanensis  is  a  similar  variety 
.        .  nit  id  us. 

It  is  easily  understood  how  necessary  it  is  to  determine  the  age  of  a 
fjivcn  specimen  to  be  identified,  since  an  immature  form  of  the  typical 
exaiiipfe  of  a  species  may  be  similar  to  the  fully  grown  adult  from  the 
retardation  of  development  in  the  characters  above  named.  In  quite 
young  individuals  the  fourth  and  fifth  digits  arc  of  the  same  length 
wliile  the  basi-o(!cipital  bone  is  not  coossified  with  the  sphenoid,  and 
tli(;  epiphysis  at  the  distal  end  of  the  metacarpal  bone,  as  well  as  both 
ends  of  the  hun\erus,  are  detachable.  In  older  specimens,  yet  imma- 
ture, tiie  proportions  of  the  manus  are  as  in  the  adult  while  the  joint 
last  named  is  still  without  sharpness  of  outline,  thus  indicating  imper- 
fection in  development.  The  interfemoral  membrane  is  triangular,  the 
tij)  of  the  tail  boldly  exserted,  and  the  post  calcaral  lobe  is  absent. 
Tlu^  teeth  are  fully  erupted  long  before  the  tail  and  the  manus  are  com- 
plete, so  that  tlie  characters  presented  by  them  are  of  little  value  in 
determining  age  after  the  animals  become  independent  food-seekers. 
The  study  of  the  young,  therefore,  is  of  importance  in  the  identification 
of  species.  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  (Mammals  of  Massachusetts)  has  stated 
tliat  ill  his  judgment  V.  luci/ugus  is  the  young  of  V.  suhulntus,  a  state- 
ment which  is  equivalent  to  saying  that  bats  having  the  chanicteristics 
above  developed  are  always  immature.  I  have,  therefore,  taken  pains 
to  examine  carefully  the  composition  of  the  bones  in  the  forms  which 
I  have  included  in  the  monograph  under  V.  luci/ugus,  and  I  can  defi- 
nitely assert  that  they  are  not  immature.  With  the  exception  of  the 
characteristic  retention  in  the  head,  foot,  thumb,  and  interfemoral  mem- 


!'i=li 


w 


74 


niTLLETIN  43,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


II 


fii: 


branci,  the  proportion  of  the  winjrs  and  the  details  of  the  skeleton  a>id 
of  the  teeth  are  precisely  those  of  V.  gryphuH. 

The  pedoniorpliiit  varieties  of  V.  f/ryphm  appear  to  be  more  common 
in  cold,  elevated  countiie.-.  than  in  warmer.  The  retardation  may  be 
due  to  the  enviranment  bein^  ui. favorable  to  developniont,  owing  to  a 
shtu't  summer  and  a  correspondingly  long  period  of  hibernai,ion.  This, 
howe'.er,  is  a  surmise,  as  excellent  examples  are  met  with  in  V,  al- 
beseem  along  the  soutliern  parts  of  California  and  in  Lower  (California. 
The  markings  of  the  meiubraties  iu  pedomorphism  are  precisely  those 
of  the  typical  adults.  The  chara'  ters  which  may  be  retarded  are,  of 
course,  infinite.  In  point  of  fiujt,  however,  those  which  are  usually 
found  associated  are  those  above  named.  Occasionally  a  small  ear  and 
tragus  is  found  with  a  small  foot  and  large  interfemoral  membrane. 
The  opposite  to  this  I  liave  not  seen,  namely,  a  large  foot  with  a  large 
ear,  tragus,  and  interfemoral  membrane. 

Melanic  variation. — When  the  pigmentation  is  everywhere  so  great 
as  to  give  a  black  hue  to  the  membranes,  ears,  face,  and  feet,  the  con- 
trast is  so  great  between  the  individuals  and  tiiose  which  exhibit  the 
translucent  black  sha'des  as  to  be  very  noticeable.  Since  the  intensely 
black  forms  include  those  which  also  possess  auricles  which  are  mod- 
erately or  scarcely  concave  on  the  outer  border,  and  which  are  larger 
than  the  head,  they  constitute  true  varieties.  V.  evotis  and  V.  mela- 
norhinuH  are  melanic  varieties  of  V.  albescens.  V.  longicrus  True  is 
probably  a  melanic  variety  of  V.  nitidus.  Melanic  variation  is  less 
connuon  in  V.  gryphus  than  in  either  of  the  western  species.  In  no  in- 
stance does  it  enter  into  a  diagnosis.  Black  vsirieties  through  tl;e 
fauna  may  be  found  in  both  the  typical  and  the  pedoinorphic  adults. 

It  is  diiflcult  to  determine  the  examples  of  Vespertilio  from  the  conn- 
try  west  of  the  ninety-eighth  parsillel.  The  change  of  color  of  fur  and 
membrane,  the  variation  in  the  shapes  of  the  interfemoral  membrane, 
the  relative  lengths  of  the  limbs,  especially  of  the  thumb,  feet,  and 
legs,  are  unavailable  for  purposes  of  diagnosis. 

I  assume  that  the  ftdlowing  characters  determine  the  western  spe- 
cies: Lateral  upper  incisor  much  less  frequently  crenulated  at  cingulum 
than  in  the  eastern  forms,  and  disposed  tf)  inward  rotation.  Penis 
small,  with  narrow,  otteii  pigmented  prepuce.  Fur  forming  a  transverse 
white  line  under  the  lower  jaw.  Tragus  not  isosoles,  but  straight  on 
inner  border  and  convex  at  lower  part  of  the  outer  border.  If  the  outt  r 
border  is  without  cMmeavity  above  this  convex  portion,  then  the  tragus 
is  semielliptical;  if  the  border  is  with  concavity,  then  the  tragus  is 
semipyriform.  The  membranes  are  translucent,  never  brown  in  tint, 
but  when  not  melanic  are  of  a  peculiar  blueish-black,  gray  tinge,  lie- 
flnesque  describes  a  species  of  North  Ainerican  Vespertilio  under  the 
name  of  V.  cyniioptcrus,  whU-h  I  have  been  unable  to  identify.  (See 
Appendix.)  The  "  wings  are  of  a  dark  blueish  gray."  The  diilerence  lie 
tween  a  dark  bluish  gray  and  a  diluted  translucent  black  is,  perhaps, 


A  MONOGRAPH   OP   THE  BATS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


75 


one  of  personal  equation.  To  express  it  differently,  the  membranes  ' 
iii'it  liglitly  pignientod,  though  the  pigmont  is  black  in  color.  The  an- 
terior surface  of  the  interfcmoral  membrane  appears  to  be  less  pig- 
mented than  other  portions  of  the  wing  meiabraues.  As  a  result  the 
iiieinbrano  presents  a  whitish  api>earance,  as  though  a  little  uhalk 
and  water  had  been  lightly  painted  over  it.  The  post  calcaral  lobe  i.} 
oltcn  well  deveh)ped,  but  on  the  whole  i-^  inconstant. 

The  characters  of  the  eastern  species  aie  seen  in  the  diagnosis  and 
des(!ription  of  V.  gryphus,  and  are  in  con*-  ist  to  the  western. 

The  distribution  of  the  genus  Vespertilio  in  North  America  is  similar 
to  that  of  other  genera  of  mammals  whose  range  is  extensive.  Thus  it 
can  be  said  that  the  western  forms  in  the  United  States  (west  of  1)8°) 
an^  distinct  from  the  eastern;  that  the  eastern  forms  range  north  and 
northwest  through  British  America  with  little  variation,  and  that  they 
are  disposed  to  reappear  in  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  northwestern 
United  States  along  the  Pacific  coast,  presumably  by  migration  from 
tlie  north  along  paths  of  high  altitude;  that  the  southern  parts  of  the 
eastern  United  States,  say  from  below  30°  latitude,  resemble  Mexican 
phases,  as  do  those  of  the  western,  from  an  irregular  line  between  30° 

anil  42°  latitude. 

The  species  of  the  genus,  therefore,  are  the  least  local  of  any  mem- 
bers of  the  fauna.  It  is  probably  true  that  all  of  its  representatives 
liave  been  derived  from  one  or  more  tropical  ancestors,  and  that  an 
exhaustive  knowledge  of  these  forms  will  be  required  before  the  pecu- 
liarities of  the  more  northern  phases  can  be  properly  interi)reted.  As- 
suming that  migrations  have  taken  place  from  the  south  to  the  north, 
tlie  lines  of  their  first  divergence  would  appear  to  have  occurred  in  the 
iioitherii  parts  of  Mexico  in  three  separate  treiias — one  to  the  northeast 
through  tlie  Gulf  States;  one  due  north  through  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico,  and  one  northwest  through  the  Sacramento  Valley.  At  points 
fartlier  north  tlie  lines  become  greatly  disturbed,  the  tropical  features 
art^  to  a  great  extent  lost,  and  the  study  of  individuals  becomes  one  of 
f^ieat  intricacy.  Greatly  extended  research  beyond  the  means  available 
to  the  writer  will  be  needed  before  th&  questions  of  distribution  and 
the  validity  of  zoological  varieties  can  be  determined.  The  conclu- 
sions at  present  thought  to  be  tenable  may  serve  a  useful  purpose 
until  the  question  can  be  settled  by  students  who  are  more  favorably 
situated  than  he. 


1.  Vespertilio  gryphus  Fr.  Cuvior.    Tho  little  ]tr>wn  Itat.    (Platns  x,  xi.) 

I'lupcrtilio  gryphus  Fr.  Cuvior,  Nouv.  Annal.  rtii  MiiHeiim,  PariH,  1832,  15. 

VcHiHrtilio  salnrii,  ibid. 

I'lsiurtilio  Buhflamis,  il)i<l. 

ViKpirtilio  caroli  Temininck  Mono^;.  Mam. ii,  1835,  237.  Wagner,  Schrnb.  Saiigeth., 

Sui>j>l.,  V,  1H55,  749;  Dobson,  Cat.  Chirop.  Urit.  Mu«.,  1S78,  325. 
I'eHjiirliUo  domeiitiottii  (Jroen,  Cab.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  290. 


Hi 


n 


76  BULLETIN  43,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

V.  Buhulalus  Harlun,  Fauna  Americana,  1825, 22  (not  Say) ;  Riohardsoi.,  Fauna  fioreiit. 
Ainer.,  i,  1829, 3;  Uotlinan,  Amer.  Nat.  Kiot.,  i,  1831,  71 ;  Cuo^er,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y., 

IV,  1837,  61 ;  De  Kay,  Nat. Hist. N.  Y.  (Zool.),  1842,  8;  Wagner,  Scbreb. SiiuK.tli. 

V,  1855,  750,  Looonto,  Proc.  Acb<1.  Nat.  Sci.  i'lila.,  1856,  436j  H.  Allen,  Mou.ig. 
Ii.                                '       N.  A.  ItutB,  1864,  51;  DnbBon,  Cat.  Chirop.  Brit.  Mas.  1878,  324. 

1  As  indicated  by  the  nynoiiymy,  this  hat  is  tlie  same  aa  thit  V.  Hubulatu» 

)  of  the  first  edition  of  the  Monograph. 

Maj.  Lecoute  rehabilitated  V.  subulatus,  Say,  (see  Appendix),  and  sub- 

)  sequent  writers  acisepted  this  writer's  determination.    The  type  is  lost. 

,'  The  original  diagnosis  was  remarkable  in  four  respects:  It  described 

'  the  lower  canine  tis  bifid  on  one  side — an  anomaly  I  have  never  seen; 

;  it  was  drawn  up  from  an  immature  individual;  it  was  of  a  dull  cinere- 

'  ous  color  on  the  dorsum,  and  had  hairs  on  the  free  border  of  the  inU^r- 

femoral  membrane.    The  specimen  was  secured  on  the  Charles  River, 

'     y  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Arkansas,  in  a  section  now  near  Pueblo  in 

southwestern  Colorado. 

^'  The  only  specimens  of  Vespertilio  which  have  been  described  from 

/ '  regions  near  the  one  described  are  F.  nitidm  macropus,  nob.,  which  was 

obtained  from  Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.,  and  F.  nitidus  ciliolabrumf  Merriam, 

which  was  collected  in  western  Kansas. 

In  one  of  the  four  specimens  of  T'.  nitidns  nnwroptis  in  my  possession 
the  color  of  the  fur  might  easily  be  said  to  have  a  grayish  cast,  though 
the  predominant  color  is  brown.  The  question  at  once  arises,  can  a 
specimen  of  Vespertilio  collected  i  n  southwestern  Colorado  on  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  be  said  justly  to  be  the  same  as  those 
which  frequent  the  Eastern  and  Gulf  States?  I  believe  this  question 
must  be  answered  negatively,  so  long  as  I  hold  to  my  present  opinion 
that  western  and  eastern  forms  are  distinct.  It  is  agreed  that  the 
ninety-eighth  parallel  represents  the  line  which  separates  the  two  sec- 
tions, and  since  Charles  River  lies  well  within  the  western  section,  there 
appears  to  be  no  longer  a  doubt  that  F.  subulatus  is  western  in  its  aflSni- 
ties.    Since  the  description  of  Say,  therefore,  can  not  apply,  it  is  neces- 

!J  sary  to  determine  which  of  the  numerous  names  given  to  the  eastern 

form  is  available. 

The  diagnoses  of  Fr.  Cuvier  {I.  c.)  might  all  apply — three  of  them  to 
the  Northern  ( F.  gryphus,  V.  salarii,  and  F.  crassus)  and  three  to  the 
Southern  varieties  ( T'".  creeks,  F.  georgianus,  and  F.  suhfUivus).  V.  gear- 
gianus  was  sent  to  Cuvier  by  Maj.  Leconte  and  the  name  was  accejjted 
by  the  donor  of  the  specimen  as  applicable  to  the  form  described  in 
this  memoir  under  the  name  Vcsperugo  earolinensis.  Of  the  remaining 
species  it  would  appear  to  be  appropriate  to  select  the  first  in  theoriU'r 
of  the  description.  If  this  plan  be  accepted  Vespertilio  gryphus,  Fr. 
Cuvier,  is  the  name  of  the  eastern  species.  The  term  "murinoid''  of 
this  writer  happily  gives  the  reader  a  clue  to  the  affinity  of  the  species, 
since  Fc»j9er<iKoM»MrtHf*«  of  Europe  resembles  our  species  of  Vespertilio 
in  many  respects.  The  presence  of  two  additional  molars  in  the  upjier 
jaw  as  contrasted  with  the  number  in  F.  creeks  the  "  serotiuoid  "  bat  /.  c. 


rM. 

r'auna  Boreal, 
n.  Lye.  N.  Y., 
rob.  SiiuKt'Mi, 
.Hen,  Mouof;, 

"^,  subulatUH 

k),  and  sub 
ype  is  lost. 
t  described 
ever  seen; 
lull  cinere- 
f  the  inter- 
[•les  River, 
Pueblo  in 

ribed  from 
which  was 
I,  Merriam, 

possession 
bSt,  thou^li 
ises,  can  a 
;he  eastern 
e  as  those 
s  question 
nt  opinion 
1  that  the 
le  two  sec- 
tion, there 
a  its  aflini- 
it  is  neces- 
he  eastern 

jf  them  to 
:ee  to  tlie 
.  V.  gear- 
J  acce])ted 
scribed  in 
remaining 

the  order 
ijphtis,  I<'r. 
rinoid''  of 
e  species, 
''espertilio 
the  up))er 

"bat  i.e. 


\      ...  [ 


I 

!         '; 


!,i' 


! 


Explanation  of  Plate  X 

l''Hi.  1.   Kroiit  view  ..riK.ad  of  lixiHrlilio  (irmihn,,. 

Vu;.  2.  Side  view  of  .same. 

Km.  a.   View  of  tiiiffus  (111(1  inner  sni-face  of  aurieio. 

I''l(i.  I.  AViiiir  lueiiibraue. 

Fm.  .").  Tail  and  inteifeiiioial  iiiembmiie. 

Fl(i.  6.  .Skull  Niieii  from  above,     x  2. 

Vui.  7.  Skull  and  lower  Jaw  seen  from  the  Hide,     x  2. 

Fio.  5.  JIaxillary  incisors,     x  32. 


BKi- 


U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  X 


<r^ 


Vespertilio  qryphus. 


I      ;. 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.     77 

ii  VcHprrugooT  an  Adelonycterin,  which  hHVo  'Mio  falHo  iiiolnrH  nbovo  luxl 
bii;  one  beh)w"  is  in  direct  tcHtinioiiy  that  this  writer  treatixl  the  hiHt 
|)i  fiiiolar  UH  a  iiiohir  and  tliu  smaller  prenidlars  uh  *'  falHe  molarH.*'  The 
hiii;;iia);e  iniplieH  the  Hanie  an  the  modern  expreHsion  that  there  are  two 
iiiiiiute  premolars  in  each  jaw  in  the  yespvrtilio  and  but  one  minute 
pirniolar  in  the  lower  jaw  of  A(Monycteri». 

Tliu  t((llowin}f  oinbnuics  the  Hiilient  points  in  Temminck's  ivccount  of 
the  coloration  in  \\  caroli:  'Moues,  ciHes  dn  con  et  ttmtes  Ics  parties 
HiiperieurcH  d'un  brune-roussatre  A  base  des  |)oila  noire;  en  deHsous  d'uu 
Itlaiic  jaunAtre  i\  la  iMiinte  et  bnm-fonue  i\  la  baHc." 

IHuf/nimiH. — Subacuminate,  tapering;  ears.  Interfemoral  membrane 
below  the  level  of  the  ankles  trianKular;  tip  of  tail  exsert;  penis  lar^e, 
willi  distinctly  expanded  butconcealed  glans;  prepuce  never  pigmented. 
Lateral  maxillary  incisor  disposed  to  outward  rotation,  almost  always 
witli  crenulat<cd  cingulum.  The  face  broad,  {torn  0'"  to  lU"'  between  the 
ears,  and,  owing  to  the  presence  of  large  muzzle-glands,  giving  the  rc/iou 
in  front  of  the  eyes  a  swollen  appearance.  A  supralabial  groove  not 
(lisiiiictly  inclines  toward  the  mouth  anteriorly;  ga]>e  of  mouth  rarely 
extends  back  beyond  the  internal  canthus.  The  tragus  is  slender  and 
[tointed;  the  inner  border  is  straight,  with  the  outer  border  inclined  out- 
ward, thus  forming  two  sides  of  an  isosceles  triangle.  Above  the  notch 
the  tragus  is  falciform  and  turned  outward.  It  is  rarely  crenulate  on  the 
outer  border.  Membranes  incline  to  be  brown  above  (never  block  ex- 
cepting in  the  Incifugan  variety)  and  gray  with  tawny  shades  below. 
The  hair  on  the  dorsum  of  the  interfemoral  membranes  ends  abruptly 
at  tlio  level  of  the  knees.  Manal  formula  variable.  The  following  are 
expressions  of  it: 

First  iuterspace <   ii 

Socoiid  iuterapace <  .. 

!23 

Forearm Jm 

Description. — The  auricle  is  elongated,  with  slightly  acuminate  in- 
ternal basal  lobe,  and  moderately  convex  anterior  border  and  rounded 
tip.  The  external  border  directly  below  the  tip  and  for  a  short  dis- 
tancte  is  emarginate.  The  first  scallop  is  distinct;  the  second  indistinct, 
and  the  ridges  are  scarcely  developed.  The  external  basal  lobe  is 
rounded,  small,  incurved  as  a  rule,  thickened,  and  broader  than  high. 
The  internal  and  external  basal  lobes  lie  near  together,  while  the  two 
borders  of  the  auricle  lie  far  apart.  Hence  the  form  of  the  ear  is  that 
of  an  oval,  the  lower  external  part  being  concealed  by  hair.  Both 
sides  of  the  auricle  in  well-preserved  examples  are  marked  by  numer- 
ous raised  arborescent  lines;  no  transverse  plica^  such  as  are  often 
conspicuous  in  the  ears  of  bats,  are  here,  as  a  rule,  noticeable. 

The  tragus  is  acuminate,  the  anterior  border  straight,  the  external 


\ 


"  Hi 


\-\ 


ill 


I' 


78  BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

oblique,  the  widest  part  of  the  tragus  being  just  above  the  small 
semicirculai*  notch ;  the  external  basal  lobe  with  a  disposition  to  turn 
inward,  *.  e.,  toward  the  interior  of  tlie  auricle. 

The  sides  of  the  muzzle  Avith  well-developed  glands,  which  give  tlie 
fiuje  a  swollen  appearance.  The  chin  is  provided  with  a  triangular 
nuked  space  whose  apex  is  often  slightly  prolonged;  the  nostril  with 
nearly  central  septum,  and  separated  from  the  mouth  by  the  width  of 
the  labial  border  only. 

The  wing  membrane  extends  to  the  base  of  the  toes;  the  tip  of  the 
tail  is  moderately  exsert.    The  postcalcaral  lobe  slightly  developed  or 
absent. 
j  ji  The  fur  of  the  back  is  of  a  prevalent  dark  bro-vn  or  olive  brown  color; 

li'!  i!  f  basal  third,  plumbeous  black.    The  brown  color  is  apt  to  be  f-mewliat 

lighter  on  the  hejul  and  base  of  the  ears  tlian  elsewhere.  Jt  varies  in 
character,  being  sometimes  dark  brown  and  often  light,  or  shades  with 
admixtureof  russet,  yellow,  and  even  of  gray.  The  basal  two-thirds  may 
be  smoky  brown  instead  of  dark  plumbeous.  The  under  surface  of  the 
body  is  of  a  light  gray,  verging  to  tawny  shades;  the  basal  two-thirds 
of  the  hair  is  black.  The  skin  from  chin  to  a  point  as  far  back  as  the 
oral  angles  scarcely  lighter  in  color  than  the  rest  of  the  body. 

The  melanic  variety  of  V.  tjryphm  is  much  less  common  than  witli 
V.  nitidus  or  V.  albescens.     A  good  example  of  it  is  seen  in  a  speci- 
men in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  (No.  23276,  from 
Cherokee,  N.  C).    The  dorsal  brown  is  of  so  deep  a  hue  in  this  example 
as  to  appear  black  in  alcohol. 

The  variations  of  V.  gryphus  are  two  in  number,  as  follows:  («) 
The  pedomorphic  forms  (See  p.  73),  exan'ples  of  which  can  be  found  in 
any  of  the  geographical  varieties  and  find  their  best  expression  in  the 
V.luci/ufftis  of  Leconte;  (6)  a  geographical  variety  confined  to  northern 
pai'ts  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  not  embraced  in  other 
groups. 

Var.  (a) — Vespertllio  gryphus  lucifugus  (Loconte). 

V.  lucifugus  Leconte,  Ciiv,  An.  Kinj;iloin  (McMiirtrio'H  (mI,),  I  App.  1831,  431;  Ihid, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.,  1855,  436;  Dobaoii,  Cut.  Chirop.  Urit.  Mu8.,  1879, 
328;  Alston,  Biol.  Centrali-Araer.,  Mam.,  1879-'82,  25. 

V.  eraasua  Fr.  Ciiv.,  Nouv.  Annales  du  Museum  d'Hist.  Nat.,  1832,  15. 

V.  breviro8tria  Max.  Prince  von  Wied,  VerzeicL.  Boobach.  Siiugetli.  N.  A.,  1860,  19. 

DeseriptioH, — Head  rathei  large,  somewhat  flattish ;  lips  moderately 
whiskered;  snoutmoreobtuse than  in  other  varieties  of  Venpertilio  ;  nos- 
trils sublateral,  sotne  distance  from  free  border  of  upper  lip ;  ears  narrow, 
blunt  at  tip,  slightly  emarginated  on  outer  side — the  internal  basal  lobe 
produced, rounded,  and  somewhat  obtuse,  notthicker  than  other  portions 
of  ear.  Tragus  half  as  high  as  auricle,  mostly  blunt,  unfrequently 
abruptly  acuminate.    Mental  space  well  defined.    Feet  large;  inter- 


I  •< 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XI 


;  m 


1.  Maxillary  teeth  of  Vespertilio  gryphus. 

2.  Mandibular  teeth  of  same,    x  12. 


X  12. 


I      !■■. 


feinor; 
I'l'iiiori 

(J()l( 
at  biis 
at  tip- 
color  i 

The 
above 
(listiiij 

V.  I 
ill  the 
color  ( 
foot,  V 
asiu  ^ 

Tlie 
Teriit< 
hordci 
of  tiio 
Aiiotli 
braiie 
icspeci 

I  ha 
individ 
future 
a8  the 


(/'iirii'iit  I 
lior. 


5:i3« 

ri:i47 
ri:t7o 

,'>:ifl4 

5377 


i^'4 


A  MONOOUAPU  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMEKICA. 


79 


femoral  membrane  of  moderate  size;  termination  of  calcar  with  inter- 
t'ciiiural  somewhat  abrupt;  tlie  \mnt  of  tail  exserted. 

Coloration  subject  to  little  variation,  that  of  the  back  dark  plumbeous 
lit  base,  with  dark  or  lightish  olive-brown  tips;  that  of  the  belly  lighter 
lit  tip — exhibiting  a  wliitish  gray  or  yellowish  gray  ai>pearauce.  The 
color  is  thus  similar  to  that  of  V.  gryphus. 

The  narrow  bluut  ear,  short  face,  and  the  elevation  of  the  nostril 
above  the  free  margin  of  upper  lip  are  the  characters  which  serve  to 
distinguish  this  eubspecies. 

V.  daubentonii,  of  Europe,  bears  some  resemblant^e  to  this  subspecies 
in  the  shape  of  the  ear  and  tragus;  but  it  is  dissimilar  in  the  whitish 
color  of  fur  beneath,  and  in  the  attachment  of  the  wing  membrane  to 
foot,  which  is  here  joined  to  the  ankle  iusteiid  of  the  base  of  the  toes 
lis  iu  V.  gryphtis  lueifugus. 

Tiie  specimen,  numbered  5538,  from  the  east  of  Colville,  Northwest 
Territory,  lias  a  pointed  tragus,  and  the  middle  j)art  of  the  free 
bolder  of  the  interfemoral  membrane  fringed  with  stiff  hairs.  Tiie  fur 
of  the  body  is  silvery  beneath,  blackish  above,  back  of  feet  not  hairy. 
Another  form  from  St.  Louis,  Mo.  (Cat.  No.  5344),  has  the  wing  mem- 
brane attached  to  the  ankles — the  foot  being  entirely  free.  Iu  other 
lespects  both  agree  with  V.  gryphus  lueifugus. 

I  have  thought  it  necessary  to  thus  briefly  indi<!ate  these  two  aberrant 
individuals,  without  giving  any  separate  account  of  them.     Should* 
t'lituie  collections  bring  forward  any  others  having  the  same  peculiarities 
as  the  above. 


II 


Meattirements  from  first  edition  of  Monograph. 


Cumiit  num- 

From 
tip  of 

Length 

Length 
ot  fore- 
arm. 

Length 
of  tibia. 

Length 

Length 
thumb. 

Height 
of 
ear. 

Height 

of 
tragus. 

Ex- 

Nature  of 

liiir. 

none  to 
tail. 

of  tail. 

longest 
finger. 

])au8u. 

spiHumen. 

7n. 

7«. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

5336 

1.10 

1.5 

1.5 

0.7 

2.0 

0.21 
0.21 

0.6 

0.2 

9.0 

Alcoholic. 

1.9 

1.5 

0.6A 

2.4 

0  0 

0.3 

8.0 

Do. 

'<:m 

1.9 

1.6 

1.4 

0.4 

2.6 

0.3 

0.7 

0.3 

8.0 

Do. 

y.m 

I.O 

1.0 

1.4 

0.4i 

2.5 

0.3 

0.6J 

0.3 

8.9 

Do. 

■i:i"0 

1.9 

1,0 

1.4 

0.4 

2.5 

0.3 

0.7 

0.3 

8.9 

Do. 

.MOI 

2.0 

1.0 

1.7 

0.8 

2.6 

0.3 

0.7 

0.4 

10.0 

Do. 

ri;in4 

1.6 

1.3 

i.a 

0.6 

2.3 

0.3 

0.0 

0.3J 

8.0 

I>o. 

5377 

1.0 

1.3 

1.3 

0.7 

2.2 

0.2t 

0.6 

0.3 

8.0 

Do. 

i' ':;  1  ii 

ft,:,  1 

1 

■ 

^^m 


I   !' 


80  BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

Ligt  of  iipecimens. 


Cat 

No.  t>f 

No. 

fiprci- 

niens. 

5370 

saM 

m:i4 

s;i:io 

sa;iH 

5;i;i7 

71117 

71IW 

MIQ 

51154 

55()1 

5')(HI 

5ri()r) 

5:i73 

549H 

5;i4ii 

5407 

5347 

5303 

5370 

5;)74 

5381 

5300 

5378 

5200 

54U3 

5364 

5:183 

5;tm) 

5377 

5373 

IjWiality. 


■Iiiinog  liny,  If  ikIhud'h  Buy 


WcHtiMirt,  N.  V... 

do 

Koxtmrtf.  I'a 

Wiishington,  I).  C. 

do 

Hmiufort,  8.  C 

do. 


VruHoutud  by 


C.  Droxicr. 


8.  F.  Uainl. 

do 

do 

do 

C.  (inrnnl... 
Dr.  llnydcD. 
.do . 


NMiiro  of 
HpouiinrDH. 

Alcoholic . 


iaio  Ko.ynlii,  liiiku  SiipiMidr.'  K,  A.  iIiMi|)e8 


Di'troit  Kivcr. 

(IroHHo  IhIii,  Midi 

do 

do 

Wim-ouHlii 

Kiiciiiu,  Wis 

Cook   Comitv,  111 

do 

Cairo,  111 

Fort  I'lunw,  Nnlir 

Saiitft  Ft>,  N.  M 

Ciintoumi'iit  lliirKwyii, 
Pu);ot  Sound,  VVasli... 

do I 

Fort  .Stoilacoom,  AVasli 
Coliiiiibin  Uiver 


N.N 


Fort  lieadiiiK,  CiU 

do ^ 

Capo  Flatter V.  WbhU. 

0) 

(0 

ABpinwall,  N.  G 


8.  F.  llninl 
Kov.  C.  Fox.. 

do 

do 

A.  ('.  Ilnrrv... 
Dr.  P.  K.  lloy 
K.  Kuiiiiicott. 

do 

do 

Dr.  Ilavdon.. 
W.J.  Itoward 
Dr.  AnderHon 

A.  Cnnipbell ! — do 

Dr.   Siirklt-y | do  . 

.do do . 

....do. 


...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do.... 
....do 

Dry 

— do 

...do 

AU-oUollo. 

Dry 

Alcoholic 

Dry 

Alcoholio 

...do 

...do 

do 


1  I'niU'd    States 

ExjMMlitioil. 

Dr.  ,1.  F.  Hammond. 

do 

Liout.  Trowbridge.. 
(■'). 


Exploring 


..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
Dr.  8.  Hays |....do. 


Collection. 


n.  8.  Nat. 
Hub. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
D«. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Ill  this  coiuiectioH  it  may  bo  said  that  J.  B.  Tyrrell  (I.  c.)  has  collected 
this  from  as  far  north  as  the  Hudson  Bay.  49G1,  M.  C.  Z.  from  Arkansas 
is  the  most  southern  locality  from  which  I  have  noticed  it.  The  foot 
in  this  specimen  is  very  large,  viz.,  1'"  long ;  the  base  of  toes  are  furnished 
with  long  hairs,  the  tibia  is  17"""  long,  and  the  external  basal  lobe  of 
the  auricle  is  not  incurved. 


Var.  (6)  Northern  form  of  Vespertilio  gryphus. 


It  is  highly  prob.able  that  this  variety  has  been  repeatedly  de- 
scribed in  numerous  accounts  of  North  American  bats  (see  Appendix)- 
but  for  the  reasons  already  given  it  is  impossible  to  determine  to  which 
species  of  the  earlier  naturalists  it  should  be  assigned.  It  is  found  best 
expressed  in  the  region  of  which  the  St.  Lawrence  River  is  the  center. 
Specimens  have  not  been  found  north  of  Canada,  south  of  Now  York, 
nor  west  of  Wisconsin. 

The  tragus  is  long  (truly  subulate)  directly  outward.  The  anterior 
border  of  the  auricle  is  distinctly  convex,  the  posterior  border  concave. 
Ears  long,  next  to  V.  albescens  erotis  in  size.  Tiiey  reach  beyond  the 
median  line  at  inentum.  The  foot  is  small,  scarcely  one-third  the 
length  of  tibia.  No  post-calcaral  lobe,  but  an  apici-calcaral  lobe  is 
well  marked;  the  tip  of  the  tail  is  exsert;  the  membranes  are  light- 
brown  in  color. 


Collection. 


IT.  8.  Niit. 
Mils. 
Do. 
Uo. 
I)o. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Da. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


bS  collected 

.  Arkansas 

The  toot 

furnished 

sal  lobe  of 


itedly  (le- 
ippendix)- 
e  to  which 
found  best 
le  center. 
!J^ow  York, 

e  anterior 
r  conciive, 
eyond  the 
third  the 
ral  lobe  is 
are  light- 


A  MONOaUAPU  OF  THE  BATH  OF  NORTH  AM£BICA. 

List  of  apeeimen*. 


81 


Cal.  Nil. 


.'.3W1 

t!:i2i) 

7J.'>3 
H18H 
I1H2U 

r>:i34 


No.  of 
ii|»>riinen. 


Locality. 


NovB  Scotia 

do 

llitllfax,  Niivn  S<'iitia. 

do 

ilo 

KayHtleld,  WIh 

WimmIh  IIdU,  Miimh  . .. 

West  Point,  N.  Y  .... 


Collnctlon. 


IT,  8.  Nat.  HuR. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


'i'wo  apeciinens  of  bats  have  been  examined  from  the  far  north.  One 
of  tliese  is  No.  11100  N.  M.,  Uupert  House,  Hudson  Jiay.  [inmaturo. 
Tlic  fur  is  dark  brown.  The  tragus  is  small.  The  other  is  No.  11189 
N.  M.,  Alaska.  Tlie  oar  is  lai-jre,  the  tragus  is  subulate,  and  the 
l»roi)(»rtions  generally  quite  as  in  the  soutliern  forms.  The  fur  is 
(iiiric  brown.  The  specimen  is  in  very  poor  condition.  It  is  placsed 
l>r(»visi(mally  with  1^  gryphun.  It  is  nearer  the  gryphian  than  the 
iiilidian  forms,  but  tian  not  be  included  in  any  of  the  above  varieties. 
The  ease  with  which  the  bats  from  IJritish  America  can  descend  ahuig 
lines  of  high  elevation  iiit^t  the  northwestern  part  of  the  United  States 
rt'iKh'TS  it  probaby  true  that  a  mingling  here  of  eastern  and  western 
turms  take  place.  At  all  events  I  find  it  st)metimes  im[)ossiblo  to  iden- 
tity many  specimens  collected  in  Alaska,  the  western  coast  of  British 
America,  western  Washington,  and  Oregon. 

.V  specimen  which  I  have,  recently  received  from  Dr.  Merriam,  ob- 
tiiiiied  from  I'rincess  Charlotte  Islands,  belongs  to  the  same  csategory- 

Mrmbmnes. — The  predigital  nerve  in  tlie  fourth  inU;rspa<}e  appears 
iVoMi  the  side  of  the  iitth  metacarpal  bone  at  about  its  middle  and  is 
iari^er  than  a  postdigital  opposite  which  it  appears  at  the  side  of  the 
loiirtli  metacarpal.  The  transverse  lines  in  the  interfemoral  membrane 
arc  nearer  to  each  other  near  the  base  than  elsewhere. 

'IMie  muscular  mass  of  the  base  of  the  tifth  meta(;arpal  bone  (com- 
l)()sc'(l  of  the  flexor  minimi  digiti  and  the  intero8neom)  equals  one-sixth 
tiie  hMigth  of  the  bone.  The  metacarpal  bones  more  distinctly  defined 
on  tlie  dorsum  than  venter;  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  fourth  metacarpal 
l)on('  is  the  least  tlistinet  of  any,  owing  to  the  fact  that  it  is  crossed  by 
numerous  minute  fibers. 

MdxiUary  teeth. — The  maxillary  central  incisor  caniniform,  slightly 
larjicr  than  the  lateral,  and  (owing  to  a  higli  tlegree  of  Jeveh)pment  of 
tilt'  ciiigulum)  is  marked  bifid  at  cutting  edge.  The  lateral  border  of 
lialatal  surface  with  a  basal  cusp.  Lateral  incisor  with  a  main  conical 
crown,  which  is  somewhat  wavy  in  contour  posteriorly.  Cingulum  low 
and  broad  on  tlie  posterior  and  lateral  borders,  but  crenulated  and 
(lisjiosed  obliquely  forward  and  upward  to  the  median  border  of  the 
tooth,  nearly  reaching  the  level  of  the  main  cusp-tip.  The  variable 
441— No.  43 -G 


I' 
li 


82 


BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


II  ;i 


obliqae  uiugulo  band  uoimtitutes  a  marked  ])eculiarity  of  tbi8  and  allied 
8pe(;ie8.  Both  tbo  central  and  lateral  incisoi'  are  disposed  to  be  turned 
on  themselve.h  The  central  presents  its  labial  surface  obliquely  toward 
the  median  luie  (see  PI.  x,  tig.  8) ;  the  lateral  at  a  right  angle,  orn  early 
so,  to  the  central.  The  degree  attained  by  this  rotation  constitutes  the 
difference  between  the  divergence  of  tlie  parallel  alignment  of  the 
main  cnsps.  These  peculiarities,  according  to  Dobson,  present  eliur- 
jicters  which  are  of  value  in  distinguishing  species.  But  they  appear 
to  have  no  validity  in  American  examples  of  Vespertilio. 

Canine  with  a  well-developed  concavity  on  palatal  surface,  but  with- 
out any  on  the  posterior  surface.  Its  anterior  surface  is  trenchantly 
lluted  near  median  border.  Of  the  three  ijremolars  the  first  two  are 
small,  conical  with  well-dedned  cingula,  the  first  with  the  larger.  The, 
seitoud  is  usually  in  tooth  line,  but  may  lie  back  of  it,  and  therefore 
not  be  seen  from  witliout.  Molars  have  two  supplemental  lines  ex- 
tending from  the  commissure  of  the  protocone  to  the  apices  of  the  sub- 
equal  Vs.  Itudiment  of  a  heel  is  plainly  discernible.  The  third  molar 
with  a  rudiment  of  a  posterior  limb. 

Mandibular  teeth. — The  first  and  second  incisors  crowded-trifid.  Tlie 
third  massive,  square,  or  rugged,  due  to  irregular  development  of  tlie 
cingulum,  which  nearly  reaches  tl«e  level  of  the  obscurely  trifld  edge. 
Canine  with  well-defined  posteritti-  and  lingual  surfaces.  The  first  and 
sec(md  premolars  small,  corical;  the  first  the  larger,  the  seccmd  some- 
times thrown  in  a  little  of  the  axis  of  the  series.  The  molars  as  in 
Adelonycteris  and  Venperugo;  the  heel  «)f  the  third  molar  Avith  small, 
acute  cusp.  The  cusps,  seen  from  lingual  aspect  of  the  lower  molars, 
sharp  and  well  developed.  The  hypoconid  slightly  larger  than  the 
triangle  composed  of  the  protoconid,  paraconid,  and  metaconid.  The 
cingulum  forms  a  little  cusp  on  the  posterior  border  of  ea(!h  molar.  " 

Dental  variations. — In  a  specimen  from  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado 
River  (No.  11170,  N.  M.),  the  maxillary  lateral  incisor  «m  both  sides 
was  nuich  larger  than  the  small  unicuspid  central;  the  last  line  of  the 
second  V  of  the  third  molar  was  absent. 

In  the  main  modifications  are  noted  in  the  relation  of  the  superior 
l^remolars  and  in  the  shapes  of  the  superior  lateral  incisors.  The  pre- 
molars may  be  crowded  so  that  the  second  is  often  not  visible  from 
without  and  even  the  first  may  be  placed  so  far  inside  the  line  of  the 
other  teeth  as  to  be  scarcely  seen.  Both  Dobson  and  Merriam  accept 
this  disposition  as  of  specific  significance.  I  can  not  concur.  In  ex- 
amples of  both  V.  gryphus  and  V".  nitidus  I  find  examples  of  this  reces- 
sion.* 

The  cingulum  of  the  lateiral  incisor  may  be  entire  or  lacking  on  median 
contour;  the  median  fiange  may  be  crenulated  or  smooth;  the  palatal 


*  Dobson  (lesfribcs  this  urraugciuout  as  characteristic  of  V,  albeacena,  aud  Merriam 
of  F,  mliQlaltrum, 


F 


A   MONOGRAPH   OF   THE   BATS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


83 


base  may  be  wide  or  greatly  restricted.  After  a  careful  search  I  re- 
nmin  of  the  opinion  tliat  the  diflerences  in  the  form  of  this  unique  tooth 
arc  not  of  Hpeciflc  significance.* 

Ill  the  teeth  of  individuals  in  whom  the  teeth  are  worn  it  is  impossi- 
h\i'  to  note  distinctions  in  the  relation  of  these  teeth. 

Skull. — The  skull  is  nearly  flat.  The  mesencephalon  measures  3""". 
The  length  of  the  skull  is  14™">  to  U^""".  The  greatest  width  is  8°"",  and 
the  least  width,  viz.,  at  proencephalon,  is  4'""'.t  The  posterior  impres- 
sion of  the  temporal  muscle  is  barely  visible.  A  small  sagittal  line  is 
seen  over  the  mesencephalon,  but  no  elevation  anywhere.  The  proen- 
coplialon  is  seen  at  the  vertex  and  is  convex  on  the  side.  The  vertex  of  the 
face  with  a  linear  groove  which  extends  almost  to  the  anterior  nasal 
aperture.  The  fronto-maxillary  inflation  is  rudimental  and  confined  to 
the  upper  border  of  the  orbit  and  does  not  involve  the  lachrymal  region; 
no  tubercle  is  present  over  the  foramina.  The  lachrymal  foramen  is 
larpe  and  placed  well  in  advance  of  the  orbital  foramen  of  the  infra- 
orbital canal.  The  inner  wall  of  the  orbit  is  faintly  convex.  The  infra- 
orbital canal  is  not  defined  inferiorly  and  the  depression  lies  in  a  space 
between  the  eminence  for  the  third  premolar.  The  paroccipital  process 
is  produced  as  a  spine,  nearly  as  long  as  the  occipital  condyle,  and 
projects  below  the  level  of  the  mastoid.  The  coronoid  proctas  is  higher 
than  the  horizontal  ramus.  The  raasseter  impression  is  brought  well 
down  nearly  to  the  lower  border  of  the  horizontal  ramus.  The  angle 
is  produced,  slender,  and  reaches  slightly  beyond  the  condyle.  It  is 
dctleeted  so  as  to  lie  to  the  outer  side  thereof.  A  minute  posterior 
spine  is  seen  at  the  symphysis. 

The  following  specimens  exhibit  some  individual  variations  in  the 
sknll.  The  brain  case  is  markedly  elevated  above  the  face.  Greatest 
width,  7""";  least  width,  4""".  A  distinct  tubercle  overlies  the  orbital 
foramina. 

.M.  G072  N.  M.  The  linear  groove  not  quite  reaching  the  anterior  nasal 
aperture.  The  temporal  impressions  are  well  defined,  leaving  a  convex 
triangle  at  the  occiput.  The  upper  border  of  the  orbit  is  rather 
trenchant,  no  tubercle  is  present. 

Pedoniorphic  forms  from  Georgia,  M.  4380-2  N.  M.  A  tubercle  lies 
over  the  orbital  foramina;  a  linear  groove  reaches  the  anterior  nasal 
aperture;  the  sphenoidal  tongue  does  not  resuih  the  tympanic  bone. 

Tiie  turbinals  exhibit  the  following  features :  The  encranial  surface  in 
all  essential  features  iis  in  Adelonycter in.    The  single  ectoturbinal  one- 


SK!;i 


V  |ii:' 


"This  littlu  tooth  can  not  1>u  Heeii  to  advantiiKe  iiuIchh  Htiidicd  uh  :i  microHcopio 
olijfct.  It  In  cxct'odiiinly  ditticiilt  to  draw.  Mr.  vou  ItorHoii  hn»  done  tho  best  pos- 
hMiIc.  At  my  roqueHt  Prof.  Henry  F.  OHborii  carefully  esainiued  thin  tooth.  I  hoped 
tliiit  lie  iiiif;ht  recoKin/.e  in  it  chariieterH  in  eontnion  with  thoHe  of  the  teeth  to  the 
I'xiiiii't  foriuH  of  niicro-uinnnnalia;  hut  he  iiNHures  nut  that  nothing  Hiniilar  to  it  has 
liceii  Ncen  by  him  in  his  Hpecial  studies  in  tliis  grou]). 

till  I',  nitidH9  oiUolabrum  the  greatest  width  is 6""",  tho  least  width,  4'"'», 


'I  MM 


84 


BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


third  the  length  of  the  flrst  endoturbinal  plute.  As  Heeii  from  abov(>, 
the  cctoturbiiial  is  lodged  in  a  concavity  in  the  latertil  Hurface  of  thu 
preceding  plate.  The  first  endoturbinal  is  produced  as  far  as  the  flrHt 
premolar.  The  plate  is  of  a  ]>yriforni  figure  as  seen  from  above,  and 
presents  a  truncate  apex.  Tlie  portion  in  advantic  of  the  transverse 
lamina  is  deeply  concave  beh)\v  and  overlies  the  niaxilloturbinal.  T\w, 
second  endoturbinal  is  of  a  triangular  figure  with  a  rounded  apex.  It 
appears  to  be  lodged,  when  the  parts  are  viewed  superficially,  on  tlio 
median  surface  of  the  endoturbinal  series.  The  third  endoturbinal  is 
the  smallest  of  the  three,  and  is  contiuous  with  the  upper  portion  of  the 
first  endoturbinal. 

Notes  on  the  skeleton. — Atlas  with  two  depressions  in  front.  Scapula. 
Superior  vertebral  angle,  on  level  with  base  <»f  the  coracoid,  the  end  (»f 
which  is  simple,  not  tapering.  Humerus  with  troclilea  axial,  epicuii- 
dyle  small,  nodular,  and  i)laced  in  front  of  a  deep  fossa.  Radius  much 
compressed  laterally.  The  central  articular  groove  at  proximal  end 
narrow  but  deep,  the  median  flange  semicircular  and  without  facet  in 
front.  Proximal  rudiment  of  ulna  filiform,  free  ;*  distal  rudiment  a  per- 
forate ({uadrate  plati\  Of  the  proximal  ends  of  the  metacarpal  bones, 
the  fourth  has  the  least  motion  and  presents  a  deeply  excavated  proxi- 
nml  surface;  the  fifth  has  most  motion  and  ])resents  a  flat  proximal 
8urfa<H\  The  third  is  slightly  deflected  toward  the  center  of  the  manus. 
The  third,  fourth,  an<l  fifth  metacarpal  bones  diminish  slightly  in  length 
in  the  onhv  of  the  Ixmes  named.  Occasionally  the  fourth  is  slightly 
shorter  than  the  fifth. 

Habitat. —  V.  gryphus  ai)pears  to  be  an  abundant  species  in  the  north- 
ern and  northeastern  range  of  the  United  States  and  in  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  as  far  west  as  the  ninety-eighth  «legree  of  longitude,  but 
less  abundant  in  the  Middle  and  South  Atlantic  States.  I  have  never 
collected  it  near  Philadelphia.  According  to  J.  B.  Tyrrell  it  is  found 
in  Canada  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  vesijertilionine  bats 
from  northwestern  British  America  and  Alaska  are  of  this  species, 
modified,  possibly,  by  breeding  with  northern  forms  of  V.nlbescens.  At 
least  I  can  not  otherwise  determine  them.  See  in  this  connection  re- 
marks, p. .  Pedomorphic  varieties  straggle  as  far  north  as  Hud- 
son Bay.  It  appears  to  be  a  strictly  pastoral  specie8,t  and  is  found 
aggregated  in  large  numbers  in  caves  in  association  with  Adelonyc- 
teris  fusciiH,  N.  humeralis,  and  V.  cnroHnensis.  It  is  frequently  mis- 
taken for  the  species  last  named.  Sometimes  it  is  found  clinging 
together  in  clumi)8  under  the  bark  of  decay.  «l  tree  trunks. 


•Tho  study  of  thu  proximal  end  ut'  tlio  ulii.i  iiiUHt  be  inndo  by  di«Hectioii.  Thn 
boiK'H  iiH  TiHiiiilly  iireparod  show  noiio  of  the  chunirters.  Tht^  iiliiii  fiiilH  "free"';  Unit 
in  to  Nay,  licHaH  a  fllaiiicnt  anions  tbo  iiiiisclcs  of  the  forcarin. 

tTho  word  "  imNtoral "  is  here  UH(>d  in  contrast  to  "nrbal."  It  ia  not  cglleotvd  in 
boHBt!9  either  in  towu  or  country,  but  iu  troeij  tmd  iu  cftves, 


I 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  HATS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


85 


"|il 


V.  gryphuH  bears  ii  close  reHCinblanco  to  V.  albeHcenn.  The  propor- 
tions in  tlie  main  are  the  Hame.  The  thumb  is  of  the  Hame  size  in  the 
two  IbrniH.  Tlie  differences  which  obtain  between  the  two  species  in 
the  direction  of  the  suprahibial  groove  and  the  shape  of  tlie  tragus 
iu«;  perhaps  as  trenchant  as  any.  The  region  at  which  the  species  arc 
collected  appear  to  strengthen  the  contrasts;  thus,  the  V.  nlbeneeng  oi 
southern  California  are  easily  distinguished  from  the  V.  nubulatus  of 
N(>\v  England  and  Canada,  while  the  Texan  examples  are  more  ditli- 
ciilt  to  determine.  It  is  likely  that  the  species  is  primarily  tropical, 
and  in  its  subsequent  movements  to  the  north  it  underwent  modiflca- 
tioiis,  one  variety  following  the  western  northern  and  great  ])lateau, 
iiiid  preserving  most  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  type.  Another  variety 
follows  the  eastern  path  and  ranges  over  the  lower  countries  east  and 
north  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver.  In  Texas  the  two  have  scarcely  sep- 
arated. Material  is  wanting  to  prove  the  difference  which  may  exist 
between  the  forms  between  eastern  and  western  Texas.  From  the 
(litlerence  in  altitude  between  the  coastwise  lauds  of  the  east  and  the 
I)lateau  lands  of  the  west  vsiriations  in  Vespertilio  of  the  kind  indi- 
cated might  be  expected  to  exist, 

I  have  not  been  su(;cessful  in  detecting  secondary  sexual  characters 
in  V.  (iryphus.  Little  is  known  of  the  characters  of  the  young  (i.  «., 
witli  milk  dentition)  of  this  species.  The  fur  of  the  venter  is  paler 
and  more  yellow  than  in  the  adult.  While  the  postcalcaral  lobe  is 
almost  absent,  the  metacari)al  bones  are  relatively  short  ai^d  of  a  uni- 
I'oriu  length.  The  antibrachial  membrane  is  less  firmly  bound  down 
to  the  distal  end  of  the  forearm  than  is  the  case  in  the  adult.  The 
outlines  of  the  legs  are  not  sharply  defined. 


follecti'il  ia 


Meatitremeiils. 

[V.  S.  N.  M.  n;i20,  ItiiyHia.1,  WiH.] 

Milliiueters. 

Hniid  and  body  (from  crown  of  head  to  base  of  tail) I 

L('ii>,'th  of  iiriii 1 

l.i'ii<;lb  of  foruarm .54 

l'"iist,  di^it. : 

Ijongtb  of  first  metacarpal  bone 1 

Luiigtli  of  ]>halauKe8 6 

Sfcipiid  digit: 

liCngth  of  Hecond  metacarpal  bone 27 

Length  of  first  phalanx li 

'I'liird  digit: 

I  ii'ngth  of  third  metacarpal  bone 39 

I-cugtIi  of  first  ]ihalanx 11 

l-iingtli  of  second  phalanx 9 

t'lmrth  digit: 

licngth  of  fonrth  metacarpal  bone ~ 39 

lit-ngth  of  first  ])halaux 8 

Length  of  second  ]>halaux 7 


86  BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

A/m«ttr(>m«rN(»— Coutiiiuuil.  ' 

Fifth  (lixit:  MllimiiiicrK, 

l^iungtli  of  lit'th  inotacarpiil  lioue ;ty 

Length  of  llrst  plialuiix 8 

LoiiKth  of  HHCOiid  ])liiiliinx )i 

Lon);tli  of  lieiwl Ki 

Ilui^bt  of  far IK 

JIuiglit  of  triiKiiH 9 

Length  of  thigli 12 

Litiigth  uf  tibia 16 

Leii^tli  of  foot 9 

Length  of  tail ;t3 

Mi'aaurt'meiilH  from  Jirnt  tdilion  of  Mtmoijraiili. 


)! , 


',1  '■ 


/<..„.,„>    From  tli> 
number.        ^^^^^ 


5382 
6384 
5346 

638S 
5370 
5393 
r>352 


Inehri. 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.8 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.10 


L«iiUt)i 

hnii|;tli  of 

Litiiutli 
of  tiliiu. 

LuiiKtIi  uV 

lllll|rfHt 

lliigur.    1 
Inches. 

ot'tnil. 
Inehe: 

I'uriiariii. 

Inelien. 

Inches. 

1.4 

1.4 

0.7 

2.] 

1.4 

1.4 

0.7 

2.3 

1.4 

1.4 

0.7 

2.2 

1.4J 

1.4 

0.7 

2.3 

1.5 

1.3 

0.41i 

2.1 

1.4 

\:l\ 

0.4J 

2.2      ' 

1.5 

0.5 

2.3 

1.8 

1.0 

O.Si 

2.4 

V.  ..f...    '    thiiiul).      ofiiir.       tra«ii«.    *' 


Inehei. 
0.3 
O.S 
0.3 
0.3 
0.2i 
0.3 
0.3 
0.3 


Inehts. 
0.7 
0.7 
0.7 

o.et 

0.7 
0.7J 
0.7 
0.7 


trakn*.    •«M>a'i»e. 


Inehts. 
0.0 
0.3 
0.3 
0.3 
0.3 
0.3 
0.3 
0.4 


Inchn. 
U.O 
9.0 
U.U 
U.O 
H.O 
0.0 
U.O 
U.i! 


List  of  MiiecimrnH 


Cat. 
No. 


ii, 


5384 
5370 
5385 
5385 
5382 
5381 
7196 
7197 
8721 
6355 

5351 
5312 
5500 
6318 
63:18 
5391 
6348 
6346 
5302 
5435 
5432 
5503 
5441 


No    of 

HpCCi. 

iiionR. 


Locality. 


I'rewntMl  by— 


Nova  Scotia 

Itrumtwick,  Me 1 

Kli7.alirtht«wii,  N.  Y | 

IMiillipsliiirK,  I'a 

liruilfiird,  l*o 

MrHilville,  Ptt 

Ueaufort,  S.  C  

<to    

Micliipiuo.  I^aliti  Su|ierior... 
I'ortrtuc,  Lal{o  SiipiTior : 

UplHT     MiHNiHHippi      JtiVIT, 

lIliiioiH 

Ratline,  Wis 

UroH!4  iMlaud  MicliiirHii ..   . 

<lo 

Ditroit,  Midi 

Brimlcville,  Ind 

Soiitlirrn  IlliniiiH 

St.  LoniH,  Mo 

Suiiora,  N.  Mux 

do I 

(0 

Sonora.N.Mex 


Dr.Gilpin 

A.  S.  I'acltanI 

S.  F.  IJalrrt 

A.  Ilralioloy 

C.C.  Martin 

J.  F.  TliickHtuii 

l)r.  Jlnyileii 

do 

C.  A.  Hulibard 

II.  A.   II<M)|II'« 


K.  Konnicott do 

Ur.  P.  K.  Hoy do  ... . 

C.  Fox Dry 

do Ali'oliolic. 

( 'apt.  (iiiiinison do 

Dr.  K.  Hayniond do  — 

It.  Kminicott I do 

Dr.  KuKt'lnianii ! do 

Artliiir  Scliott do 

J.ll. Clark !  Dry 

(0  ....do.... 

(0  ....do.... 

J.  H.Clark ....do.... 


Natiiru  of  I 
Mpecinieii.  i 


Ali-oliolio. 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do... 
...do.... 
...do.... 

Dry 

...do.... 
...do.... 
Alcoliolic. 


Collect  iuD. 


IT.S.Nut.Miis 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
D<i. 
Do. 


MlluniHit'rK, 

.  - . .      :i!t 

8 

(i 

....        Hi 

....     in 

!l 
....  12 
. . . .       16 

9 

. . . .     ;t5 


It  of 

IIH. 

Kx|iniiii«. 

ei. 

Inetirt. 

0 

u.o 

» 

9.0 

a 

».U 

a 

U.O 

a 

H.0 

a 

9.U 

a 

9.1) 

4 

9.2 

Collection. 


l>u. 
Uo. 
I)u. 
Du. 
Uo. 
Uo. 
Uo. 
I»o. 
Uo. 

Uu. 
Do. 
Uo. 
Uo. 
Uo. 
Uo. 
Uo. 
Uo. 
Uo. 
Uu. 
Uo. 
Uo. 
Uo. 


A  MONOGRAPH   OF  THE   BATS   OP  NOHTTI  AMERICA. 
2.  Veapertlllo  albeaoena  (ieoft'. 


87 


I'lupertllh  albeircnt  (iootl'.,  Anilities  du  Miib.,  IHOr),  viii,  204;  Toniiiiinck,  Moiiok. 

MaiiiiniftroH,  1840,  11,214;  I'oturH,  Mil.  Akad.  Korliii,  lH(i6,  lU;  Dolison.Cat.  Chi. 

ro)>.  llrit.  Mu8.,  1K78,  326;  AIhIoii,  liiiil.  Cuntruli-Aiiior.,  Mnin..  IH79-1882,  24. 
f'luiH'rtUio  lirntilicitHia  tSpix,  Hiiniiiruiu  ct  VeHportilionnin  BrusilienNium  itpeoiea  uovio, 

1H23,  03,  tub.  XXXVI,  (Ig.  8. 
lisinrlilio  leiirofitiiilir  \\"i>'i\.,  Kcitritg.  NiiliirgoHch.  liriiNil.,  IHSo,  1i,  271. 
liKlxrlilio  nithilis  Wu)rn*)r,  Schrob.  HallK*)th.,  Hnppl.  1841,  i,  'M.* 

IHugnogis. — A  white  ring  of  fur  iktoss  the  space  between  the  angles 
(tf  the  lower  jaw  conspicuous  in  alcoholic  specimens.  Auricle  trans- 
liici'nt,  plicas  usually  present,  but  do  not  extend  to  the  outer  margin; 
tlic  dorsal  aborescent  lines  infrequently  present.  The  tip  of  the  tragus 
is  never  acuminate;  the  convex  basal  half  often  ends  abruptly  and  is 
followed  by  a  narrower  terminal  por)  m;  the  basal  not4;h  is  defined  by 
the  convex  portion  and  the  external  bj».-.al  lobe;  the  external  basal  lobe 
is  not  antitlexed.  The  face  is  scarcely  swollen.  The  forearm  measures 
from  ."{1^"""  to  46"""  long.  The  facial  clump  of  glands  is  narrowed  post- 
eriorly; the  supralabial  gr<>ove  does  not  extend  to  the  mouth. 

V.  albeHcenn,  iu  its  larger  phase,  closely  resembles  V.  gryphm^tTom 
wliich  it  can  be  distinguished  by  the  shape  of  the  tragus  and  the  shape 
of  the  clump  of  supralabial  glands.  When  dwarfed,  V.  albenoem  closely 
roscmbles  V.  nitidm,  fro»'>  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  the 
greater  size  of  the  thumb  and  foot.  The  membranes  vary  in  ctdor  from 
hliiish  translucent  black  to  dense  opaque  black.  The  anterior  surface 
ol"  the  interfemoral  membrane  often  whiter,  that  is  to  say,  retains  an 
iijipearance  as  though  it  were  washed  over  with  a  milky  fluid. 

Vespertilio  albencens,  as  seen  by  reference  to  the  original  description 
(see  A])pendix),  was  so  named  from  the  white  color  of  the  tips  of  the 
liiiii'  on  the  under  surface  of  the  body,  a  style  of  coloration  in  no  wise  pe 
ciiliiir.  The  general  appearance  of  the  pelage  must  have  been  somber, 
since  the  fur  of  the  back  is  described  as  black,  and  that  of  the  inferior 
parts  obscure  brown.  As  in  the  case  with  other  original  descriptions, 
it  would  be  impossible,  without  examination  of  the  type,  to  distinguish 
tills  bat  from  others  in  the  fauna,  and  we  are  compelled  to  rely  upon 
personal  authority.  I'eters  (M.  B.  Akatl.  Berlin,180G,  p.  19)  rehabili- 
tiited  V^.  albesvenii,  but  did  not  give  a  new  diagnosis.  He  was  content 
to  point  out  the  fact  that  V.  leiicngmter,  Wied.,  and  V.  nubilis,  Wagner, 
wi'YC  the  same  as  this  species.  Peters  has  been  followed  by  Dobson, 
Alston,  and  J.  A.  Allen.  The  author  last  named  extended  its  range 
tVom  South  America  and  Guatemala  to  Mexico. 

Vcsjiertilio  brmiUenHu,  Spix,  is  described  in  terms  similar  to  those  of  V. 
(ilhcsccnH,  with  the  marked  exception  that  the  fur  of  the  under  surface 
of  the  body  is  bla<!k.  But  in  a  figure  which  accompanies  the  descrij)- 
tioii,  tJie  color  is  of  the  same  shade  as  is  commonly  seen  in  V.  nlbeKceuti. 
So  iiir  as  th(^  figure  is  concerned,  no  one  would  hesitate  h)ng  in  assign- 

'  'I'liu  last  two  iiaiiies  are  here  included  ou  the  authority  of  Peters,  who  has  exam- 
ined the  types. 


(■  ;    I 


:m:: 


5;    '    I 

§!  ■  i    , 


88 


nULLKTIN    13,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL  MUHEUM. 


Ill 


'il 


iD{;  Spix'H  t'oriii  to  tlitt  Hiiiiiu  HpocicH  iih  UooilVoy's.  I  liiivo  oxuiiiiii<>(l 
a|>e(;iiiitMiH  of  I'.  hUwhcchh  in  Mi(«  National  MuNtuun  wiiirh  liav(<  been  n\ 
cuivcd  tVoni  the  llritiHli  Muhciihi,  and  aHHUiiiablyaro  tlio  same  as  tliosd 
named  by  I)obHon,tliat  lam  of  the  o])inion  that  Hinco  in  Aniuriitanobiit 
iN  known  in  wliicli  tliu  fnr  oC  tlic  under  Murl'atiu  \a  black,  that  V.  brasiU- 
emin  is  tlii^  Hamn  an  V.  alheMcenii. 

It  iH  ini|H»rtaiit  to  aHiuM-tain  tlio  placcH  of  variation  in  this  obscure 
8|MH;ioH  and  a  fuw  notes  on  individuals  are  herewith  aitpeiided.  In  Ho. 
'JtM40j  Keeler  ( 'ounty,  (Jalif.,  collection  of  Agricultural  Department,  tlie 
f(M»t  presentAid  the  extreme  uieaHurement  of  10"""  while  the  forearm  was 

.*J5"'"',  the  lenpth  of  the  hea«l  an<l  body  4.'>"'"',  and  the  tail  3(» '.  Yet  with 

these  dimensions  the  thumb  was  5"""  loug  only,  and  tin;  iiustealcanii 
lobe  was  absent.  Of  the  idialanges  of  the  nianus  those  of  the  second 
row  were  scarcely  shorter  than  those  of  tlu^  first,  the  greatest  dispropor- 
ti(m  beinu  noticed  in  the  fifth  digit  when  the  lengths  were  as  S"'"'  to  5""". 
In  No.  WATm,  Old  Fort  Tejon,  Calif.,  ibid.,  the  individual  was  smaller. 

The  forearm  was  3'2"""  long,  the  foot  S^"'"'.  The  head  and  body  was3!> 

long,  the  tail  'Mi'"-",  the  thumb  renniining  the  same,  vix,  5"  ".  There  was 
no  postcalcaral  lobe.  Tlu^  differences  in  the  relative  lengths  of  tlie 
<ligits  were  great«^r  than  in  No.  21>840,  in  the  third  digit  being  10"'"'  to 

8^"'"',  in  the  fourth  8"""  to  0 ',  and  in  the  fifth  8"""  to  4""".     In  No. 

27974,  6  Colorado  River,  Nevjula,  ibid.,  the  forearm  was  ',il^"'<»  lonfj, 
the  foot  S'»'",  the  thumb  5'""',  the  heiwl  aud  body  38'""',  the  tailL'9'"'"; 
while  the  phalanges  of  the  third  aud  fourth  were  C(iual,  in  the  fifth  thu 
proportions  were  as  (»^'""'  to  4^"'"'. 

If  these  proportions  were  ccmstant,  specific  distinctions  could  easily 
be  drawn.  Hut  unfortunately  they  are  not  so,  and  no  two  individuals 
will  be  found  to  conform  to  any  diagnosis  for  specific  character^'  which 
I  have  endeavored  to  franie.  The  auricle  varied  in  detail  on  the  outer 
border,  especially  as  to  the  width  of  the  first  scallop  and  the  tip.  I'o- 
culiarities  probably  obtain  according  to  altitude,  charai'ter  of  food, 
degree  of  humidity  in  the  atmosphere,  etc.  In  No.  28072,  Lone  Pine, 
Calif.,  (Collection  of  .Agricultural  Department,  the  proportion  of  the  tail 

to  the  body  was  as  32 '  to  30""",  a  great  contrast  to  the  foregoing  jdiase. 

In  No.  315G9,  San  Kmigdio,  Calif.,  ibid,  the  membranes  and  cars  were 
black.  The  forearm  was  3(iV""',  b«ung  the  greatest  length  of  any  indi- 
vidual examined  in  tin*  United  States  (oiu*.  specimen  from  Mexico  meas- 
ured 41'""').  The  tlunnb  was  remarkably  small,  being  4.i'""',  while  the  iiMit 
was  SA""".  The  length  of  the  body  was  40"""  and  that  of  the  tail  43""". 
thus  being  ample.  The  phalanges  were  subciiual  cx(!epting  thoseof  tlie 
filth  digit,  where  the  values  were  as  0'"'"  toO'»"'.  This  variety  is  too  laifje 
for  the  type  of  1'.  mrhiiiorliiinin.  It  it  like  V.  rt//«wrH«  in  having  bluisii 
translucent  wnigs  as  in  the  diagnosis,  but  difl'ering  in  the  presence  t»f 
large  yet  delicate  frame  and  in  greater  de|»osition  of  |>igm<>nt.  Some 
of  the  black  phases  are  noted  as  being  found  in  growths  <»f, juniper. 
Is  it  possibU'  that  it  is  a  mountain  variety  and  that  V,  icotia  is  a  phase 


ir    V 


A   MONOaUAPH    OF   THE    1JAT8   OF   NOHTH   AMERICA. 


85) 


of  Mid  Name?  AlHton  (Biol.  C«iitrali-Aiii«>r.  Mam.,  p.  25)  uxtoiidH  tlii^ 
r,i\\m<i  of  V.  UivifufiUH  t(>  lii'a/il  aiul  Htiitos  tliat  aM|M!rim(>ii  in  the  ItritiHli 
Mii8(Mim  iH  HO  labeled.  Aceonliii);  to  tiut  viewn  cxpreHHml  (Mmccniiiig 
r.  UtdifiujuH  umler  the  head  of  V.  firyphuHy  the  lueifuKan  phuNe  is  a 
p<'(lomorphi(;  form.  If  is  probable  thtM'cfore  tliat  V,  albenvmH  has  a 
pi'ilomorphic  form  wliirh  can  not  be  distinguished  from  the  same  form 
(if  tiie  (^loHely  allied  spi^cies  V,  <in/phiiH.  I  havt)  seen  no  sucii  form,  how- 
i'V*'i',  in  (rolle(;tions  nnide.  in  tla;  ITnited  States. 

In  the  first  edition  of  the  Mtmograph,  p.  M,  I  assign  V.  lueifuijUH  a 
ilislribution  as  far  south  as  the  istlnnus  of  Panama.  I  now  believe 
tliat  the  Neotropical  forms  sinuilafing  V.  tfrifphtiH  lin'ifugiiH  nri'.ewxtn- 
|ilcs  of  pedomorphism  in  V.  nlbeMvaiiH.  C.  II.  Merriam  identities  V. 
UivifufiuH  (three  specimens)  in  collections  from  Little  iSpring,  at  the 
north  foot  of  Han  Framdsco  Mountain,  Arizona. 

Var  (a).— Veapertillo  albeaoens  evotls  (II.  All^n). 

Vciperiilio  evoUn  H.  Allen,  Moiiok-  KatH  N.  A.,  1864;  DobHon,  Cut.  Chinip.  Hrit. 
MiiH.,  IK7S,  324;  .1.  A.  Allnn.  Itiill.  Am.  Mum.  Nut.  IliHt,  1S!)3,  v,  202;  MtMriiun, 
MaiiinialH  of  Hun  FranuiHr.o  Mt.  Hu);lon,  N.  A.  Fnunn,  No.  3,  AuK»Ht,  18!M),  40;  AlHtou, 
l!i(.l.  (!«!ntrali-Aniur.,  Mum,  187!t-H2,  1. 

lU'Hcription. — Head  rather  snnill;  face  p(»int«'d,  moderately  whiskered, 
snout  jn-odm-ed;  ears  lurge,  hijih,  erect,  oval,  iM)t  furniu},''  (mtwardly, 
loiij;,  subacumite,  sli^litly  <li verging  fnigns;  thumb  slendur;  fiM)t  of 
iiuxlcrafe  si/e;  ample  intertemoral  membrane;  last  Joint  of  vail  e.vsert. 
Til*'  membranes  are  of  a  light  brown  (utior,  fending  in  some  to  a  darker 
iiiic.  Ilair  long  and  soft,  idanib«>(ms  at  base  behind,  with  ligiit  brown 
ti])s  inclined  to  yellowish  toward  the  head.  The  fur  in  front  is  dark 
maroon  or  blade  at  base,  with  whitish  tips.  The  basal  third  of  the  ear 
is  covered  with  hair  at  base;  at  the  base  of  the  inferfemoral  membi*anu 
ht'liind  a  tuft  of  hair  is  seen.  In  two  specimens  the  fur  had  a  darker 
tinge,  the  tips  behind  being  dark  olive-brown,  tlic  base  being  bhu;k. 
'I'liis  variety  has  the  largest  ear  of  any  of  the  Anterican  species  of  Yen- 
Ittrtilio. 

Tlic  above  description  is  copied  (with  th»'  substitution  of  the  word 
"variety"  for  "species")  li<»m  the  first  edition  of  the  M«mograph,  i)age 

■IS. 

Ilciein  is  embraced  a  group  of  forms  which  tind  ex])ression  in  the 
lii<:lilauds  of  Montana,  Washingt(»n,  ('oh)rad(»,  and  Arizona,  flumgh 
s|iiirsely  fo;   id  in  Oalitbniia. 

Tiie  auricU^  is  large,  ordinarily  coordinated  with  long,  straiglit,  slen- 
<lci'  tragus,  fliongli  tliis  is  not  constant;  ])osferior  borth-r  of  the  ear  not 
t  iinirginated;  tlie  nieml)ranes  are  almost  always  black;  the  foot  is 
small;  the  tip  of  tail,  as  a  rule,  is  moderately  exsert;  postcah'aral  lobe 
nl'tcn  i)resent;  pigment  in  the  second  digital  interspace  is  occasionally 
absent. 


lL_L. 


I 


Iff 


;(  ■■! 


1! 


i   ■  ! 


si; 


: 


lO  BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

lAnt  of  HpenimenK  eramivi'd. 


CataliiKiio  iiiimlior. 

NiiiiiIm!!' 

nfHpeoi- 

mens. 

Spn. 

Liii'iility. 

Cnllectiou. 

4900 

11192 

Do. 

5;i«i 

1 



Kust  of  C'olvilli",                

Do. 

8014 

Arizona  .          

Do. 

;ill89 

EiiHtoii,  AViisli .   . 

Dopartnicnt    AjrridiUurci    1)|.. 
poxit.  r.S. National  MiiHeiiiii. 

18083 

San  FraiiciHco  Mountain,. \rizonit. 
Owens  IjUke,  Oalit'omia  

28958 

Do 

29(190 

Inyo  Moiinlaina,  ('ulifornia 

Sail  Joaiinin  liiver.  C'ulil'oniia . . . 
Old  Fort  'Icjon.  Calif 

Do. 

;io;i02 

29827 

Do. 
Do. 

289;t4 

I'aliranaKat  Valley,  Nevada 

Itplinont.  Calif 

Do. 

329 

(.'aliforniii  Academy  of  Science. 
Do. 

327 

341 

Lake  Tahoe,  Nevada 

Do. 

All  of  tho  above  exhibit  the  white  transverse  line  between  the  angl(>s 
of  the  Jaw,  which  has  been  ajtcepted  as  a  (character  of  V.  albescens. 

No.  29827  has  a  fringe  of  hair  on  the  free  border  of  the  interfenioral 
membrane.  Say  describes  his  V.  subulatus  (see  Appendix)  as  being 
similarly  adorned.  This  is  given  by  Dobson  {I.  c.)  p.  323,  as  one 
of  the  characters  of  V,  levin  Is.  Geoft'rey  (1824)  from  Uruguay.  In 
311890  $  ,  from  Easton,  Wash,,  the  forearm  measured  33""",  the,  thunih 
5""",  the  foot  8"'"',  tibia  17"'"',  ear  IG"'"'  in  height,  tragus  8^"'"',  tail  40""". 
The  phalanges  of  the  third  finger  were  equal,  namely,  11"'"';  those  of 
the  fourth  subecjual,  namely,  as  8"'"'  for  first  sind  9'""'  for  second,  and 
those  of  the  fifth  still  further  sube<iual,  being  8'"'"  for  the  first  and 
6^"""  for  the  second.  The  post-calcaral  and  apici-calcaral  lobes  arc 
absent  and  tip  of  tail  not  exsert.  Ears  and  membranes  intensely  black. 
The  sha])eof  the  ears  (other  than  in  length  and  color,  and  the  general  form 
of  the  interfemoral  membrane)  are  quite  as  in  V.  (fryphvs.  The  (tolera- 
tion, especially  of  the  front  of  the  neck  and  the  tragus  are  as  in  )'. 
albescens.  Is  the  variety  modified  by  descent  from  the  north  and 
proi)erly  belongs  f<>  the  eastern  phase  of  Vespertilio,  or  has  it  come 
more  direccly  from  the  south  through  V.  albescensf  I  have  accepted 
the  latter  hypothesis. 

In  four  specimens  of  Vespertilio  from  San  Francisco  Mountain,  .Ariz- 
ona, the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  one  No.  1809o  i , 
adult,  the  forearm  is  37'""',  ears  19'""'  high,  thumb  6""",  tibia  17""",  foot  8""", 
tail  33'"'",  head  and  body  34'""' ;  two  had  no  post-calcaral  or  apici-calcaral 
lobes,  yet  had  exsert  tail  to  the  distance  of  2"'"',  and  is  named  1".  albesiriiH 
evotis,  while  the  other  three,  all  adult  females,  were  much  alike  in  ]»ropoi- 
ti(m  of  ears,  thuml»,  feet,  and  forearm,  and  all  were  of  the  smaller  ear  form. 
One  had  post-calcaral  lobes  and  scarcely  any  exserted  tip  to  the  tail; 
one,  post-calcaral  distinct  lobes  and  distiiv-ttly  exsert  tip,  whih^  flie 
third  had  no  lobes,  yet  with  distinct  tip.  Here  V.  albescens  erotis  is 
Amnd  in  the  sanu^  locality  with  the  melanic  form  of  V.  albescens. 

In  No.  31189  S  ,  Easton,  Wash.,  the  thumb  is  6""",  strongly  hooked; 


A   MONOGRAPH   OF   THE   BATS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


91 


the  forearm  33""",  the  tibia  17^'""',  tlio  foot  7'""',  tlio  head  and  body 
H""",  and  the  tail  3{)""'".  The  central  ineisor  strongly  inclined  inward, 
lateral  {jiviufj  the  appearance  of  diverging  incisora.  Ears  scarcely 
cmarginate,  external  basal  lobe  higher  than  broad,  niembrauea  black, 
space  beneath  lower  jaw  not  white.  This  is  the  typical  V.  evotis  of 
the  monograph.  It  wonld  certainly  be  a  distinct  valid  species  if  the 
southern  forms  did  not  show  tendencies  toward  V.  albescens. 


Viir.  (h).  Vespertilio  albescens  melauorhlii'dB  (Murriaui). 

lixpn'tUio  melauorhinuii  Murriani,  N.  A.  Fauna,  No,  3,  1K90,  4G. 

Tlie  following  is  an  abridgment  of  the  original  description  of  V. 
mclanorhinus: 

(ilandular  prominence  between  eyes  and  nose  inconspicuous;  tail  a 
little  longer  than  head  and  body,  the  extreme  tip  iirqjecting,  ears 
shorter  than  head,  shallow  external  emargination ;  tragus  long  and 
sh'uder,  directed  forward  and  outward ;  convex  at  lower  two-thirds, 
and  then  rapidly  becomes  narrower,  and  is  sinuate  and  slightly  con- 
ciive  on  ujjper  third.  Thumb  about  half  as  long  as  the  foot.  Foot 
medium.  Interfemoral  membrane  furred  above  to  a  litth)  beyond  the 
middle  of  tibia;  postcalcaral  lobe  small  but  distinct;  upper  part  uni- 
lorni,  dull  golden  brown,  except  the  lips  and  fiiee  below  and  in  joint  of 
eyes,  which  parts  are  abrui)tly  black ;  under  pai-t  paler,  palest  pos- 
teriorly. Bars,  face,  and  membranes  black;  nnderfur  everywhere 
bhickish,  allied  to  V.  ciliolabrum,  frinn  which  it  differs  in  having  shorter 
cars  and  h)nger  legs  and  tail,  as  well  as  in  color. 

No.  18()84,  if  San  Francisco  Mountain,  Arizona,  forearm,  31"""; 
thumb,  4"'"';  foot,C"'"';  head  and  body,  41""";  tail,  41""";  tip  delicate, 
scarcely  exsert. 

The  following  embrat^es  a  study  of  the  type  of  V.  melanorhinus: 

Millinu-tors. 

VitM  ]>hiilnnx,  third  digit 10^ 

Sccoiid  phalanx,  third  digit lOi 

First  phahtnx,  fourth  digit 8 

Second  phalanx,  fourth  digit 8 

First  ])lialaux,  fiftli  digit 8 

Scidiul  phalanx,  fifth  digit 6 

Basal,  half  of  auricle  furred.  Basal,  three-fourths  of  fur  above  deep 
bhick;  apical  fourth,  bright  shiny  golden  brown.  The  interfemoral 
membrane  thickly  furred  to  knees  and  sparsely  so  almost  to  ankles.  The 
]))'()portions  of  basal  black  diminishes  toward  the  rump,  but  the  hair 
even  on  the  interfemoral  is  obscurely  bicolored.  Basal,  three-fourths 
below  black;  apical,  fourth  white  with  a  slight  mixture  of  a  tawny 
sliade.  The  interfemoral  membrane  clothed  nearly  to  the  knee  with 
tlic  same  character  of  hair  as  on  the  neck,  chest,  and  abdomen;  but  the 
basal  pro]>ortion  of  black  diminishes  in  proportion.  Under  surface  of 
lower  jaw  not  white.    The  prepuce  blaekish. 


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92  BULLETIN  43,  UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Ill  specimen  Nos.  29809  and  2!)81(),  Walker  I'ass,  California,  collection 
of  Agricultural  Department,  the  spacre  under  the  lower  jaw  wa8  black; 
the  forearm  measured  iJ7""",  the  head  and  body,  45""'' ;  the  tail,  44'""' ;  the 
thumb,  ')""";  the  foot,  7""". 

Millimeters. 

First  pLuIanx  of  the  third  digit 12 

Second  phalanx  of  thu  third  digit 12 

First  ]ihalanx  of  the  fourth  digit »J 

Second  }ihaif>iix  of  the  fourth  digit !1J 

Fii-st  ]>h!ihinx  of  the  fifth  digit 8J 

Second  phulaux  of  the  fifth  digit 6 

V.  albescens  melanorhinus  is  essentially  the  same  as  the  melanic  form  of 
V.  albescens,  excepting  that  the  tii)8  of  the  hair  of  the  under  surface  of  the 
body  are  whiter  than  is  the  rule  with  this  species  and  the  tragus  is  moro 
than  usually  crenulated,  and  two  of  the  situations  are  exceptionally  deep 
near  the  basal  pai't  of  the  outer  border.  That  the  hair  is  disposed  to 
be  white  on  the  under  surface  of  the  body  is  suggested  by  the  names 
albescens  and  leucogast^r.  In  a  bat  otherwise  black,  this  contrast  of 
color  is  striking. 

Var.  (c).  Vespertilio  albescens  velifer  (J.  A.  Allen). 

Dr.  J.  A.  Allen  (Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  No.  1,  p.  177, 18)  has 
described  a  species  of  Vespertilio  from  Mexico,  which  he  believes  to 
unite  the  characters  of  V.  albescens  and  V.  subulatus  (=  V.  gryphvs).  I 
have  examined  the  skins  upon  which  this  diagnosis  has  been  made  and 
believe  the  form  to  be  a  variety  of  V.  albescens.  The  following  is  the 
text  of  Dr.  Allen's  description : 

Vvapm-tiUo  relifer,  sp.  nov. 

Size  of  V.  albeacena,  with  nearly  the  cohniitioit  of  f.  niiidua  and  the  ears  of  T.  siib- 
ulatug. 

Above  basal  two-thirds  of  the  fur  blackish,  p.issing  into  dark  broccoli  brown  at 
the  surface;  below  much  paler,  tlie  surface  pale  butty  gray.  Pelage  full  and  suft, 
extending  on  the  membranes  about  as  in  )'.  liivifutiiiK.  Ears  of  medium  size,  similar 
in  general  form  to  those  of  f.  sithulaliiM,  but  rather  narrower  and  more  attenuate  at 
the  tiji,  the  n])per  posterior  third  distinctly  hollowi^l,  the  lower  third  abriibtly  nnicii 
expanded;  tragus  long,  rather  narrow,  fully  or  rather  more  than  half  the  length  of 
the  ear,  the  front  border  nearly  straight,  the  posterior  border  slightly  rounded  as 
far  as  a  little  beyond  the  middle,  then  sloping  gradually  to  the  rather  narrow,  but 
rounded  tip,  with  a  distiuc^t  notch  op))osite  the  anterior  base. 

Wings  from  the  base  of  the  toes;  ealcaiieum  strongly  developed,  feet  large;  thumb 
short,  stout,  with  a  rather  thick  claw;  tij)  of  last  caudal  vertebra  free. 

Length  of  head  and  body  (measurements  from  dry  skin),  44""";  tail,  33""";  ear, 
from  base  of  inner  margin,  14""";  tri.;;us,  !•""";  forearm,  42"'"';  thumb,  8"'"';  tliird 
linger  (metaearp.l,  38'""';  first  phahmx,  13"'"';  second  ])hulanx,  12""";  third  ]>halanx, 
10'"'"),  73"'"';  tibia,  17'"'";  foot,  11""". 

Sknll  broad,  rather  short ;  basilar  length,  14'""' ;  total  iength,  16'""' ;  greatest  width, 
lO..')'""';  lower  .jaw  (front  border  to  condyle),  13""".  First  U|i]>er  j)remolar  abnut 
twice  the  si/,e  of  the  second,  both  placed  on  the  inner  border  <d'  the  tooth  row. 

Type,  2(596,  a<l.,  Sta.  Cruz  «lel  Valle,  Oua<lalajara,  Jalisco,  September  7,  1889,  Ur. 
A.  C.  Buller. 


:!   J 


' 


.M 


I 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


93 


Tlirne  Bpecimens,  one  male  und  two  foniiileH,  and  nix  udilitioii.al  HkullH,  Sta.  (!ruz 
(li'l  Valle,  (iiiiidalnjiira.  Jalisco,  Supterabur  7  and  S,  ISK!). 

riicBo  speciiui^iiH  agree  very  closely  in  size  and  coloration  and  in  all  other  charac- 
tiTH,  and  represent  an  apparently  new  species,  qnite  different  from  any  heretofore  de- 
s('ril)ed.  Its  large  size  readily  distingnishes  it  from  any  other  known  Mexican  or 
North  American  species  of  the  genus,  except  I'.  aUicm-aw  Geoffroy,  which  it  appears 
to  equal  in  size,  while  differing  from  it  almost  as  widely  as  possible  in  coloration, 
niiii  also  greatly  in  the  size  and  form  of  the  ear  and  in  the  very  differently  shaped 
IriifAUs.  Fortunately  a  Maximilian  specimen  of  f.  IciicogaKlcr  Wied.,  a  species  nur- 
rt'iitly  synonymized  witli  f.  alhftrens  (see  Dobson,  Cat.  Chirop.,  p]>.  326,  327),  in  the 
Anii'ricau  Museum,  enables  me  to  make  a  direct  comparison  of  V.  alhencviix  with  the 
pKisent  -species. 

I  have  received  a  bat  t'roin  Mr.  (r.  S.  Miller,  jr.,  who  obtiiiiied  it  from 
Diilyura,  Cal.,  whirh  aii.s\ver.s  so  closely  to  V.  albexcvMH  velifer  (J.  A. 
Allen)  as  to  be  at  least  a  variety  of  this  subspecies.  The  free  margin 
of  the  iuterfemoral  membrai.e  from  the  calcars  to  the  tip  of  the  tail  is 
conspicuously  fimbriated.  The  fur  above  is  of  a  light  tawny  browu  of 
the  same  shade  aa  is  met  with  in  many  Californian  specimens  of  Ade- 
hiiyctcris/iiscus.  The  under  surfa(;e  is  tipped  with  white  thr(»ughout, 
after  a  manner  precisely  the  same  as  in  V.  alheHveun.  The  basal  parts 
of  the  fur  both  above  and  below  is  intensely  black. 

Var.  (d)  Vespertilio  albescens  affiiiia  (H.  Allen). 

Under  the  name  of  VcxpcrliUo  aflinis  in  the  Monograph  of  l)S(i4  (p. 
T),'?)  I  describe  an  immature  bat  as  fcdlows: 

I',  affin  . — Head  moderate,  slightly  depressed;  face  hairy;  ears  rather  small,  inner 
iKinltT  convex,  onter  border  concave.  Tragus  is  subulate,  about  half  as  high  as  the 
o;ir.  straight  oninternal  side,  diverging  on  the  external.  Lip  whiskered.  Uody 
I'liliiist,  Feet  long  and  slender;  a  few  curved  hiiirs  at  the  base  of  the  nails;  wing 
iiK'iiibrano,  attached  midway  to  base  of  toes.  Iuterfemoral  membrane  rather  small; 
a  little  lobe  at  the  termination  of  the  calcaneum;  point  of  tail  exserted.  Thumb 
riitlicr  large.    Wing  membranes  dark  brown,  but  thin. 

I'nr  thicker  behind  than  before  and  extending  a  slight  distance  on  the  Inter- 
I'cnioral  membrane.  Color  lustrous  light  chestiMit  brown  above;  tlie  same  color  of 
ii  li;;litcr  shade,  inclining  to  yellowish  below.  The  base  of  the  fur  above  and  below 
is  of  a  delicate  fawn  brown. 

The  dentition  is  the  same  as  in  P.  erolh,  the  incisors  being  the  same  length,  the 
laterals  bicuspid. 

1.0 ffinis  resembles  S.  georgianus  (  f'eaperugo)  in  being  about  the  same  size  and  in  the 
fur  and  membranes  presenting  the  same  general  appearance.  It  differs  from  that 
NiM-cies  in  having  the  car  more  emarginated  on  the  outer  border;  the  tragus  not  blunt, 
nor  HO  wide  proportionately ;  the  face  more  h^iry  and  not  so  depressed ;  the  red<lisli  hue 
of  the  hair  more  decided;  the  fur  thicker  and  less  wavy.    The  dentition  differs  in  there 

I'eiiig    '  molars,  instead  of  ''.     V.  affinis  has  also  a  narrower  iuterfemoral  mein- 
6  5 

liniue  and  a  i  arked  calcareal  lobe.    On  the  dorsum  the  basal  third  of  fur  chestnut 

lirown,  apical  half  two-thirds  lighter  brown.    The  venter  basal  third  deep  brown 

dliiite  a  ditl'erent  shade  than  that  of  the  dorsum),  while  the  tips  are  of  a  light  gray, 

M  iging  to  white.    The  membranes  from  the  tarsus.    The  <'(doration  and  the  attach- 

I t  of  the  wing  membrane  to  the  foot  (listinguish  this  variety.     For  the  standard 

^^llich  existed  for  species  at  the  time  it  was  described,  warranted  it«  being  placed 

mider  a  separate  heading  from  V,  subulatua,    Jt  is  immature, 


f 


■Ml. 


94 


BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


This  variation  differs  markedly  iu  coloration  from  any  bat  of  the 
genus  in  thefanua.  This  alone  should  retain  the  form.  It  holds  rela- 
tively the  same  position  as  the  preceding  variation  and  V.  nitidus 
hngicrus.       *  v        •  >  , , 

3.  Vespertilio  uitidus  H.  Allen.    The  Culiforuiau  Bat.    (Plate  xii). 

rcgperlilio  nitidiis  H.  Alleu,  Proc.  Aciid.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  1862,  247:  Moiiug.  Bats  N. 

A.,  1864,60;  Dobsoii.  Cat.  Chirop.  Brit.  Mus.,  1878,  318;  Alatou,  Biol.  Centrali- 

Amer.  Mam.,  1879-1882,  24. 
resperlilio  agilis  H.  Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1866,  279. 
Vespertilio  volana  H.  Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1866,  279. 
Vespertilio  cali/omious  ( t),  Bachuian,  Joam.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci,,  Phila.,  1842,  280;  Peali«, 

IT.  S.  Explor.  Exped.  (Mam.),  1858,  3. 

Diagnosis. — Ears  much  as  in  V.  gryphus;  the  first  scallop  equals  in 
length  the  external  border  and  tip;  the  external  basal  lobe  tends  to  be 
higher  than  broad ;  the  outer  border  of  the  tapering  tragus  convex  at 
lower  half  disposed  to  be  crenulated,  the  outer  and  inner  border  never 
forming  the  sides  of  an  isosceles  triangle.  Tail  ample,  convex  on  lower 
margin.  Tail  subtriangular  or  obovate  below  the  level  of  the  ankles 
and  the  tip  exsert  only  in  the  pedomorphic  forms.  The  first  metacar- 
pal bone  parallel  to  the  second.* 

It  is  a  question  whether  V.  californieus  Bachman  (rule  Appendix) 
should  be  accepted  as  a  name  for  this  species.  1  have  concluded  that 
the  description  does  not  sufficiently  identify  it.  It  is  simply  known  to 
have  been  a  western  bat  (for  the  word  californieus  need  not  necessarily 
have  meant  in  1842  the  State  of  California  as  now  restricted)  having 
vespertilionine  features  as  shown  in  the  "  sharp  nose"  and  '*  linear  at- 
teuuated  tragus."  The  "  light  yellowish-brown  "  fur  suggests  that  it 
may  be  the  same  as  V.  nitidus  macropus.  Since  the  type  specimen  is 
lost  I  have  thought  best  not  to  attempt  to  rehabilitate  this  species. 

Description — Dorsum  light  or  dark  chestnut  brown  with  individual 
variations  of  olive  brown,  taw.iy,  or  gray  colors.  The  base  of  the  hair 
is  of  a  deep  black  except  at  the  rump  where  it  is  unicolored.  The 
sparse  hair  on  the  back  of  the  interfemoral  membrane  usually  extends 
as  far  as  the  level  of  the  feet;  it  is  occasionally  confined  to  the  region  of 
the  basal  third  of  the  tail.  The  under  surface  of  the  body  is  of  a  lighter 
shade  of  brown  than  the  dorsum.  The  gray  tints  gradually  increase 
from  above  downward  and  are  conspicously  developed  at  the  pubis  in 
some  specimens.    In  the  most  marked  examples  of  this  tendency  it 


*  Alston  (Biol.  Centrali-Amer.,  1879-1882,  24)  gives  the  following  differential  dinj,'- 
nosiH  between  V.  nitidus,  V.  nigncans,  and  V.  lucifugiis. 

V.  nitiduB. — Ears  as  long  as  head;  muzzle  slender,  pointed;  thumb  shorter  tliini 
foot,  which  is  small ;  tail  wholly  included  iu  membrane.  Forearm  1".  20'".  Fur  rctl- 
dish  brown  above;  reddish  gray  beneath. 

V.  nigricans. — Ears  shorter  tiian  head ;  muzzle  obtuse ;  thumb  as  long  as  foot.  Forc- 
nrm  1".  30"'.    Fur  sooty  rnst-color. 

V.  lucifugns. — Ears  as  long  as  head,  Forearm  1."  40,'"  Fur  olive-brown,  graylHli 
below, 


h  s 


,  li 


'if 


■il  I 


?; 


Vu 

.  1. 

Vu 

L'. 

Vu 

.  :i. 

Vu 

.  t. 

Vu 

.  5. 

Vu 

.  (!. 

Fi( 

.7. 

Fl(! 

.  8. 

I'K. 

.  !>. 

Fi(i 

.  10 

Fig 

.  11 

Explanation  of  Plate  XII. 

Front  virw  ofliciul  of  W-aiieriUiu  iiitidua. 
Side  y'wAv  of  same. 

View  orti'u<;iis  and  inniT  side  of  anricdo. 
Front  view  of  head  of  t'rxpcrtilio  iiitidiia  ci'ofia. 
Side  view  of  sanio. 

Winy;  niiMnbianc  of  Icxpcrtilio  iiitidun. 
Tail  and  intrrfcnioral  nii'nil>rauc. 
'rii<>  skull  seen  from  above  of  sanm.     x  2. 
The  skull  and  lower  jaw  seen  from  the  side  of  sanuv 
.  A  variant  form  of  skull  of  same,     x  'J. 
The  skull  of  I'l'spertilio  niliihis  ciliolahrum.     x  2. 


K'Z 


I 


ERRATUM, 

For  "  Fig.  4.  Front  view  of  head  of  Vespertilio  niHdus 
evotis "  substitute  "  Fig.  4.  Front  view  of  head  of  Ves- 
pertilio albescens  evotis." 


tl 


I    I, 


\l.6.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XII 


lO 


h  2,  3,  6,  7,  8,  9.   VESPERTILIO  NITIDUS. 
10.  VESPERTILIO  NITIDUS,  VARIETY. 


1  1 


4,  5.  VESPERTILIO  NITIDUS  EVOTIS. 

11.  VESPERTILIO  NITIDUS  CILI0LA8RUM. 


17 


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The 
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tip.    1 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NOUTH  AMERICA. 


95 


is  less  decided  than  in  V.  nlbescem.    The  gray  color  in  also  «iuito  com- 
monly seen  at  the  space  beueath  the  lower  jaw  as  far  back  aa  the  oral 

iiiik1«S'  ''' 

A  scattered  growth  of  gray  hair  occupies  the  ventral  aspect  of  the 
Avi  iig  membrane  at  its  upper  half  from  the  body  to  near  the  elbow.  The 
incinbranes  are  ample.  The  caudal  series  of  vertebrie  from  the  rump 
to  the  ankle  one-third  the  distance  from  the  ankle  to  the  non-exserttip. 
Postcalcaral  lobe  as  a  rule  well  developed  and  supported  by  a  rod  de- 
rived from  the  calcar.    The  length  of  the  forearm  ranges  from  29"""  to 

3;{"'"'. 

Variations — The  variations  of  V,  nitiduH  are  numerous.  They  embrace 
I'luuiges  in  coh)r  of  the  fur,  ear,  membranes,  and  the  iiroportions  of  the 
thiuub,  feet,  legs,  and  forearm.  Pedomorphic  variation  is  extremely 
common.  Before  definite  conclusions  can  be  reached  as  to  the  limita- 
tions of  the  group  elaborate  study  of  more  extensive  material  will  be 
necessary. 

The  siiecies  of  such  distinguished  writers  as  Dr.  O.  Hart  Merriam  ' 
and  Mr.  F.  W.  True  can  not  be  lightly  put  .aside,  and  I  am  far  from  be- 
lieving tliat  the  form  V.  ciliolabrum  and  V.  longicrua  are  not  additions 
to  our  knowledge.  I  place  their  descriptions,  therefore,  not  in  the  Ap- 
l)en<lix,  but  in  the  text  under  V.  nitidus  where  they  find  their  jiroper 
lilii(;e  as  subspecies  or  as  members  of  groups  otherwise  aberrant,  but 
not  well  known. 

The  specimens  of  V,  nitidm  from  Mexico  are  of  a  reddish  color  on 
the  dorsum.  The  foot,  thumb,  and  tail  as  in  California  specimens.  The 
lenjith  of  the  forearm  is  28"'"'  to  29"'"' ;  the  head  is  two  and  one-half  to 
three  times  as  long  as  the  foot;  the  tip  of  the  tail  is,  as  a  rule,  not  exsert, 
the  intcrfemoral  membrane  is  ample.  In  a  specimen  from  Jalisco,  Mex- 
ico (American  Museum  of  Natural  History),  the  colors  are  everywhere 
darker;  so  dark,  indeed,  that  at  first  sight  it  might  be  taken  for  a  dis- 
tinct form.  Specimens  from  California  are  of  four  varieties  of  colora- 
tion on  the  dorsum,  the  chestnut,  the  olive,  the  tawny,  and  the  gray; 
and  are  thus  arranged  in  the  order  of  the  frequency  of  the  several 
kinds.  The  tawny  and  gray  are  infrequently  seen.  Darker  shades  are 
apt  to  prevail  toward  the  northern  range  of  the  Pacific  slope. 

Oregon  and  British  Columbia  have  a  nitidian  bat  not  found  else- 
viiere,  viz,  one  in  which  the  basal  black  of  the  hair  is  of  a  brown  shade 
instead  of  black,  and  is  thus  not  in  so  great  contrast  with  the  color  of 
the  tip  as  is  the  case  with  the  southern  specimens.  The  forearm  is 
;U"""  to  36"""  long;  the  head  one  and  one-half  times  to  twice  as  long  as 
tlie  foot;  the  tip  of  the  tail  is  exsert,  the  thumb  measuring  fi-om  4""" 
to  T)""". 

In  a  series  of  four  skins  collected  by  Mr.  C.  P.  Streator  (Am.  Mus.) 
the  dorsum  was  without  the  deep  basal  black,  and  in  its  stead  an  ob- 
scure shade  of  deep  fawn  which  passed  gradually  to  the  ash  or  sooty 
tip.    The  venter  was  much  more  gray  than  in  the  southern  examples. 


•1.' 


;  i 


96 


lU'LLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


it 


The  foot  was  liir^j*',  (>(|iially  <»iii'.liiilf  the  ItMifjtli  of  tiic  luiad;  the  powt 
calcaral  h>b('  was  alis(;nt.  Thu  caudal  Neries  IVoui  niiii])  t«>  aiiklo 
a'little  li'SH  than  one-halt' tliu  distance  from  the  ankh^  to  the  tip.  TIk; 
length  of  the  forearm  ranf,'ed  from  liO"""  to  'Mi'""'.  This  variety,  there 
fore,  nniy  be  accepted  as  pedomorphic.  Immature  spectimens  from 
Alaska  appear  to  be  of  this  variety.  The  color  of  a  specimen  from 
Beaver  ton,  Orejjfon,  is  dark  olive-brown,  <[uite  as  in  Addoiti/cU-riii  /uuvhk 
with  lijihter  sliades  anteriorly.  Those  from  liritish  Columbia  are  much 
darker,  veiginff  from  dark  jxray  to  brown-gray. 

Twospecdnu'iisof  V.nhiricaiin,  Nos.  '3'2U\  Panama  and4.W2  n.  1.  (Mas. 
Coinp.  Zoiil.),  agree  with  the  specimen  from  the  American  Musenm 
of  Natural  Jlistory  in  having  the  foot  7"""  long.  These  do  icoi  muteriiiily 
differ  from  two  s|)ecinu>ns  collected  by  Dr.  ItenJamiM  Sharp  at  Tobago, 
AVest  Indies,  in  which  the  external  basal  lobe  was  broader  than  higii, 
the  fur  black.  1  regret  tiiat  tin*  material  at  my  disposal  is  not  of  a 
chara<'ter  whi<'h  enables  me  l(t  determine  the  ])recise  relations  obtain 
ing  between  V.  iiijiHvaHn  and  V.  uHkIuh.  The  vespertilioinne  bats  ol' 
the  west  <'<»ast  of  the  United  States  closely  resendde  V.  nij/ricans.  I 
am  not  sure  but  that  V.  nitidux  must  be  accepted  as  a  geograi»hiciil 
variety  of  this  South  American  form;  practically  there  is  no  difference 
between  the  two  varieties  excepting  the  shape  of  the  external  basnl 
lobe  of  the  ear  and  the  color  of  the  hair  of  the  dorsum,  which  is  darkisli 
gray  to  black  in  V.  niprlvaiis  and  reddish-brown  in  V.  niiidun. 

In  a  melanic  specimen  liSlKlO,  collected  by  C.  II.  Merriam,  at  I*antu;a, 
Nevada,  ((Collection  of  Agricultural  Department),  the  leg  measured  IL"", 
the  forearm  'M'",  the  auri(;le  12'",  the  foot  7'",  and  the  tragus  5'",  while 
the  iKist calcaral  lobe  was  large,  and  the  tail  exsert.  These  proportions 
are  (juite  different  from  thos«^  of  the  average  V.  iiitidux. 

In  the  dark  sienna  (almost  black)  brown  of  the  back  and  the  scarcely 
lighter  shade  of  the  sann;  color  of  the  chest  and  abdomen,  a  specimen 
collected  at  Queen  Charhttte  Island,  by  JVIr.  J.  II.  Keen,  and  kindly 
sent  me  by  Dr.  C.  H.  Merriam,  notraee  of  white  color  marked  the  space 
between  the  lower  Jaw 

In  No.  21:L'23  S  ,  Kosebnry,  Oregon  (Collection  of  Agricultural  De- 
partment), the  same  deep  brown  to  black  colors  obtain.  The  tragus  is 
semipyriform  and  of  the  height  of  the  first  scallop,  which  is  conspicti- 
ously  convex.  The  interfenioral  membrane  below  the  level  of  the  ankles 
is  triangular,  with  the  tip  of  tail  boldly  exsert.  The  Ibrearm  is  32'", 
the  thumb  ')■",  the  tibia  I'l"',  the  foot  8"',  head  and  trunk  39'",  and  the 
tail  32'".  The  upper  lateral  incisor  is  not  parallel  to  the  central.  The 
external  basal  lobe  tends  to  be  broader  than  high  and  the  space  be- 
neath the  lower  Jaw,  while  less  white  than  in  the  more  southern  ex- 
amples, was  not  of  the  same  color  as  the  rest  of  the  fur  on  the  under 
8urfa(.'e  of  tlu^  body. 

No.  24011  Blue  Creek,  Washington  (Collection  of  Agricultural  De- 
partment), closely  resembles  V.nitidus,  but  is  of  a  uniform  black  color. 
The  feet  and  interfenioral  membrane  are  jm'cisely  as  in  the  species 


i '- 


A   MONOOBAPJI   OF   THE    HATS   OP   NORTH   AMERICA. 


97 


he  post 

0  iinklu 
ip.  Tlio 
y,  there 
118  from 
len  from 
in  fusriis 
irt'imu'li 

1. 1.  (Mns. 
MuHeiim 
liittMiiilly 
;  Tobiijio, 
laii  hiKh, 

1  not  of  11 

iH  obtain 
e  bats  of 
rivans.  I 
if^raphit'iil 
difteroiKC 
riial  basal 
is  (birkisli 

it  l*ana<;a, 
snred  lli ", 
",  while 
roportioiis 

le  scarcely 

I  speciiiKMi 

iid  kindly 

the  space 

iltnral  De 
e  tragus  is 
rt  conspicu- 
the  ankles 
rm  is  32"', 
'",  and  the 
litral.  The 
e  space  be 
mthern  ex 
the  under 

ultuval  l)e 
jlack  coh)r. 
the  species 


iiiuncd,  but  the  thumb  is  larger  and  the  external  basal  lobe  a  mere  no< 
dale. 

r.  agilis  and  V,  mlam  which  appear  to  be  suttlciently  distinctt  to  war- 
riiiit  placing  them  in  varieties  of  V.  nigrioann.*  V.  yumanoms  of  the 
Monograph  of  1864  is  undoubtedly  an  immature  apecimen  of  the  same 
species.  All  the  varieties  of  V.  nigricans  exhibit  a  disposition  for  the 
upper  ])ortion  of  the  tragus  to  be  crenulated;  this  is  marked  in  V.  yu- 
ntrnensia.  In  typical  expressions  V.  nigricans  from  Brazil  as  well  as 
tilt*  varieties  from  Peru  (also  described  in  the  doubtful  V.  oxyotus,  Pe- 
ters) exhibit  crenulations ;  the  chai-acter,  however,  can  not  be  relied 
upon  as  distinctive,  since  individuals  of  V,  gryphus  from  eastern  lo<!ali- 
tita  of  the  United  States  occasionally  exhibit  it. 

Skull  and  teeth  as  in  V.  gryphm,  evepting  that  the  crenulated  cin- 
gnlura  of  the  maxillary  lateral  incisor  ^s  less  well  developed. 

Characters  of  immature  specimens. — The  colors  of  immature  speci- 
mens, excepting  the  aberrant  V.  yumanensis,  are  more  black  on  the 
dorsum  than  in  the  adult.  The  tips  are  obscurely  and  irregularly 
tipped  with  brown  on  the  dorsum  about  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
tips  are  silvery  in  L.  noetivagans.  On  the  venter  the  distribution  of 
the.  gray  tips  is  more  uniform.  The  white  color  of  the  under  parts  of 
the  Jaw  (seen  also  in  V.  albescens)  is  :>bsent  in  the  immature.  In  an 
individual  28'"  long  no  fur  was  seen  n  the  upper  parts  of  the  head 
and  trunk  ex<!ept  over  the  neck  where  a  patch  of  olive  brown  hair  was 
seen.  The  sides  of  the  neck  were  also  sparsely  covered  with  hair  of  the 
same  color.  The  under  parts  were  thinly  covered  with  very  short 
wliitish  hair.  The  upper  third  of  the  interfemoral  membrane  and  all 
the  thighs  were  rather  thickly  covered  with  coarse  olive-brown  hair. 
The  tips  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  fingers  were  marked  by  a  few  minute 

'^^  Tll(^  varieties  of  F.  nigricann  einbrnoe  all  forms  which  I  describe.l  in  tlie  proceod- 
iiiKH  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Scieuce,  of  Philadelphia,  in  1886  (Notes  on  the  Ves- 
|)i>rtiIionidio  of  Tropical  America),  containing  the  namim  of  V.  mundiis,  V.  cinoinnut, 
V.  csiyuus,  V.  obsourm,  V,  exilis  and  V.  ienuulomaliii.  I  now  look  ui)on  these  pvovi- 
Hioiially  dexcribed  forms  either  as  geographical  or  podomorphic.  The  first  four  nien- 
tiiiiiiMl,  namely,  V.  mundus,  V.  exiguun  and  V,  obacurits  belong  to  the  dark  variety, 
wliilo  V.  ciiicintiug  resembles  V.  nigricans  from  the  chestnut-red  tints  on  the  dorsal 
fur.  V.  exilis  and  V.  teiiiiidoraalia  again  are  of  the  V.  nitidus  typo  in  the  color  of  the 
dorsal  fur.  A  duo  consideration  of  my  statements  in  this  paper  would  liave  clearly 
sliown  that  these  forms  were  never  distinctly  olfered  as  species,  but  that  they  were 
fiiil)niitted  provisionally  only  under  their  separate  names.  It  was  hoped  that  the 
tlu-  descriptions  might  bo  appended  without  confusion  to  the  available  meager  diag- 
iKiscH  of  the  S(mth  American  species.  My  position  in  this  matter  has  been  misunder- 
stddd.  If  I  had  denoted  these  varieties  by  number,  or  any  other  arbitrary  means,  it 
would  have  been  to  my  mind  as  significant  as  naming  them.  According  to  the  method 
of  the  Nuttal  Ornithological  Club  of  naming  geopraphical  subspecies  by  trinomials 
Bni.ic  of  these  names  may  get  be  available  in  studies  of  V.  nigricans  and  V.  nitidus. 

'I'lie  likelihood  that  tropical  species  of  Vespertilio  extend  their  range  along  the  en- 
tire western  coast  makes  it  desirable  to  have  exact  knowledge  of  the  South  Ameri- 
liiiii  forms.  With  the  exception  of  V.  albescens  (which  is  nndoubtedly  distinct  from 
V.  nigricans)  I  have  no  acquaintance  with  these  species.  V.  polythrix  and  V.  oxyotut 
are  probably  synonyms  of  V.  nigricans. 

441— No.  43 7 


If 


'iM 


i)« 


HULM/nV    i;i,   UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


Pit 


i:    !; 


11  i^ 


r ',;      t 


liiiirs.  Ill  iiii  «'Xiiiii|>l»'  iiu'iisuriiiijiJL'"""  llir  paits  were  inarkctl  as  above, 
Imt  ill  iidditidii  tluculinMlorsmiiwas  iiiiil'oriiilycovi'rtMl  with  short  olivn 
brown  liair. 

Ifuhils, — Our  knowh'dfic  oftlie  habils  ol'  V.  nit'uhiH  and  its  vari«'lics 
is  very  scanty.  As  above,  stated  [think  it  likely  that  when  all  tliefaits 
ccMiceiiiinn' this  species  and  its  assotuates  are  e(>lle<!ted  that  it  will  Ik' 
found  that  it  is  very  close  to,  if  not  idcnticul  with  tiio  forms  now  known 
as  V.  «////•/(•«(/(«,  ]'.  cliilovnsis,  et«!.  It  is  warraiital)Ie,  therefore,  uinlci' 
such  an  assiiinption  to  include  all  notes  of  tlu^  habits  of  these  and  of 
specillc  descriptions  of  individuals  whicli  may  be  shown  to  bi^  synouy- 
nunis  herewith. 

r.  chlloviisis  in  an  islandic  variety.  Hats  can  readily  take  tlifjht  from 
the  mainland  to  an  island  of  greater  distance  than  Chiloe  (vi<le  L.  nor- 
tiviijam  and  Ataliiplia  cinciru).  In  commentinjjf  on  tlu^  liabits  of  V.  rlii- 
loensin  Darwin. says:  *'  It  is  not.  I  believe,  <;omiiioii,  nor  (h>  the  humid  and 
impervious  forests  of  that  island  (<!hiloe)  appear  aconf^enial  habitaliim 
for  members  of  the  family.  It  must,  however,  be  observed  that  even  in 
Tierra  del  Fueyo,  where  the  climate  is  still  less  hospitable,  ami  where 
the  number  of  insects  is  surprisingly  small,  I  saw  one  of  these  animals 
on  the  wing."  The  description  and  tijifure  of  l'.  r//«7o(;H.s/»  Waterhoiisc 
(Zoiil.  A'oy.  Heaj-h',  Mammalia,  bS.'W, .'"))  answers  very  well  (except  that 
it  is  without  ui'ii.v  color  of  fur  on  the  inferior  surtiuic  of  the  body)  to  V. 
nigricans,  IMany  speciim-ns,  which  I  liave  examined  from  (Jaliforiiia 
and  Oregon,  could  not  be,  in  the  main,  better  described  and  delineated. 

The  dark  hues  of  T.  cliihwiinis  recall  those  of  examples  of  V.  nitiiliis 
which  have  been  collected  in  Oregdii.  is  the  humid  character  of  tiiis 
portion  of  thecoa.st-wise  range  suflicient  to  account  for  tiie  dittereiicc 
in  coloration  from  the  Californian  varieties?  It  would  appear  to  he 
true. that  the  lighter  shades  of  brown  and  gray  are  associated  Avitii 
dry,  hot  plains  and  the  dark«M'  hues  with  forests,  especially  when 
these  cover  higli  hills  or  humid  mduntains,  (Jnfortunately  nothing  is 
said  upon  tliis  subject  by  cidlectors.  The  nature  of  the  food,  so  im- 
portant a  fa»;tor  in  preserving  coloration  in  mammals  and  birds,  is  also 
never  vouchsafed.  W^hile  we  know  in  a  general  way  that  the  species 
with  its  congeners  are  insectivorous,  the  kinds  of  in,sect.s  selected  is  un- 
known. From  the  larg<',  numbers  of  iiiiinature  forms  (as  compared  witii 
the  adult)  in  thcMerriam  collection  I  assume  that  many  were  obtained 
either  from  caves  or  hollow  trees. 

Melanic  and  pedoniorjihic  formn  of  1'.  iiiiidiiN,  as  already  remarked, 
are  connnon.  A  careful  examination  of  tlu^  materal  recently  collected 
by  W.  S.  IJryant  in  Lower  California,  for  the  California  Academy  of 
Science,  and  by  C.  Hart  Merriam,  for  the  Agricultural  Department,  lias 
not  resulted  in  bringing  theconfusion  whicli  <'xistsinmy  mind  respecr- 
ing  V.  iiifidHS  into  order.  In  .specimens  coHected  from  the  State  ol 
Washington  to  the  lower  part  of  Lower  California,  the  same  disposition 
l)revails,  namely,  to  have  a  bat  with  a  forearm  ranging  in  length  from 
30'"  to  35""  in  length;  a  small,  delicate  thumb  not  exceeding  3"'  to3V"  in 


icngt 
to  V 
tliiim 
wliih 

say. 


5433.. 
5432  , 
5(4(1. 
5'il.. 
5444. 
525. . 

im. 

519S. 
5500. 
Sliill. 
53IW. 


^iiil      . 


A   MONOOItAPH   OP   THE    DA.T8   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


99 


ItMi^'th,  and  a  lout;,  dolifatutail  and  iionexsert  tip  partH,  whivli  conform 
to  V.  nitidun  (nob.),  iiitermingling  with  other  pliasoH  in  which  thu 
tliiiinb  i8  much  hirger  viz,  4'"  to  5'",  thu  tail  small  and  more  uxHvrt, 
wliilu  tli(^  g<>.iiui'al  Mizo  of  tlu^  individual  is  much  the  samo,  that  iH  to 
s;iy,  uot  iudicutive  of  any  distinctive  peculiarities  iusize. 


Meittiirfmentit, 

Mllliinntera. 

Ili'itil  and  body  from  crown  of  huad  to  base  of  tail 

I.rii)5tli  of  arm 6 

I.tii^tli of  forearm 28 

FiiNt  dijcit: 

Lini^th  of  tirHt  miitiv(^arpiil  bone 21 

Length  of  lirHt  phalanx 1| 

.Second  digit: 

I^tnigtli  of  Hucond  metacarpal  bono 96 

Length  of  tlrat  phalanx 1^ 

Third  digit: 

Length  of  third  metacarpal  bone 26 

Length  of  flrnt  phalanx 9 

licngth  of  second  phalanx 10 

Koiirth  digit: 

Length  of  ftmrth  niotacarpiil  bone 26 

Length  of  llrst  phalanx ' 7 

Length  of  second  phalanx 6 

I'ifth  digit: 

Length  of  fifth  meta(!arpal  bone 25 

Length  of  first  phalanx , 6 

Length  of  second  phalanx 5 

Length  of  head 14 

Height  of  oar 10 

Height  of  tragns 7 

Length  of  thigh 12 

Length  of  tibia 13 

Leiintli  of  foot 5 

Length  of  tail 36 


1' 

■;  'I 


■.i 


Meanurements  from  first  edition  of  monograph. 


C'lirnmt  mini- 
lier. 


5433.. 

54;i2 

54411. 

5'.!:i.. 

.5444. 

,525. . 

r.'OT. 

5liW. 

5.5(10. 

5l!ill. 

53tW. 

5.5:15. 
.5538. 
5.5li5. 
5.534. 
.5.537. 
54115. 


From 
tip  of 

Leiigt  h 

Length 
of  fore- 
arm. 

Tn. 

LeiiKth 

Length 
of  long- 

LeUKth 

of 
thumb. 

In. 

Height 

Height 
of tra. 

gUH. 

Kx- 

|| 

of  tail. 

of  tibia. 
7n. 

est  tlu- 
ger. 

of  oar. 
In 

panse. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

.    In. 

In. 

1.8 

l.S 

1.3 

o.« 

2.3 

0.3 

0.5 

0.21 

8.0 

1.8 

1.0 

1.3 

o.u 

2.0 

0.3 

0.0 

o.a 

8.0 

1.6 

1.0 

1.2 

0.6 

1.9 

0.2 

0.4 

0.2 

7.0 

1.7 

1.0 

i.;i 

0.6 

2.0 

0.3 

0.5 

0.2 

7.0 

l.il 

1.1 

1.2 

0.5 

i.e 

0.2i 

0.4* 
0.4J 

0.2- 

7.0 

1.7 

1.2 

1.3 

0.6 

2.0 

0.3 

0.2: 

7.7 

1.7 

1.2 

1.3 

0.6 

2.e 

0.3 

0.44 

0.3 

(f) 

7.0 

l.J 

1.2 

0.6 

2.0 

0.3 

0.6 

0.3 

7.0 

1.7 

1.4 

1.2 

0.7 

2.3 

0.3 

0.5 

0.3 

8.5 

1.6 

1.2 

1.2 

0.6 

2.1 

0.3 

0.5 

0.3 

7.9 

l.« 

1.3 

1.2 

0.6 

2.1 

0.U 

0.6 

3.0 

8.0 

1.5 

1.4 

Mi 

0.6 

2.1 

0.2 

0.6 

3.0 

8.6 

1.6 

1.1 

1.2' 

0.6 

2.0 

0.2 

0.0 

3.0 

7.6 

l.S 

1.6 

1.2 

0.6} 

2.1 

0.2i 

0.6 

3.0 

8.0 

1.6 

1.3 

1.3 

0.6 

2.6 

0.2 

0.6 

3.0 

8.0 

1.4 

1.2 

LU 

0.5J 

2.0 

O.li 

0.0 

3.0 

7.0 

1.5 

1.3 

1.2 

0  6 

2.3 

0.2 

0.6 

3.0 

H.O 

1.6 

1.2 

1.2 

0.6i 

2.1 

0.2 

0.6 

3.0 

8.0 

Nature  of 
Hiioclu\en. 


l)o. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Alooholio. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Du. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.  ■ 

Do. 

Do. 


i! 


Hi! 


I* 

'    ''! 

ill  ■". 
11,1  ii-,. 


100  BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Li»t  of  specimenii. 


Cat. 
No. 

No.  of 
apcci- 
nieiiH. 



17 

I,o<^nllty. 

Treacnied  liy. 

Nature  of 
specimen. 

CoUccHon. 

6482 

Guadaliipo  CnDon,  N.  Mex  . . 

P(!t'OH  Ki ver,  Tex 

Santa  Fis  N.  Mex 

KftHt  of  Fort  ( ;olvilIe 

I'liget  Sound 

do 

Fort  Steilacooni,  Wash 

do 

Capt.  J.  Pope 

Dry 

....do  

tr.  s.  Nut 

do 

Miiseuiii. 

W.J.  Howard- 

Alcoholic . 
....do  

9^ 

do 

....do 

'^04 

do 

....do  

m 

Dr.  (Jeo.  Suckley 

do 

....do 

....do 

Dry 

do 

Alcoliidic . 

....do 

...do 

....do  

...do 

6484 

do 

do 

do       

do 

do 

do 

TOOS 
6487 

San  Francisco,  C'al 

K.D.CiittH 

W.  Hntton 

A.S.Taylor 

1207 

1868 

do. 

FortTejon,  C'al 

6406 

M^i.  Geo.  H.  Tlioniaa,  U.  S. 

A. 
do 

....do 

....do 

6687 

do    

84^ 

....do  

do 

do 

....do 

6308 

do 

do 

....do  

Var.  (a).  Vespertilio  nitidus  macropus  (H.  Alleu). 

Vespertilio  macropus  H.  Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  PhUa.,  1866,  288. 

The  following  is  the  description  of  this  variety,  provisionally  <lo- 
Hcribed  as  V.  macropus.  Above,  fur  long,  silky,  three-fourths  black, 
apical  fourth  uniform,  light  russet  brown,  a  small  clump  at  the  base  of 
iuterfemoral  membrane.  Beneath,  same  proportion  as  above,  being  at 
base  black,  at  tip  grayish- white,  i)ure  white  at  pubis;  fur  extends  later- 
ally on  membrane  midway  to  elbow.  Wing  membrane  attached  midway 
between  base  of  outer  toe  and  ankle  joint.  In  other  resiiects  it  closely 
resembles  V.  subulatiis. 

MeasuremeHta," 

Height  of  ear fi" 

Height  of  tragUH 3J'" 

Length  of  hunicruH l"  4'" 

Length  of  thnnih 8  " 

Length  of  foot 4i'" 

Length  second  joint  index  finger 1'" 

Expanse 8"   3" 

This  form  has  the  light  reddish  brown  coh)r  to  the  fur  on  the  dorsal 
surface  of  the  body  as  in  the  Sonoran  varieties  of  V.  nitidus.  The  foot 
is  very  large  and  the  interfemoral  membrane  triangular  below  the  level 
of  the  ankles  and  the  tip  of  the  tail  is  exsert.  As  above  stated  the 
resemblance  to  V.  snbulatus  (V.  ^ryphus)  in  this  regard  is  close.  V. 
nitidus  macropus  1  believe  to  be  a  pedomorphic  form  of  V.  nitidus,  but 
owing  to  peculiarities  of  environment  retains  the  light  yellow  brown 
hues  so  common  in  desert  living  individuals. 

Two  other  specimens  were  in«'luded  in  the  collection  sent  me  by  Dr. 
Coues  at  the  same  time  with  the  foregoing.    I  named  these  forms  F. 

*  Mature.  Dr.  Coues'  private  collection,  near  Fort  Major,  Colorado  River,  Now 
Mexico.    Dr.  E.  Coues,  U.  8.  Army. 


A  MONOGRAPH   OP   THE  BAtS   OF*   I^ORffl  AMERICA. 


101 


6'" 

3i'" 

1"  4'" 

■A'" 

1'" 


suhulatua.    I  now  believe  them  to  be  members  of  the  same  group  with 
the  next  variety  (<i.  v.)  of  Y.  nitidtus, 

Var.  (b).  Vespertilio  nitidua  ciliolabnim  (Merriuin).     (Plato  xii.) 
ViKiicrtilio  oiliolabrum  Merriam,  Proc.  Hiol.  Soc.  Waahiiigtou,  iv.,  1886-'88,  1. 

Tlie  following  is  an  abridgment  of  tlie  original  description  of  F. 
cilinlabrum : 

Ear  as  long  as  the  head;  calcar  occupies  one-half  the  free  margin  of 
the  interfemoral  membrane;  post  calcar  lobe  large;  apici-calcaral  lobe 
developed;  internal  basal  lobe  slightly  ouiuled;  outer  margin  auricle 
sharply  emarginated  (concave)  for  about  one-third  of  its  entire  length; 
first  scallop  at  first  abruptly  convex,  then  straight;  external  basal  lobe 
(rertoxed  lobe)  distinct.  Tragus  as  in  all  western  forms.  Thumb  very 
siiiiill,  considerably  shorter  than  foot.  Foot  small.  Half  of  last  ver- 
tcbrse  free. 

Fur  long  and  soft;  basal  portion  dusky,  apical  portion  varying  from 
wliitish  or  yellowish  wliite  to  isabella-brown  (tawny-isabellaintheNew 
Mexico  specimens),  which  in  some  individuals  is  nearly  as  dark  as  in  V. 
8»/>h/«<m«;  the  colored  apiciil  portion  varies  in  extent  from  less  than 
oiii'-third  to  more  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  hairs. 

Dr.  Merriam  believes  V.  cililolabrum  to  be  allied  to  V.  nitidus.  The 
ear  is  larger  and  in  other  proportions,  and  in  color  it  is  distinct. 

Ilfibitfit. — Trego  County,  Kans.,  and  subsequently  collected  in  Grant 
Comity,  southwest  corner  of  iSew  Mexico.  Mr.  A.  B.  Baker  the  dis- 
coverer states  that  it  was  found  in  bluffs  or  canyons  near  the  town  of 
IJiiuner  and  well  hidden  away  in  clefts  in  the  chalk  rocks.  Others  oc- 
cai)it'd  abandoned  swallows'  nests  which  were  inaccessible;  but  they 
wort'  easily  dislodged  by  means  of  stones.  Mr.  Baker  has  informed 
me  that  the  locality  for  this  subspecies  no  longer  exists. 

ifm»Hre»»en<«. 


Iliad  and  body., 
lIllKl 

Tiiil.. 


Kiir  I'nmi  inner  I)hhh1  angle. 
TriK'n« 

lluilllTUH 

K(iniirni , 

Tliiiinh 

riiinl  tintstir 

Fil'tli  linger , 

Tihiii . 


Iliiiil  fimt 

Wiiltli  of  HtM'ond  int«rH|mei\ 
Wiillli  iif  tliinl  int<'rM|iavH... 
Width  of  finirtli  iuUirHpace.. 


2794 

i^ad 

Merriam 

coll. 

mm. 
42. 
16.2.1 
37. 
15. 

6.75 
22. 
32.50 

3.75 
56. 
44. 
11.25 

7. 


27U7* 

$  ltd. 

Merriam 

coll. 


mm. 
43. 
16  25 
4U. 
15. 
6.75 
22. 

xi 

3.50 
56 

45.  ,50 
ll.!)0 

7.50 


27055 

I'nliriinip 

Valley, 

Neb. 


?nin. 
39. 


39. 


31. 
4. 


13. 

5. 

2.60 
10. 
27. 


'Type. 


In  specimen  No.  270G1,  Death  Valley,  California,  the  thumb  is  3"""; 
postcalcaral  well  developed,  no  apici-calcaral  lobe;  the  tail  is  as  long 


::ii 


B  'i 


102    BULLETIN  43,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

as  head  and  body,  ample,  convex  Oil  Hides ;  intertomoral  mumbranu  is 
sparsely  haired  to  ankles  above. 

The  upper  first  and  second  npper  premolars  .are  invisible  from  witli- 
out;  ears  furred  at  basal  one-half;  tragus  with  distinct  spine  at  upi)er 
border  of  the  basal  notch,  and  crenulated  near  tip.  In  all  the  forms 
the  hair  on  the  interfemoral  membrane  nlmost  to  the  ankle;  forearni, 
30'";  hair  deep  black  at  base;  light  golden  yellow  to  light  brown  above; 
white  beneath. 

The  following  list  includes  the  specimens  of  this  subspecies  in  the 
collection  of  the  Agricultural  Department: 

27054  5  Vegas  Valley,  Nevada. 

27055  9  Paliruinp  Valley,  Nevada. 

27056  <?  Colorado  River,  Lincoln  County,  Nev. 

27059  3  Death  Valley,  Califoniia. 

27060  i  Death  Viilley,  California. 
27058  3  Death  VaUey,  California. 

27061  3  Death  Valley,  California. 
27051  3  Aiuarj^osa  River,  California. 

30731  2  East  Fork  Keweak  River,  California ;  dark  chostuut  hrowii  above, 

light  butl°  beneath. 
30730  5  Ibid. 

In  specimen  No.  2786  9  and  No.  2787  $  collected  by  E.  Coues  at  Fort 
Whipple  in  1862,  the  outer  margin  of  the  ear  scarcely  concave,  first 
scallop  not  sharply  defined  above;  external  basnl  lobe  thick,  rigid, 
sharply  incurved.  All  parts  of  body  and  of  membranes  delicate, 
lacial  proportions  slender,  nose  pointed.  Interfemoral  membrane  above 
sparsely  haired  almost  to  ankle;  post  calcai'al  well  developed;  ai)iii 
calcaral  long, projecting.  Tail  19'"  to  ankle;  17'"  from  ankle  to  tip;  tip 
not  exsert.  Tail  in  2786  straight  to  within  three  segments  of  end, 
then  it  is  abruptly  flexed.  In  2787  it  is  curved  throughout  as  in  Vex- 
pertilio  generally,  and  the  apici-calcaral  not  projecting;  post  calcsirals 
absent. 

Here,  in  two  examples,  the  contrast  as  to  the  lobes  about  the  calcar 
and  the  shape  of  the  tail  is  marked.  The  degree  of  hairiness  on  tlie 
ui)per  surface  of  the  interfemoral  membrane  is  the  same  in  the  two 
sexes.  I  can  not  distinguish  this  form  by  any  valid  character  from  a 
group  of  specimens  (five  in  all,  18776  to  18780,  all  females)  in  the  ctd- 
lection  of  the  Agricultural  Department,  from  Oracle,  near  Tucson,  Ariz.; 
one  of  these.  No.  18778,  is  taken  as  a  basis  for  the  following  notes: 

Basal  lobe  not  thickened  at  free  border,  scarcely  incurved;  the  post 
calcaral  lobe  a  mere  hen) ;  the  membranes  are  not  black;  the  glands 
on  the  side  of  the  face  swollen,  ovate  mouth  cleft,  not  reaching  tlie 
jmsterior  canthus;  the  thumb  4'"  long;  the  foot  5"'  long;  the  head  and 
trunk  38"';  the  tail  .'W'"  long,  longer  than  body;  forearm  30'". 

These  examples  are  nearly  identical  with  skins  of  E.  Coues  from  Fort 
Whipple.  Very  light  chestnut  brown  above,  white  beneath  the  Jaw; 
tragus  semipyriform ;  lateral  incisor  small  and  parallel  to  central 
interfemoral  membrane,  milky  in  front.  This  group  of  individuiils 
exhibit  characters  combining  those  of  V.  albesvcm  and  V.  nitidus.    A 


1 


tlii    I 


A  MONOGRAPH  01'  THE  HATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.    103 

lij:lit»'i-  sliiuU^  to  tlic  t'nr  iiiiil  a  slifrlilly  sniiilliT  tlniiiih  \v«»ul(l  readily 
cinry  tlicm  over  to  T.  iiitUluH  cUioUthrum. 

Two  ('xaiiii)l('s  (No.  124r)0,  IF.  S.  N.  M.,  both  gravid  leniales)  collected 
h\  Mr.  II.  VV.  Iloiisliaw,  near  AVingate,  N.  Mex.,  in  1872,  presented 
siuii  niark(Hl  color  jdiases  as  to  snggest  that  if  these-,  prove  to  be  eon- 
stunt  in  individuals  collected  IVom  this  portion  of  the  country  that  a 
separate  geographical  subsjjecies  of  V.  nitidus  be  based  npon  them  and 
(lie  somewhat  similarly  colored  specinu'ns  from  the  Death  A'alley  re- 
f^ion.  The  fur  is  long,  silky,  n«'arly  white  above  in  one  sj>ecimen,  aiul 
hi  iliiant  light  aure<ms  in  the  second.  Both  specimens  are  quite  white 
lit'iieatli.  Interfemoral  UKMubrane  hairy  above  nearly  to  ankle,  the  back 
ol  thigh  and  leg  being  covered.  The  general  proportions  are  quite  as 
in  t  h(^  type  of  V.  nithdis.  I  i  subsequent  observation  ('onflrms  such  sub- 
s])eciiic  detenninati(m,  the  name  V.  nitidun  Jlcnshairii  may  be  given  it. 
.Ml-,  llenshaw  was  the  fust  collector  who  bnmght  this  phase  of  vesper- 
lilionine  life  to  the  attention  of  naturalists. 

\';ir.  ((■).  Vespertilio  nitidiiB  longicruB  (Tnii'). 

I'isiicrtilio  loiijiivriix  V.  W.  'I'nic,  I'rnc.  I '.  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  1?<87,  (i. 

Tlie  following  is  tiie  original  text  of  the  description: 

ClMiuliiliir  proiniiieiii-t-s  ol'  llic  sidcM  of  tln>  i'iit-e  well  dovtilopcil,  iis  in  T.  Iiicifiifins, 
iiiiikiiijj  tlio  innzzlo  aiiiH-ar  lihiiit.  I'.ai-s  shoi-tt-r  tliaii  the  lu-ad;  laid  foiwaiil  tlu-y 
(Id  not  rc'Hi-li  the  nostrils  liy  a  iiiilliiiii'tci-;  iiiiKU-  inarRin  oveiily  t-oiivcx  iVoiii  loin-  to 
tip;  iipiM'i-  third  of  outi-r  iiiargin  scarc-i-ly  conclave,  lower  two-thirds  rather  Rtroiiyly 
(■DM  vex.  LeiiHth  of  the  tragus  sliffhtly  more  than  one-half  the  height  of  the  ear;  in- 
11(1  margin  concave,  outer  marjfin  convex,  crcmilate;  ti]>  rounded  off. 

Wings  from  the  l)iis<(  of  the  toes;  foot  hvss  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  heart. 
T:iil  long.  Interfemoral  niemhrane  (h-ep  antero-jiosteriorly ;  the  hinder  margin 
sir.iight  in  the  posterior  half,  ('ah-aneiim  ending  in  a  small  rounded  lohe  in  the 
iiii(l(ll(-of  the  hinder  inarginof  the  interfemoral  menihvane;  the  margin  hctweenthis 
liilii-  and  the  foot  \i-ry  convex.  Only  the  caitilaginoiis  extremity  of  the  tail  free. 
TiUia  very  long,  excelling  the  head  hy  nearly  one-fourth. 

Tlie  fur  of  the  body  extends  on  the  iiit«-rfeinoral  memltrane  along  the  tail  as  far  as 
ii  line  joining  the  <entcr8  of  the  tibia-.  The  fnr  above  nniforni  umber  colored,  or 
sliulitly  lighter  at  the  extremities;  beneath,  umber  in  the  basal  three-fourths,  rtilll 
Naples  y4-llow  in  the  ii)iieal  lourtli.     Membram-s  dull  brown. 

>kiill  witli  the  fa<'(>  very  short  and  the  brain-ease  greatly  eh^vated.  Tooth  as  in 
(.  Iidi/iiiiiin,  exee)>t  that  the  lirst  ujiper  ])rcmolar  is  not  ei-owded  behind  the  canine. 

•  Ill  account  of  the  length  of  the  tibia  I  have  thought  it  appropriate  to  uanie  the 
Npccics  I'eitpfrlilio  lotiiiicriis 

ll  i-<  evident  that  it  is  closely  allied  to  T. /(/r'lAK/M.'i,  but  it  is  readily  distinguish- 
;ilili-  Irinii  that  s)>ecies  by  its  sh(U'ter  an<l  broader  ears,  longer  tibia-,  smaller  feet,  and 
duller  ('(ilor. 

MittHuriniciilH  n/  I  ini>i ililio  loiDjiirKH.  l-'iH.'.!,  I'lun't  •SoiiikI. 

Jlillimctprs. 

I.i'iiuth  of  head  and  body 17..') 

I.iiiglb  of  head Iti.  0 

ll(  ight  of  ear : 12.5 

l.innth  of  tragus (i.  5 

Length  of  forearm Hit.  (I 

l.ciigtli  of  thumb 6.  0 

I .( iiM  t  h  of  tibia 20. 0 

l.iiigth  of  foot 7.5 

1  ..iigth  of  tall 15. 0 


'ii    a! 


i-^l 


i  i 


i 


t 

1  ■ 

I 

{^ 

1 

V 

>■-: 

?  iii 


i  I ;. 


104  BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

In  this  species  of  Mr.  True,  the  short  ear,  with  its  sharply  concave 
outer  margin,  the  short  noncrenulate  tragus,  the  dark  color  of  fur  on 
the  under  surface  of  the  body,  the  long  tibia,  with  triangular  shape  to 
the  interfermoral  membrane  below  the  line  of  the  ankles,  separate  tliis 
form  from  other  bats  which  have  been  collected  in  the  region  of  the 
northwest.  If  other  examples  sustain  the  peculiarities,  V.  longicrus 
is  undoubtedly  a  distinct  species.  It  is  likely,  however,  to  prove  to  be 
a  variant  of  the  eastern  forms  modified  by  migration  to  the  north  and 
west.  In  the  event  of  this  proving  to  be  the  case,  it  becomes  a  sub- 
species of  V.  gryphus.  V.  longicrus,  while  a  member  of  the  humid  coast 
line  of  the  west  coast  of  North  America,  is  unlike  other  individuals  which 
have  been  collected  from  the  same  region.  The  peculiar  excavation  of 
the  outer  border  of  the  auricle  and  the  length  of  the  tibia  have  not 
been  reiieated  in  other  specimens. 

N'ote  on  Veapertilio  subulatus,  Say.* — Attempts  to  rehabilitate  V.  sub- 
ulatus,  so  as  to  admit  it  in  the  group  of  western  forms,  has  proved  to 
be  as  difficult  as  is  the  case  for  all  the  North  American  bats  where  the 
types  are  unknown.  This  is  especially  true  of  species  described  in  the 
first  half  of  the  present  century.  To  make  the  admission  valid  it  is 
necessary  that  Say's  description  should  answer  to  the  descriptions 
of  V.  albescens,  V.  nitidus,  or  one  of  the  subspecies  of  these  forms.  The 
reader  must  judge  for  himself  with  what  degree  of  justice  any  of  tlie 
names  of  the  herewith  defined  forms,  either  reestablished  by  acquaint- 
ance with  types  or  secured  by  detailed  description  at  the  hands  of  accom- 
plished zoologists,  should  be  put  aside  in  order  to  restore  a  form  which 
has  been  imperfectly  described  (see  p.  187)  from  a  single  immature 
specimen. 

Genus  LASIONYCTERIS  Peters. 
Larionycteris  Peters,  MB.  Akad.  Berlin,  1865,  648.  '  . 

Veaperidea  Cones  iiud  Yarrow,  Wheeler's  Pxped.,  Zool.,  1875. 

Diagnosis. — Ears  with  whitish  internal  basal  lobe ;  outer  border  and 
outer  basal  parts  with  membranous  flange.  Tragus  of  peculiar  shape, 
short,  blunt,  with  straight  inner  and  convex  outer  border.  F-ace  hairy. 
"Wings  to  base  of  toes;  no  calcaral  lobe  or  tip;  tip  of  tail  exsertod. 
Foot  and  thumb  of  one  length  and  a  little  less  than  one-fifth  as  long  as 
the  forearm.  Hair  dark,  plumbeous  or  blackish,  with  tips  conspicuously 
dashed  with  gray  or  white.  Dorsal  four-fifths  of  interfemoral  mem- 
brane with  numbers  of  minute  warts  arranged  transversely  and  fur- 
nished with  n  sparse  growth  of  hair.  The  first  phalanx  in  the  third, 
fourth,  and  fifth  fingers  longer  than  the  secxmd. 

Dental  formula — niolars',  premolars;",  tauiiu's    .iuciHors"   x   =  36  teeth. 

o  o  1  O 

The  manal  formula  is  as  follows: 

Mmimotoi's. 

First  interspiice 1 

Second  insterspace . . .' 4 

Third  interspiice '^5 

Forearm 37-38 

•  For  literature  of  T.  aubulatiia,  see  p.  76. 


A  MONOGRAPH  07  THE  BATS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA. 


105 


Previous  to  the  date  of  the  Monograph  of  1864,  this  genus  had  beeii 
einbraced  ir^  Veapertilio.  In  considering  it  a  species  of  Scotophilua  I 
made  an  error.  The  difference  in  the  number  of  the  molars,  the  two 
geuera,  should  have  influenced  me  in  not  including  the  form  in  any  of 
the  genera  known  at  that  time.  "  The  trifling  difference  in  the  number 
of  the  teeth  does  not  aft'ord  a  sufficient  reason  for  considering  them  (the 
North  American  Vespertilionine  species)  as  different"  (Leconte).  I 
was  influenced  by  this  opinion  in  not  separating  Lasionyoteris  from  its 
congeners.  While  Maj.  Leconte,  a  leading  authority  in  his  day,  was  so 
doubtful  upon  the  subject  of  the  value  of  the  variations  in  the  dental 
formula  he  placed  great  importance  on  the  minute  changes  in  form  of 
the  outer  ear. 

1.  LaalonyoteilB  noctivagans  (Leconte).    The  Silvery  Bat.    (Plates  xiii,  xiv.) 

Fespertilio  noctivagans  Leconte,  Cuv.  An.  Kingdom  (McMurtrie's  ed.),  i,  June,  1831, 

31;  Cooper,  Ann.  Lye,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  iv,  1837,  59;  DeKay,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y. 

(ZoiJl.),  1842,  9,  PI.  I,  Fig.  1 ;  Wagner,  Schreb.  SUiigeth.,  Suppl.,  v,  18E5,  754. 
VesperiUio  auduhoni  Harlan,  Month.  Amer.  Jour.  Geol.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1831,  220,  PI.  ii; 

lb.,  Med.  and  Physical  Researches,  1835,  30,  PI.  iv. 
VespertiUo  pulverulentua  Teuiminck,    Monog.   Mam.,   ii,  1835,  235;  Leconte,  Proo. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1855,  436;  Max.  zii  Wied,  Archiv  Naturg.,  1861,  192. 
Svolophilut  nooHvagana  H.  Allen,  Monog.  N.  A.  Bats,  1864,  39. 

Lasionyoteris  noctivagans  Peters,  MB.  Akad.  Berlin,  1865,648;  Merriam,  Mamm.  Ad- 
*    iroudack  Region,  1886. 

Visperides  noctiragans  Coues  and  Yarrow,  Wheeler's  Exped.,  Zoiil.,  1875. 
Vcsperiigo  noctivagans  Dobson,  Cat.  Chirop.  Brit.  Miis.,  1878,  238. 

Description-:-Enr  oval.  Internal  basal  lobe  of  dull  yellow  color  which 
contrasts  with  th(i  dark  brown  of  the  rest  of  the  auricle.  The  free  pro- 
jecting lobe  rather  larger  than  in  other  species  of  the  group.  The 
lobe  ends  abrnptly  on  the  inner  border,  wliich  is  directed  in  an 
oblique  straight  line  upward  and  backward  to  a  blunt  tip  which  is  in  the 
long  axis  of  the  auii<!le  and  is  not  directed  backward.  The  upper  part 
of  the  outer  border  is  straight  and  bears  a  delicate  fold  which  is  turned 
back  against  the  posterior  surface  of  the  auricle.  The  lower  part  is 
convex,  also  bears  a  delicate  reverted  fold,  and  is  separated  from  the 
upper  by  a  small  notch.  The  external  basal  ridge  does  not  reach  the 
border  of  the  auric^le.  It  is  irregular  and  bears  two  tubercles,  between 
wliich  lies  a  well-defined  pocket.  The  external  basal  lobe  is  membranous 
and  bears  upon  its  inner  surface  a  sr  11  nodule  which  is  homologous  to 
the  reverted  portion  in  Adelonycterh  ftisctis.  The  external  basal  lobe 
ends  on  a  post  rictal  wart. 

Thus  the  ear  has  a  membranous  expansion  of  variable  width  on  the 
l»osterior  border  from  the  tip  to  the  angle  of  the  mouth. 

Tragus  short  and  blunt,  straight  on  the  inner  border,  slightly  deflected 
outward  at  the  outer  border  for  a  short  distance,  and  is  thence  abruptly 
convex,  to  be  gradually  inclined  inward  at  the  pedicle.  The  outer  snr- 
tiice  of  tragus  is  concave  and  suggests  in  a  general  way  the  plan  in 
Emhallonura.     Glandular  masses  on  side  of  snout  conspicuous;  they 


r^f- 


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ii 


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i 

In: 

H 

1  - 

li 

r ' 

i     :    • 

106 


BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES   >'ATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


appear  to  advantage  againnt  the  depression  in  the  faee  directly  back  of 
them.  3uout  is  broad,  scarcely  eniarginate.  Width  between  nostrils 
greater  than  distance  from  mouth  to  top  of  snout.  Upper  lip  slightly 
pendulous  at  the  side.  Mental  plate  well  <leflned  inferiorly.  Dobsmi 
states  that  the  inner  margin  of  the  tragus  appears  to  be  in  the  an^^ie 
between  the  free  projection  of  the  internal  basal  lobe  and  the  coniili. 
This  must  be  an  individual  variation  or  an  error  of  observation. 

Dorsum  fur  long  and  silky,  of  a  dark  brown,  bla(;k  at  the  basal  two- 
thirds  or  four-fifths,  the  apical  portion  i>ecoming  abruptly  gray  or  white. 
The  head  and  neck  almost  entirely  brown-bhick,  the  silvery  appear- 
ance not  being  sufficient  to  give  character  to  the  region.  Occasionally 
the  hair  of  the  face,  both  above  and  at  the  sides,  will  be  of  the  dominant 
color,  while  the  crown  and  nape  will  be  of  the  same  character  as  the 
body.  .       . 

Below  the  fur  is  of  the  general  character  of  the  dorsum,  but  slightly 
shorter.  The  postmental  region  nearly  naked,  the  rest  of  the  neck 
scarcely  silvery,  as  on  the  dorsum  of  face. 

The  prebrachium  with  distinct  tendon  of  occipito-pollical  muscle. 
Three  conspicious  intercostal  lines  are  discerned. 

The  coraco  brachialis  fascicles  rises  liigh  up  near  the  axilla.  Tlie 
triceps  fascicle  system  with  vertical  oblique  and  horizontal  lines  dis- 
cernible. None  of  the  terminal  Hues  of  the  foregoing,  reach  the  free 
margin  of  thfe  wing-membrane.  No  vertical  lines  apart  from  the  fore- 
going are  discernible.  The  obliquetibial  line  arises  from  near  ankle  and 
extends  as  far  as  the  intercosto-humeral  at  the  elbow. 

A  delicate  forked  line  extends  downward  and  soraad  from  the  lower 
part  of  muscle  mass  at  the  proximal  end  of  the  fifth  metacarpal  bone. 

The  fourth  interspace  exhibits  the  predigital  nerve  ai)pearing  in  a 
well-defined  elevated  fold  of  membrane  at  the  side  of  the  niuscle-niass 
just  named.  The  line  forms  a  curve  and  extends  about  one-half  way 
down  the  shaft  of  the  fifth  metacarpal  bone,  when  it  is  lost  along  the 
lino  of  the  shaft.  The  main  branch  of  the  nerve  arises  from  the  middle 
of  the  curve  and  passes  downward  and  forward,  but  does  not  extend 
beyond  the  middle  of  the  interspace,  nor  quite  to  its  free  border.  The 
postdigital  nerve  arises  high  in  the  interspace,  apparently  from  the 
palm,  approaches  the  fourth  metacarpal  bone  at  its  proximal  end,  but 
soon  leaves  it  and  is  distributed  to  the  anterior  half  of  the  interspace. 

The  third  interspace  shows  a  delicate  line  from  the  first  interphalaii- 
geal  joint  of  the  fourtli  finger  and  a  sec(uid  longer  one  from  the  meta- 
carpo-phaiangeal  joint  of  the  third  finger. 

The  interfemoral  membrane  shows  the  oblique  line  (above)  as  a  cand- 
otibial,  since  it  arises  from  the  side  of  first  caudal  vertebra.  The  trans 
verse  lines  on  the  int«rfemora  membrane  are  regularly  disposed  and 
marked  with  minute  pilose  warts. 

The  terminal  phalanges  much  the  same  as  in  Atahpha.  The  parts 
are  all  delicate;  the  terminal  phalanx  of  the  third  digit  is  sigmoid  and 


n* 


M. 


tly  back  of 
en  nostrils 
ip  sliglitly 
■.  Dobsitii 
I  the  angle 
the  concli. 
ion. 

basal  two- 
y  or  white. 
py  appciir- 
scasionally 
)  dominant 
3ter  as  the 


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lit  sliglitly 
'  the  neck 

al  jnust'lo. 

:illa.  The 
lines  dis- 
h  the  free 
a  the  fore- 
ankle  and 

the  lower 
rpal  bone, 
iring  in  a 
iscle-niass 
i-half  way 
along  the 
he  middle 
ot  extend 
der.    The 

from  the 
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iterspace. 
erphaliiii- 
the  metii- 

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moid  and 


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Explanation  of  Plate  XIII. 

Fig.  1.  Front  view  of  hoatl  of  LaHiotii/rtvrin  nortiragam. 

Fi«.  2.  Side  vi«>w  of  saiui*. 

Fid.  3.  N'iew  of  trajjus  and  inner  surface  of  auricle. 

Fi(i.  4.  Wing  nienibranc. 

Fi(i.  5.  Tail  and  iiitcrfcinoral  luciiibrnnc. 

Fi»i.  G.  Tlie  skull  seen  from  above,     x  2. 

Fig.  7.  TLc  sivull  and  lower  Jaw  seen  from  the  side,     x  2. 


il 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XIII 


.ii^ 


Lasionvcteris  noctivagans. 


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or  iibo 
raised 
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equals 
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arc  on 
nearly 
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arm. 

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localit: 
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¥    LI 


A   MONOGRAPH   OF   THE   BATS   OP   NORTH  AMERICA. 


107 


less  rigid  tliiin  in  any  species  examined.  The  tip  of  the  terminal  plia- 
laiix  of  tlie  fourth  digit  is  minutely  lobed  and  ft'eo. 

The  dorsum  of  the  interfemoral  membrane  sparsely  tiovered  with 
silvery  tipped  hair  for  four-fifths  of  its  extent;  thetibiieare  involved. 

The  wing  membranes  are  attached  to  the  base  of  the  toes.  The  fifth 
metacarpal  bone  is  shorter  than  the  third  and  fourth,  which  are  of  the 
same  length.  No  raised  lines  are  present  in  the  radio-metacarpal  angle 
or  about  the  muscle-mass  at  the  base  of  the  fifth  digit.  A  delicate 
raised  line  is  seen  on  the  dorsum  of  the  prebrachium.  The  prebrachium 
ends  at  the  distal  third  of  the  forearm.  The  distance  from  the  cud  of 
the  fifth  metacarpal  bone  and  the  olecranon  (the  manus  being  closed) 
equals  one-seventh  of  the  length  of  the  forearm.  (In  A.  fmcus  this 
distance  equals  one-ninth  the  length  of  forearm.)  The  fourth  and 
fifth  metacarpal  bones  lie  well  palmed  of  the  third.  (In  A.fuscus  they 
are  on  the  same  line.)  In  repose  the  first  phalanx  of  the  third  digit  is 
nearly  in  the  same  line  with  the  third  metacarpal  bone,  as  in  Noctilio 
and  Miniopteris.    The  second  phalanx  of  the  same  digit  is  straight. 

In  a  specimen  from  Beaverton,  Oregon,  sent  me  for  examination  by 
Mr.  G.  S.  Miller,  .jr.,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  the  tip  of  the  calcaral  spur  is 
distinctly  lobed  and  the  foot  is  exactly  one-fifth  the  length  of  th<j  fore- 
arm.   The  membranes  and  hair  are  black. 

Variations. — Variation  is  slight  in  coloration,  notwithstanding  the 
extended  range  of  the  species  and  the  great  numbers  found  in  certain 
localities.  Leconte  describes  "  entirely  black "  examples;  these  I  have 
never  seen.  Occasionally  the  dorsum,  where  the  hair  of  the  side  of  the 
body  ends  and  that  on  the  membrane  begins,  is  marked  by  a  conspicu- 
ous line  of  hair  having  long  white  tips.  The  basal  black  or  brown  does 
not  always  abruptly  end  in  the  tip,  but  an  obscure,  rusty-black  shade 
intervenes.  I  have  not  met  with  any  varieties  with  furred  thumb. 
The  shafts  of  the  hair  in  front  may  be  plumbeous  instead  of  brown 
blaclv.  The  edges  of  the  lips,  as  well  as  the  internal  basal  lobe,  are 
sometimes  white.  Very  rarely  the  tip  of  the  tragus  is  ])ointed  instead 
of  blunt.  The  external  basal  lobe  may  extend  across  the  postrictal 
wart  to  the  mouth.    The  lobe  is  very  rarely  revolute  in  any  degree. 

A  specimen  from  Healdsburg,  Cal.  (Cal.  Acad,  of  Science),  appeared 
to  l)e  somewhat  darker,  both  in  fur  and  membrane,  but  in  essential 
particulars  it  was  similar  to  Eastern  forms. 

Skull. — There  is  no  trace  of  a  crest  at  the  sagitta;  temporal  ridges 
are  absent;  the  mesencephalon  equals  one-fourth  the  greatest  length 
of  the  cranium ;  the  eminence  for  the  proencephalon  minute  and  bears 
two  foramina  which  are  near  each  other;  the  vertex  of  the  face  with  a 
low  nasal  eminence  for  the  anterior  one-third  of  the  entire  region ;  the 
posterior  two-thirds  is  concave:  the  maxilhe  are  deeply  concave  on 
either  side  of  the  nasal  eminein 

The  fronto-maxillary  region  is  produced  laterally  into  a  trenchant 
ridge  which  causes  the  inner  wall  of  the  orbit  to  appear  concave.    The 


11 


I'  'i 


I     I! 

I 

BIB        5 


108 


BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


infraorbital  forameii  is  small  and  n(>ar  the  urbit.  In  the  orbit  the 
correHpundiug  foramen  is  large  and  withont  concavity  about  it.  A  line 
produced  from  the  upper  margin  of  the  anteri  v  nasal  aperture  inter- 
sects  the  dental  arc.li  directly  back  of  the  canine  toutb.  The  upper  bor- 
der of  the  zygomatic  arch  elevated.  The  paroccipital  process  is  pro- 
duced, but  does  not  reach  the  level  of  the  lower  border  of  the  occijiital 
condyle;  it  is  longer  than  the  mastoid.  The  region  between  it  and  the 
mastoid  is  slightly  inflated  with  a  shallow  incision  inferiorly;  it  cqualH 
one-ninth  of  the  greatest  length  of  the  skull.  The  tympanic  bone  is  not 
complete  above,  the  head  of  the  malleus,  as  in  A.  /uhcus,  appearing  iu 
the  interval  and  without  an  anterior  basal  process. 

A  small  post  maxillary  process  is  present.  Basioccipital  without  lat- 
eral concave  depression.  The  sphenoidal  tongue  is  conspicous,  conceal- 
ing the  cochlea  at  the  anterior  half.  The  posterior  palatal  spine  is  well 
developed ;  the  vomer  is  re(;cdant.  The  height  of  coronoid  process  above 
level  of  the  condyle  is  les^  than  the  width  of  the  horizontal  ramus 
The  interval  between  angle  and  condyle  is  rectangular.  The  syin 
physis  yields  a  su'all  posterior  process  which  ends  opposite  the  second 
premolar. 

Examination  of  the  interior  of  the  nose  shows  that  the  septotur- 
binal  space  extends  a  little  in  advance  of  the  septal  line.  There  is  but  a 
single  opening  for  the  ectoturbinal.  The  main  plate  is  marked  by  a 
relativelj'  small  opening,  behind  which  extends  a  row  of  three  small 
foramina.  On  the  nasal  surfiice  the  endoturbinal  series  is  inflated, 
and  does  not  exhibit  the  lateral  concavity  seen  in  other  Vesper- 
tilionidn;.  It  is  directed  downward  and  forward.  The  first  endo- 
turbinal is  as  ill  A.  /uhcuh.  It  reaches  a  point  as  far  as  the  canine 
tooth,  is  slightly  depressed  above,  and  presents  a  uniformly  sloping  sur- 
face laterally.  Its  lower  edge  forms  the  lower  border  of  the  median 
surface.  The  second  endoturbinal  is  of  uniform  width,  longer  than 
high,  and  equal  in  length  to  the  free  portion  of  the  first  endoturbinal. 
The  third  endoturbinal  is  smaller  than  the  preceding. 

Maxillary  teeth. — The  median  of  the  maxillary  incisors  is  bifid  on 
the  cutting  edge,  and  so  placed  as  to  be  obliquely  lodged  in  the  jaw, 
the  inner  of  the  bifid  points  being  directed  outward.  The  lateral  incisor 
with  a  conical  outer  (labial)  surface  and  a  trenchant  flange  of  nearly 
the  same  length  as  the  median  aspect  of  the  palatal  surface.  These 
two  parts  are  in  exact  antero-posterior  position  to  each  other,  thus 
being  in  contrast  with  the  oblique  position  of  the  parts  in  the  case  of 
the  central  tooth.  The  canine  is  concave  on  the  palatal  surface,  the 
trenchant  border  being  in  the  line  of  the  tooth  axis;  the  labial  sur- 
face posteriorly  is  concave.  The  first  premolar  is  very  small,  but  edged 
in  the  space  between  the  outer  and  inner  angles  of  the  interval  between 
the  canine  and  second  premolar;  the  second  premolar  scarcely  longer 
than  first  molar  with  a  sharp  spine-like  protocone  and  low  rounded  heel; 
the  first  and  second  molars  with  posterior  commissure  of  the  protocone 


M. 

orbit  the 
it.  A  line  I 
turo  iiitw- 
upper  bor 
ess  is  pro- 
le  occipital 
I  it  and  the 
;  it  equals 
bone  is  not 
)peuring  iu 

without  Lit- 
is, conceal- 
)ine  is  well 
(cess  above 
tal  ramus. 
The  sym. 
the  second 

D  septotur- 
ere  is  but  a 
arked  by  a 
hree  small 
18  inflated, 
Jr  Vesper- 
first  endo- 
the  canine 
loping  sur- 
he  median 
•nger  than 
loturbinal. 

s  bifid  on 
1  the  jaw, 
iral  incisor 
of  nearly 
se.    These 
ther,  thus 
he  case  of 
irface,  the 
abial  sur- 
but  edged 
1  between 
ily  longer 
ded  heel; 
[>rotocoue 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XIV 


.1  ;i 


M 


1.  Maxillary  teeth  of  Lasionycteris  noctivagans. 

2.  Mandibular  teeth  of  same,    x  «. 


II  .11 


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III  I 


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absen 
111(1  im 
lit'cl  ii 
is  cnti 

SOCOIK 

Mm 
is  inoi 
iinu!li 

St't'OlM 

iiiiviin 
cuttin 
sents 
is  slijr 
is  trib 
quite  ; 
iniiiut 
base  c 
the  V 
acomi 
geiicTi 
sniiilk 
also  is 

Not 
than 
iiinoin 
nu'ii  i 
Palati 

Jx'en 
Fciiial 
(Merr; 
male. 
I  hav« 
h)iig,  1 

Hal 
l)eai'  f 
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habits 
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bat  ii 
sixty- 
aiul  i 

*  Th( 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


109 


absent;  tbe  anterior  V  nearly  of  the  same  size  as  the  second;  the  heel  is 
I'udimental,  the  apex  is  seen  as  on  the  posterior  part  of  the  cusp  of  the 
heel  in  fig.  In  the  third  molar  the  posterior  commissure  of  the  protocone 
is  entire  and  adjuts  against  the  palatal  end  of  the  anterior  limb  of  the 
second  V,  the  second  limb  being  absent. 

Mandibular  teeth. — The  first  incisor  presents  a  trifid  cutting  edge  and 
is  more  inclined  than  the  others  from  within  outward,  thus  permitting 
iuu(!li  of  the  base  to  be  seen  when  the  tooth  is  viewed  from  above.  The 
seeond  and  third  teeth  gradually  increase  in  thickness,  the  last  named 
liiiving  a  distinct  nodosity  back  of,  but  on  the  same  level  with,  the  trifid 
cutting  edge.  The  canine  is  concave  on  its  posterior  border,  and  pre- 
sents an  unusually  broad  cingulum.  Of  the  three  premolars  the  first 
is  sliffhtly  larger  than  the  second,  the  third  is  largest  of  the  series,  and 
is  trihedral.  All  are  surrounded  by  complete  cingula.  The  molars  are 
quite  as  in  Vespertilio  distinguished  by  possessing  high  acute  tips.*  A 
minute  cusp  out  lines  the  posterior  border  of  each  molar  at  the  lingual 
base  of  the  heel.  In  the  first  and  second  tooth  the  heel  is  larger  than 
the  V,  and  projects  farther  on  the  buccal  side  and  is  without  a  trace  of 
ii  commissure.  The  third  molar  diflfers  from  the  same  tooth  in  any  (►f  the 
genera  of  the  group  in  the  triangular  form  of  the  heel,  but  is  a  little 
smaller  than  the  corresponding  part  in  the  first  and  second  molar.  It 
also  is  without  a  commissure. 

Notes  on  the  skeleton. — Coracoid  process  of  scapula,  with  base  broader 
than  the  apex,  which  is  obscurely  bifid.  The  inferior  border  of  the 
innominate  bone  at  the  ischium  and  pubis  produced.  The  thyroid  fora- 
men is  subrotund.  Bibs,  eleven  in  number.  Ulna  as  in  A.  fusctis. 
Palatal  rugte,  seven. 

Jiemarks  on  sex. — No  secondary  sexual  characters  have  been  detected. 
Females  are  much  more  numerous  than  males  in  the  Adirondacks. 
(Meniam,  I.  c.)  Out  of  eighty-five  caught  in  one  locality,  but  one  was  a 
male.  In  collections  the  males  are  less  commonly  seen  than  the  females. 
I  have  examined  ten  males  and  fif'eeu  females.  The  penis  is  whitish, 
Ions,  aubcylindroid — prepuce  not  expanded. 

Hnbitat. — Distributed  throughout  the  United  States.  It  would  ap- 
l>ear  from  specimens  in  museums  to  be  much  less  common  toward  the 
Western  range  than  iu  the  East.  At  the  date  of  the  publication  of  the 
monograph  it  had  not  been  found  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  or  in 
California.  According  to  J.  B.  Tyrrell  (Mam.  of  Canada,  1888),  L. 
novtivagans  is  found  as  far  north  as  Hudson  Bay. 

Habits. — 0.  Hurt  Merriam  (/.  c.)  has  given  close  attention  to  the 
habits  of  the  silvery  bat.  In  his  work  on  the  Mammals  of  the  ^rtiron- 
dack  Region,  this  writer  states  that  L.  noctivngans  is  the  most  cr^^|^mon 
bat  in  that  section.  In  one  locality,  (mt  of  seventy  species  seonred 
sixty-three  were  of  this  species.  It  is  the  earliest  sjiecies  to  appear, 
and  is  especially  fond  of  water  ways  and  the  borders  of  hard-wood 


'■i; 


Thc»e  are  often  worn  off  iu  the  flrst  and  second  molars  iu  old  iudividnala, 


f. 


ii'ilil 


'ii ; 


110  BULLETIN   43,  UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

groves.  The  young  were  found  to  be  more  "beautiful"  than  the  adults 
and  alone  to  possess  perfect  silvery  tips  to  the  hairs.  This  fact  is  not 
borne  out  by  my  examinations.  I  have  found  less  ditt'erence  in  the 
coh)r  of  the  young  and  adult  than  in  other  species,  and  between  the 
half-grown  and  the  adult  forms  I  have  observed  none  of  the  contrasts 
which  are  so  noteworthy  in  A.fusctts. 

Mr.  jVIerriam  states  that  this  bat  has  been  known  after  being  wound(Ml 
and  falling  into  the  water  to  swim  powerfully  and  swiftly  against  a 
strong  current  to  the  shore.  This  is  an  interesting  fact.  Mere  flutter- 
ing of  the  wings  of  a  wounded  animal  could  not  so  direct  the  animal. 
It  must  be  that  a  coordinated  act  (presumably  in  imitation  of  the  act 
of  flight)  propelled  the  animal  through  the  water. 

Meaauyemenlt. 


TT.S.N.M.* 

S291. 
St.  Louis, 

Mo. 


Hvail  and  body  (from  crown  of  head  to  base  of  tail) . 

r  ^ngth  of  anil 

ngtb  of  forearm 

>.  .rst  digit : 

Length  of  first  iiietacari)al  bone 

Length  of  plialanges 

Second  digit: 

Length  of  second  niutacaipal  bone 

Length  of  first  phalanx 

Third  digit: 

Lengtii  of  tliird  rattaiarpal  lione 

Length  of  tirst  phalanx T 

Length  of  second  phalanx 

Fourth  digit: 

Length  of  fonrtli  metacarpal  bono 

Lengtii  of  tirst  phalanx 

Length  of  secontl  phalanx 

Fifth  digit : 

Length  of  flfth  metacarpal  hone 

Length  of  first  phalanx 

Length  of  second  phalanx 

Length  of  head 

H<!ight  of  ear 

Height  of  tragus 

I^cngth  of  thigh 

Length  of  tibia 

Length  of  foot 

Length  of  tailt 


12 

14 

7 

31 


Collection 
oftJ.S.MIl- 

ler,  10(10. 

Boavertdu, 

Oregon. 


37 

.38 

234 

23. 

38 

36) 

U-2 

2 

5 

SJ 

32 

:!(i 

3 

4 

33 

35 

13 

14 

6 

m 

:u 

35 

12 

U 

6 

7 

31* 

33 

7 

10 

4 

5 

17 

12 
i:f 
7 
32 


"plot  quite  mature. 

tThc  ditlerenccs  in  some  of  the  nicasuri'meiitH  of  the  two  cxaniiilcs  is  due  to  the  immaturity  of 
specimen  No.  5201. 

Measurements  from  firet  edition  of  Monograph. 


'  Hoof  'Lenirth'J^«"K*'':'^«"?"'r*'of'''  f ■«"»«•'  HeiirhtH^iKht!     „,         Nature 


{    tail. 


tibia. 


i>32». 

4721). 

74«. 

74. 

2231. 

1785. 


In. 

2.6 
2.9 
2.  fi 
2.3 

""•j.O 
2.2 


In. 
l.G 
1.& 

■■■i;5' 


1.2 


In. 
1,7 
1.0 
1.7 
1.0 


LO 


In. 

0.  (i 
U.  fl 

o.u 

0.6 

"6.6 
0.7 


,fi;:^?!i"'""'". 

i 


tragus. I  I"'"" 


In.  ! 
2.0 
2.» 
2.0 
2.0  I 

I 

2.7  1 


0.3 
0.3 
0.3 
0.3 

6.3 ' 
0.4 


III. 
O.U 
0.0 
O.H 
O.Ci 

"6.'6  " 
0.5i 


In. 
0.2 
0.24 
0.2? 
0.3 


6.3  " 
0.24 


In. 

12.0 

12.0 


Dr; 


1,1. 
Dd. 
Do. 
Vi>. 
Do. 

1)0. 


w  » 


the  adults 
fact  is  not 
ttce  in  the 
(tween  the 
3  contrasts 

J  wounded 
T  agaiuKt  a 
ere  flutter- 
he  animal, 
of  the  act 


r.* 

Collection 
ofG.S.Mil. 

ler,  loiio. 

Beavertdu, 

Orecoii. 

-2 

38 

-a. 

2 

BJ 

35 
4 

a,-) 

14 

lOJ 

35 
14 

7 

33 
10 
5 

111 

12 
13 

7 
32 

inimaturltvof 


[  Niitiirp 

of  «ini'i 

iiii'ii. 


2.0 

Dry. 

2.0 

ltd. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

LUt  of  gpeoimeiin. 


111 


Niimlicr 

Ciit. 
No. 

of  Hpcci- 

incDH. 

,«:il 

1 

•> 

,■•.427 

1 

r^iiis 

I 

fi;!57 

1 

5'JilO 

1 

^■m 

1 

;t;ii!H 

1 

.I'J'.il 

1 

.'i'.'!)3 

2 

5204 

1 

.'>4:)1 

2 

.s;;.')9 

1 

•Will 

2 

.■iJ'ja 

1 

•V.'hil 

1 

.'iS'il 

1 

."•iL'u:; 

1 

47'J9 

1 

Localitv. 


ifunu's  Bay,  II.  B 


It 


Moofio  Factory,  H. 

Middli'lxirii,  MnsB 

Ciirlialo,  I'li 

do 

West  Phlladelphiii 

Mt.  Holly,  N.J 

Wasliiiigton,  D.  C 

lUinoix  KivLT 

St.  Lniiln,  Mo 

NebraBka 

Platte  Kiver 

Fort  Uulon,  JCebr 

do 

do 

Yt'llowstoue  River 

I'nget  Sound 

Fort  Keading,  Cal 

United  States 

do 


PreHcnted  by- 


C.  Drexel . 


do 

J.W.P..rBnkB 

S.F.Baird 

David  Miller 

W.  S.  Wood 

Dr.  Gen.  C  Brown 

W. Wilson 

R.  Kennicott 

Dr.  EnKnlmanii 

Dr.  J.  (j.Cooper 

W.  S.  Wood 

Dr.  F.  V.  Haydcn 

do..... 

, do 

(,'ol.  Vaughan j do 

Dr.  Kennedy I do 

Dr.  T.  F.  Ilaiiiiuoud ! do 

(/)                          ....do 
Muj.  Leconte do 


Nature 

of  Hjieci- 

men. 

Alcoholic . 


...do  .... 
..do  .... 

Dry 

Alcoholic 
...do  .... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do  .... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do  .... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
do.... 


CoUoction. 


V.   S.  Nat. 

MU8. 

Do. 
Do. 

1)0. 

Do. 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


GeuuH  ADELOM7CTERIS  H.  Alleu. 

Scotophilita  Leacli,  Trans.  Linn.  Hue.  liondon,  xiii,  1822,  71.     {Type,  S.  kuLlii.) 
IV«2)('rH«'  Key.Hnrlitig  &,  BlusiuH,  Wiepn.  Arch.  1M3'J,  AVirl)elthiere  Eurupas,  1840,  49. 
Adchniicteria  H.  Alleu,  Proc.  Aciul.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  1892. 

Diagnosis. — As  in  the  case  of  Vespertilio  it  is  impossible  to  frame  a 
diaji'iiosis  of  a  genus  where  the  forms  are  cosmopolitan  and  tue  student 
is  confined  to  material  representing  a  fauna.  I  am  content  to  designate 
Ailelonycteris  by  the  dental  formula. 

Dental  formula. — Molars  ij,  premolars  A,  canines  \,  incisors  f  x  ^  = 
:V2  teeth. 

Vnpcnis  was  establislieti  on  Vesiwrtilio  serotinus  and  Vespertilio  dis- 
color. It  is  distinguished  from  othe  ve.sjiertilionine  bats  by  the  pres- 
•Mict' of  a  single  molar  in  the  upper  jaw.  The  genus  Scotophilv^  was 
bused  by  Leach  on  an  individual  without  locality.  For  many  years 
llii^i'li.sh  writers  (especially  Gray  and  Tomes)  applied  this  name  to  the 
t'(  inns  now  included  under  Vesper  us  and  Vcsperugo.  I  followed  the  same 
])iiictice  in  the  Moiiograpliof  18(i4,  since  I  naturally  assumed  that  these 
writers  were  acquainted  with  Leach's  type.  Peters  in  18G6  pointed  out 
file  fact  that  Sootophilu:!  wuh  ilistinct  and  embraced  a  group  of  bats 
none  ofwlio.se  representatives  are  found  either  in  Europe  or  America. 
Srotiiphilu.'i,  therefore,  can  be  no  longer  applied  to  any  of  our  species.  I 
liiivc  latiily  ascertained,  through  specimens  in  the  possession  of  the 
.Mnseum  of  Compaiativo  Zoology,  that  Scotophilus  closely  resembles 
Atiihiplid,  wliicli  genus  it  may  be  said  to  represent  in  Africa,  Asia,  and 
.Viistralia. 

.Mr.  V.  W.  True  has  called  my  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  Vesperus 
ol  Keyserling  and  Blasius,  ISK),  is  antedated  by  Vesperus  oi  Tiejean, 
1S21.    The  latter  was  a  nonien  nudum  until  1829,  when  it  was  taken 

*  K.  &■  ]i.  proponed  Vesperiia  us  ii  Biibgenus  to  FeapertiHo. 


lii! 


ill  I  ^'11 1 


if   i'^ 


112 


BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


Up  by  Latreille  and  described.  The  Vesperus  of  K.  &  B.  is,  therefore, 
untenable.  Vesperus  is  valid  only  in  Latreille,  1829  (Coleoptera,  Ceram- 
bycidfe).  Acting  upon  the  information  herein  conveyed,  I  have  proposed 
(1. 0.)  to  change  the  name  of  Vesperm  as  applied  to  a  genus  of  Ohirop- 
tera  to  Adelonycteris. 

1.  Adelonycteris  fuscuB  (Palisot  de  Beauvois),  The  Brown  Bat.     (Plates  xv,  \vi 

XVII.) 

VesperliHo  f uncut  Poliaot  de  Beauv.,  Cat.  Peale's  Mus.,  1796, 14;  Leconte,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1855,  437, 
Vespertilio    carolivenaia   Temminck,   Monog.   Mam.,   ii,  1835,   237;   Harlan,  Faiiua 

Anier.,  1825,  9;  Godnian,  Ainer.  Nat.  Hist.,  1826,  67;  Leconte,  Cuv.  An.  King,, 

(McMurtrie's  ed)  i,  1831,  431;  Harlan,  Month.  Anier.  Jonr.  Oeol.  and  Nat.  8ci., 

1, 1831,  218;  //>.,  Med.  and  Phys.  Researches,  1831,  28;  Cooper,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat. 

Hist.,  N.  Y.,  IV,  1837,  60;  DeKay,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  Zool.,  1842,  10,  PI.  II,  f.  1.; 

Leconte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,   1855,  434;    Wagner,  Schreb.  Siiugith., 

Siippl.,  V,  1855,  753. 
reapertilio  arcnatiia  Say,  Long's  Expod.  Rocky  Mts.,  1823,  167. 
Fe$pertUio  phaiopa  Raf.  Anier.  Month.  Mag.,  1818,  445  (not  Temni.  Monog.  Mam,,  ii, 

183.5,  234);  Leconte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1855,  437;  Wagner,  Schreb. 

Saugeth.,  Snppl.,  v,  18.55,  756. 
VeapfrtiUo  urainua  Temminck.  Monog.  Mam.,  ii,  1835  ,234;  Wagner,  Schreb.  Siiugoth,, 

V.  18.55,  756;  Max.  zu  Wied,  Archiv  Natnrg.,  1861,  190. 
Feapertilio  gryphua  Wagner,  Schreb.  Siiugetli.,  v,  1855,  749. 
Veapertilio  caroU  I^econte  (not  Temm.),  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1855,  437. 
Sootophiltia  greeni  Gray,  Cat.  Mam.  Brit.  Mus.,  1842.* 
Seotophilus  fuacua  H.  Allen,  Monog.  N,  A.  Bats,  1864,  31;  J.  A.  Allen,  Bull.  Mub. 

Comp.  Zoill.,  1869,  208. 
Veapertia  aerotiniia  var.  fuaciia,  Dobson,  Cat.  Chirop.  Brit.  Mus.,  1878,193. 
Feaperua  aerotinua  Alston.,  Biolog.  Centrali-Amer.,  Mam.,  1879-82,  20. 
Veaperut  aerotinua  fuacua  Merriam,  Mammals  of  Adirondack  Region,  1886, 184. 

Diagnosis. — Scallops  of  auricle  disposed  to  be  revolute.  Chin  plate 
obscurely  defined  or  triangular.  Upper  lip  not  defined — continuous 
with  muzzle.  Tragus  blunt— outer  border  slightly  convex.  The  me- 
dian incisor  bifid  greatly  larger  than  lateral  coracoid.  The  process 
with  small  anterior  spine  from  free  end;  not  deflected  posteriorly,  but 
descends  parallel  to  glenoid  cavity.  Dorsum  of  face  naked;  lips  not 
whiskered. 

Description. — Ears  erect,  but  incline  outward;  the  tip  can  be  made  to 
reach  a  point  half  way  between  the  angle  of  the  mouth  and  the  snout. 
The  general  slope  of  the  ear  is  elliptical,  with  the  blunt  tip  turned 
slightly  backward.  The  internal  basal  lobe  broad  rounded,  but  does  not 
project  back  of  the  internal  ridge ;  the  anterior  border  of  the  ear  convex, 
posterior  emarginate  and  joins  the  region  of  the  external  ridge  abruptly 
by  a  moderate  first  scallop,  which  is  sometimes  revolute.  The  external 
ba^al  lobe  is  longer  thai-  high  involute,  scarcely  elevated  posteriorly, 
slightly  oblique  to  the  border  of  the  auriclt-  and  thicker  on  free  border 
than  elsewhere.    The  second  scallop  occupies  a  triangular  space  and 


*J.  A.  Allen  believes  that  Epteaicut  melanopu  Raf.,  belongs  to  this  synonPlii^' 
(See  Appendix.) 


u. 

,  therefore, 
sra,  Ceram- 
e  proposed 
of  Ohirop- 

itea  XV,  XVI, 

,  Proc.  Acad, 

irlan,  Fauua 
('.  All.  King,, 
nd  Nat.  Sci,, 
n.  Lye.  Nat. 
PI.  II,  f.  L; 
b.  Siiugeth., 


og.  Mam.,  II, 
;ner,  Schreb. 

lb.  Siiugeth., 


5,  437. 

,  Bull.  MuB. 


,184. 

Chin  plate 
jontiimous 
,  The  me- 
[le  process 
riorly,  but 
I;  lips  not 

)e  made  to 
the  snout, 
tip  turned 
lit  does  not 
sar  convex, 
:e  abruptly 
le  external 
•osteriorly, 
xee  border 
space  and 

i  Bynoqpmjr. 


ill 


Explanation  of  Plate  XV. 

I'Ki.  1.  Front  view  of  liCiul  oi'  .lileloiiiicleria /hsciih. 

Fi(i.  2.  Side  vi(*w  ot'siiinc. 

ri(i.  'A.  View  of  tragus  and  inner  side  (»t'!inri<'le. 

FiG.  1.  WinjH'  nienibnine. 

Fid.  5.  Tail  and  intcrf'cnuiral  nicnibranc. 

Fi(i.  (i.  81vnll  seen  from  aliovc.     x  :.'. 

Fig.  7.  Skull  and  lower, jaw  .seen  from  the  side,     x  2. 

Fuis.  8-10.  Maxillary  incisor.s.    x  Hi. 


U.  8.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XV 


fflTTTIX^'' 


I    .  « 


Adelonycteris  fuscus. 


Jjiii 


' 


■      1 

•  ii 

:  1 

'. ' 

■         ' 

!!* 

■  ! 

if  '^i 


I  "J     »: 


'I   I' 


J      t. 


V^ 


i|' 


exteiK 
on  the 
extern 
above 
is  ores 
of  coai 
snout 
nostril 
The  p( 

The 
half  w 
the  cc 
hrowu 
in  tim 
I  iuivt 
coast, 
fawii-c 
sci'ibe< 

The 
of  the 
the  I'ei 
as  it  jc 
b('t\ve( 
tiie  ml 
fioni  tl 
\vell-d( 
ffniur. 
furi't'cl. 

Inl: 

COh)!',  j 

the  tip 
likewifc 
liaii'  is 
tile  sjH 

111  5 
same  a 
mucli  ( 

lull 
witiiou 
the  til 
c()iispi( 
tioii  is 

SpiMinif 
or  Hdid,. 

Itiil,  issm: 


ii^M 


A  MONOGRAPH   OF   THE   BATS   OP   NORTH   AMERICA. 


113 


extends  well  upon  the  lobe.  The  tragus  is  straight  or  slightly  concave 
on  the  inner  border  and  convex  on  the  outer;  the  tip  is  blunt.  The 
uxternal  basal  lobe  is  rounded,  turned  slightly  forward;  the  notch 
above  it  is  narrow  but  sharply  defined.  A  conspicuous  postrictal  wart 
is  present.  The  lips  are  fleshy  and  furnished  above  with  a  sparse  row 
of  coarse  hair.  Other  than  a  few  coarse  hairs  the  face  is  naked.  The 
snout  is  blunt,  with  scarcely  any  euiarginatiou  between  the  palmate 
nostrils.  The  mental  plate  small,  triangular,  and  obscurely  defined. 
Tlic  postmental  wart  is  commonly  present. 

The  hair  above  is  dark  brown,  or  tawny,  nearly  black  at  the  basal 
halt'  with  dark  brown  (olive)  to  lustrous  isabellabrown  tips.  Below 
the  colors  are  lighter,  the  general  color  being  gray,  pallid,  or  yellow 
brown.  The  tips  of  the  hair  on  the  surface  last  named  varies  greatly 
in  tint  among  specimens  of  the  same  geographical  range  or  locality. 
I  biive  seen  many  fawn-colored  individuals  from  the  North  Atlantic 
coast.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Philadelphia  specimens  occur  with 
t'awncolored  tips,  though  the  rule  is  for  the  color  to  be  as  above  de- 
scribed.   In  the  Western  forms  the  tips  may  be  obs(!Ui'e  light  buff.* 

The  hair  extends  on  the  membranes  abovo  from  the  proximal  half 
of  the  humerus  along  the  the  side  of  the  body  to  the  i)roximal  half  of 
tlie  lemur.  With  the  exception  of  a  small  portion  of  the  prebrachium 
as  it  joins  the  neck  the  wing  membranes  are  naked,  as  is  also  the  space 
between  the  caudal  vertebrae  and  the  thigh.  Beneath,  the  hair,  as  is 
tbe  nile  in  Chiroptera,  covers  a  large  surface.  A  sparse  growth  reaches 
fioni  the  body  to  a  point  midway  to  or  quite  to  the  elbow,  and,  by  a 
welldetiued  hem,  from  the  middle  of  the  humerus  to  the  middle  of  the 
femur.  The  ui)per  fourth  of  the  interfemoral  membrane  is  slightly 
fuiied. 

in  11217,  adult,  from  firazos,  Tex.,  the  membranes  are  of  a  brown 
color,  the  basal  parts  of  the  hair  on  the  dorsum  are  light  brown,  while 
the  tips  are  of  scarcely  any  different  shade.  In  the  venter  the  hair  is 
ikewisc  light  brown  at  basal  htilf,  but  the  remaining  portion  of  the 
hair  is  unich  paler.  The  ears  and  dentition  are  the  same  as  in  other  of 
tile  species. 

In  5335,  adult,  from  Carson  Valley,  Nevada,  the  colors  are  much  the 
same  as  in  the  example  last  named,  except  that  the  membranes  are 
uiucb  darker. 

In  lli(>98,  adult,  from  Santa  Barbara,  Cal.,  the  external  basal  lobe, 
witiiout  incurved  upper  border  hem,  extends  upwards  nearly  as  far  as 
the  tip  and  completely  concealing  the  external  emargination;  three 
consjjicuous  transverse  lines  on  the  inside  of  the  auricle.  The  colora- 
tion is  not  distinct,  being  quite  the  same  as  in  the  average  example. 


"  ".1  /m«ch«  prosents  a  wule  range  of  appareutly  iudividiial  variation  in  color. 
Spi'iiiiionH  from  a  Hinglo  locality  tjiken  at  the  sauio  HeuHon  vary  Iron  a  liglit-yellowiuh 
or  ffoldcn  tint  to  a  deep  sepia  brown."    (J.  A.  Alien,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  HiSt.,  Ill, 

Itill,  IHDfi.) 

441— No.  4.3 8 


I!  : 


l\ 


,1 


114  BULLETIN    «:»,  UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL    MUHEUM. 

But  it  may  be  said  tiiat  tht^  Californian  Mpeciniens  do  not,  as  a  viile, 
difftii'  from  th«i  Eafttoni  onus.  [  liavo  many  examples  in  good  condition 
from  >rr.  II.  A.Ward's  eollection,  and  find  them  in  no  way  atypical. 

Tlui  immatuie  examples  are  often  more  white  at  the  tipM  than  aiu 
the  adults,  and  in  one  specimen  from  Williamstown,  Mass.  (U.  S.  N. 
M.  No.  4H44),  is  almost  an  albino.  Uther  things  remaining  the  same, 
the  presence  of  the  long,  whitish  tips  to  the  hair  prepare  the  student 
for  th<^  fact  that  the  specimen  is  not  fully  grown.  The  varying  degrcc^s 
in  which  the  pale  shades  of  the  tips  of  the  hair  are  met  in  adults  depend 
upon  the  extent  to  which  the  colors  of  the  young  animal  are  retained. 

Although  pertaining  to  forms  beyond  the  limits  prescribed  in  tins 
essay,  the  following  notes  may  be  of  interest.  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  (IJnll, 
Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Ill,  No.  100,  1800).  describes  a  specimen  from 
Nassau,  which  is  one-third  the  size  of  the  A.fuscm  of  the  United  States, 
and  has  delicate  membranes  and  ears  and  is  similar  in  color.  In  Xo, 
8185  U.  S.  N.  M.,  from  Cuba,  the  colors  are  of  an  almost  golden  brown 
above  the  basal  darker  colors.  In  all  other  respects  the  specimen  is 
like  those  from  which  the  general  description  is  drawn  up.  In  No, 
13215,  adult,  from  Mirador,  Mexico,  the  sliades  of  basal  brown  on  tbe 
dorsum  are  of  a  very  dark  brown,  while  the  tips  are  warm  sienna.  On 
the  venter  of  chest  and  abdomen  the  hair  is  of  four  obscnrely  differen- 
tiated shades  of  dark  brown  and  gray,  the  tips  being  gray.  The  hair 
on  the  neck  is  of  two  shades  only,  the  basal  two-thirds  being  light 
brown,  and  the  tips  being  conspicuously  white  gray. 

On  fresh  specimens  collected  in  Philadelphia  a  sparse  growth  of 
hair  was  found  on  the  ventral  surface  of  the  endopatagium,  extending 
along  the  arm  and  forearm  to  nesir  the  Avrist. 

Membranes. — A  small,  oblique  band  is  found  at  the  muscle  mass  near 
proximal  end  of  the  fifth  metacarpal  bone  on  the  niesopatagium,  and 
one  on  the  fourth  interspace.  The  intercostal  lines  five  in  number. 
The  postdigital  line,  as  a  rule,  appears  as  one  of  two  terminal  branches, 
which  arise  from  a  common  trunk  in  the  angle  formed  by  the  approxi- 
mation of  the  fourth  and  fifth  metacarpal  bones.  The  line  may,  in  some 
instances,  approach  the  fourth  metacarp.il  and  in  some  the  fifth,  when 
the  arrangement  resembles  that  of  Vespcruf/o  caroUnensin.  Thepredig- 
ital  nerve  shows  the  line  from  the  muscle  mass  scarcely  elevated.  The 
terminal  phalanx  of  tite  third  finger  slender,  and  equals  two-thirds  tbe 
length  of  the  second.    That  of  the  fourth  digit  is  L-shape. 

The  fitth  x)lialanx  is  minute,  a  conspicuous  accessory  cartilage  lies 
somad  to  it  and  projects  slightly  beyond  the  free  margin  of  the  endo- 
patagium. A  rounded  callosity  is  seen  at  the  ball  of  the  thumb  iuul 
palnuir  aspect  of  ankle.  The  tibial  line  does  not  reach  the  free  margin 
of  the  endopatagium  as  it  does  in  YeHpertiUo. 

In  the  young  and  depilated  adults  a  raised  skin  fold  lies  on  the  side 
of  the  neck  in  line  with  the  prebrachium.  It  is' defined  by  the  occii»it<i 
pollical  nniscle.    The  occipito-pollical  receives  no  accession  from  the 


;,  as  a  rule, 
[I  condition 
typical. 
)8  than  are 
'..  (IT.  S.  N. 
;  the  Haiiif, 
be  student 
\ng  tlegi'otis 
ilts  dcpciKl 
re  retained, 
ibed  ill  tills 
Vlien  (Bull. 
jimen  from 
ited  States, 
or.  In  Xo. 
Ideii  brown 
specimen  is 
ap.  lu  No. 
)wn  on  tbe 
iienna.  On 
ely  diffcren- 
.  Tbe  luilr 
being  light 

I  growth  of 
I,  extending 

e  mass  ne»r 
tagiuui,  and 
in  number, 
al  branches, 
tbe  approxl- 
nay,  in  some 

i  fifth,  WiUMl 

Thepredig- 
vated.  The 
ro-thirds  the 

artilago  lies 
of  the  entlo- 
s  thumb  and 
I  free  mavglii 

i  on  the  side 
the  occii»lt(t- 
on  from  the 


^M 


j^ljjg 


}l 


i  5 


u.  s. 


Explanation  of  Plate  XVI. 

Fi(is.  1,  L'.  .tdcloiijii'liris  fiiHiKu,  n\wv,iu<i  the  iiiiiiiiifr  of  icHtiiiy;.  Tlic  iurcliinl) 
tinK'lit's  tlic  |(liiii«'  (if  Mip|Mirt  li,v  tlir  cillosities  ill  tlic  liiisti  of  ilii> 
lliuiiilts.  'I'lic  |iIimImiik'i'f«  of  till'  >viiiK'  '!■'<'  Ili'xeil  forward.  'I'lii'  tiiil 
in  iirc'lu'il  uiiil  the  ti|)  toiiclii's  tlic  ^roiiiiil. 

I 


-" 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XVI 


fflv 


Adelonycteris  fuscus. 


1 

I' 

i 

;,4      ., 

;:,| 

\ 

;     '     :       1 

f 

'•:'■    '\ 

JiiiiiL 


I  I 


»  ) 


;;i:    I 


. 


ii 


; 


1    ^' 
1^ 


lll^  ' 


i|  ij' 


.     '  ii 


A  MONOGRAPH  OP  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA    115 

jx'ctoralis.  Tho  first  three  Joints  of  tlie  tail  are  ilisplayed  ventard ; 
llic  reraainiiijj  joi.  s  .  are  displayed  dorsad.  The  third  metacarpal,  witli 
iiiciiibraiie  pn'.miul  concealiug;  contour  at  the  proximal  third.  Tho 
toiirth  metacarpal. is  crossed  ol)li(iuely  by  several  nerves  from  the  third 
to  the  fourth  interspaces. 

Variations. — The  sec^ond  scallop  of  the  auricle  may  extend  up  a  little 
beyond  the  external  basal  rid^e  along  the  outer  border,  or  it  may  be 
divided  into  two  parts  by  a  notch  at  the  ridge,  and  that  portion  of  the 
hem  above  the  notch  be  revolute  backward  and  reach  the  curve  of  the 
tip,  thus  obliterating  tlie  emargination.  This  was  well  seen  in  an  old 
iiidividual  in  the  National  Museum,  collected  by  Mr.  Henshaw  in  the 
Noithwest  territory.  The  e;;tunal  basal  lobe  may  not  have  au  involute 
border.  The  tragus  may  be  scarcely  at  all  convex  on  the  outer  border 
and  nearly  the  same  width  throughout.  The  nnirgiu  of  the  interfemo- 
ral  membrane  Joins  the  tail  at  the  Joint  between  the  terminal  and  the 
adjoining  vertebra  instead  of  half  along  the  last  segment  which  is  the 
rule.  The  lobe  at  the  end  of  the  calcar  is  often  absent,  while  the 
jiost-calcaral  lobe  itself  is  rarely  so.  The  tip  of  the  tail  in  one  imma- 
tui'c  specimen  from  Panama  (3214  Cam.)  was  not  exseit. 

l-'or  variations  in  lengths  of  the  metacarpal  bones,  see  measurements. 

The  following  notes  liave  been  taken  from  a  Uu^iber  of  examples  col- 
Ii'ctcd  in  California.  The  tragus  is  coarsely  crenulato  on  the  outer 
border.  The  flrst  scallop  is  markedly  convex.  The  second  scallop  is 
wide  and  conceals  the  posterior  third  of  the  external  basal  lobe,  but 
does  '  jt  extend  far  up  on  the  first  scallop.  The  fleshy  tip  to  the  tail 
occupies  the  greater  part  of  the  exsert  portion.  The  face,  ear,  and 
nuMiibranes  are  black. 

In  tliree  specimens  the  maual  formula  is  subject  to  variations.  It  is 
as  follows: 

mm.  mm.  mm. 

.Sci-oihI  internpaco 2  1^  2^ 

'Ihiril  iutorspaco 8i  11  13 

Fourth  interspuce 31  35  30 

Forearm 44  42  44 

Sktill. — The  sagittal  temporal  crest  is  well  developed  over  the  me. 
soncephalon ;  of  equal  height  with  the  occipital  crest,  the  two  forming 
a  conspicuous  elevation  at  the  back  of  the  skull.  The  region  of  the 
mesencephalon  equals  three  and  one-half  times  ^he  length  of  the  skull. 
T lie  region  of  the  proencephalon  is  flat  and  retains  one  foramen.  The 
vertex  of  tlie  lace  with  a  low  nasal  eminence  for  the  anterior  half.  The 
posterior  half  is  depressed,  and  is  continuous  with  the  anterior  two^ 
iliirds  of  the  sagitta.  A  shallow  fossa  is  seen  on  the  maxilla  at  the 
side  of  the  nasal  eminence.  The  frontomaxillary  region  is  moderately 
iiitlated.  A  distinct  projecting  lamina  overlies  the  lachrymal  bone. 
Tlio  inner  wall  of  the  orbit  is  nearly  flat,  while  its  upper  border  is  in- 
flated. "The  infraorbital  foranuMi  is  large,  subcordate,  and  defined 
iiil'eriorly.    The  depression  in  the  region  of  the  foramen  extends  be- 


i, ,    i 


1 — r 


f 


116 


BULLETIN    13,  UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


yoml  the  region  (»f  the  roots  of  the  third  premoliir  in  a  maimer  much 
the  aauio  an  in  V.  hvnper»s.  A  distinct  lacrhrymal  canal  in  the  orbit  is 
seen,  but  no  concavity  lies  above  it.  The  line  produced  downward  from 
the  upper  border  of  the  anterior  nasal  aperture  intersects  the  dental 
arch  directly  back  of  the  canine  tooth.  The  paroecipital  process  almost 
reaches  the  level  of  the  lower  border  of  the  occip?*^al  condyle.  Tlie 
region  between  the  paroecipital  process  and  the  mastoid  is  not  elevated ; 
it  retains  a  deep  in(!ision  inferiorly,  and  equals  one-seventh  of  the 
greatest  length  of  the  skull. 

The  space  between  the  swelling  over  the  roots  of  the  upper  incisors 
and  canine  is  without  groove.  (See  .1.  sefothim.)  The  upper  border  of 
the  anterior  nasal  aperture  is  rounded.    (See  A.  serotinuH.) 

There  is  no  post- maxillary  process.  The  tympanic  bone  with  a  small 
anteriorly  produced  pro(!es8  on  the  base.  The  anterior  palatal  notcli 
reaches  to  a  line  int«irsecting  the  middle  of  the  canine  tooth.  The 
height  of  the  coronoid  process  above  the  level  of  the  condyle  greater 
than  the  width  of  the  horizontal  ramus.  The  interval  between  the 
angle  and  the  condyle  is  semicircular.  The  impression  for  the  masseter 
muscle  is  deep,  and  sharply  deiined  inferiorly.  Angle  on  line  with  the 
outer  third  of  condyle,  and  is  therefore  scarcely  deflected. 

Inner  car, — Superior  semicircular  cajial,  free;  the  external,  scarcely 
free;  a  small  opening  is  seen  in  the  one  almost  occupying  loop.  A 
small  portion  of  the  cochlea  is  exp»).-.ed  on  the  side  of  the  skull,  just 
below  the  union  of  the  occipital  with  the  s<]uamosal. 

The  openings  of  the  septoturbinal  space  are  confined  to  a  large  fora- 
men, placed  Just  in  advance  of  the  nonperforate  space.  Near  to  tlie 
septum,  at  the  anterior  portion  of  the  space,  is  seen  agnmpof  foramiuii 
advancing  well  to  the  front.  Directly  ojjposite  the  beginning  of  this 
scries,  to  the  lateral  side,  is  the  gnmpof  foramina  for  the  first  endotur 
binal  plate,  while  in  front  of  the  latter  lie  two  foramina  for  the  single 
ectoturbinal  plate.  The  arrangement  is  the  same  in  Vcsperugo.  Tlie 
ectoturbinal  is  as  in  Noctiilinia  iiociida,  with  the  exception  that  it  is 
deflei'ted  a  little  more  outward.  Tlie  first  endoturbinal  is  acuminate, 
with  a  unitbrndy  sloping  border.  On  the  medium  service  the  plate  is 
not  visible  beloV  the  second  and  third  plates.  The  second  plate  is  as 
in  y.  novtula.    The  third  is  longer  than  wide. 

Maxillarif  teeth. — The  maxillary  central  incisor  hmg,  chisel-shaped, 
slightly  inclined  mcdianly  in  you-ig  and  young  adults,  but  to  a  less  de- 
gree than  in  A.  serotinus',  bifid  on  the  cutting  edge,  the  outer  nodule 
being  larger.  The  cingulum  narrow,  uniform,  entire.  The  lateral  in- 
cisor rudimental,  cxmical,  cingulum  broad,  uniform,  entirt}.  Theincisors 
exhibit  considerable  variation.  Some  of  these  are  exhibited  in  aocoiu- 
panying  figures.  (IM.  xv  figs.S-lO.)  The  modifications  consist  in  propor- 
tion of  cingulum  to  length  of  crown  in  the  size  of  the  small  cusp  on  the 
cutting  surface  of  the  central  tooth,  and  in  the  size  and  degree  of  concav- 
ity on  the  outer  border  of  the  lateral  tooth.    In  one  example  (Rpecimeii 


. 


iiier  much 
ho  orbit  is 
ward  from 
the  dental 
CS8  almost 
lyle.  Tlie 
belevattMl; 
itli  of  the 

er  incisors 
•  border  of 

ith  a  small 
atal  notch 
)oth.  The 
f\fi  greater 
itweon  tlie 
e  masseter 
e  with  the 

il,  scarcely 
U  loop.  A 
skull,  Just 


J.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XVII 


large  fora- 
ear  to  the 
f  foramina 
ng  of  this 
it  eudotiu- 
the  single 
ugo.  Tlie 
that  it  is 
icuminate, 
16  ])late  is 
plate  is  as 

el-shaped, 
>  a  less  de- 
ter nodule 
lateral  iii- 
he  incisors 
in  aocom- 
in  propor- 
usj)oii  the 
of eoneav- 
(specimeii 


1.  Maxillary  teeth  of  Aoelonycteris  fuscus.    x  8. 

2.  Mandibular  teeth  of  same,    x  s. 


I  ^  •' 


i       I 


A  MONOGRAPH  OV   THE  BATS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


117 


without  locality)  the  ceutral  incisor  was  not  bifid.  Canine  with  a  nar- 
row posterior  concave  serviiie;  it  is  deflected  a  little  outward  so  as  to 
pinniit  the  flange  between  it  and  the  palatal  surface  to  lie  in  the  axis 
ot  the  tooth  row.  The  palatal  surface  remarkable  for  a  narrow  column- 
like  longitudinal  ridge  at  the  flange  defining  the  surface  anteriorly. 
Tlie  single  premolar  not  distinctive;  it  lies  in  contact  with  the  canine; 
In  tliis  regard  it  differs  from  the  arrangement  in  A.  velatuH,  where  an 
interval  is  defined.  The  first  molar  with  the  first  .-shaped  figure  is 
iiiuch  smaller  than  the  second;  the  protocone  exhibits  an  occasional 
crenulated  appearance  posteriorly.  In  the  second  molar  the  V's  are 
equal.  In  the  third  molar  the  protocone  is  simple  entire,  the  heel  ab- 
sent; in  this  tooth  the  posterior  limb  of  the  first  V  equals  one-half  the 
length  of  the  anterior,  while  the  second  V  is  represented  only  by  the 
initial  half  of  the  anterior  limb. 

Mandibular  teeth. — Incisors  equal,  crowded,  all  possessing  trifid  cut- 
ting edges,  the  third  being  slightly  thickened,  and  in  some  individuals 
the  trifid  figure  obscure.  Canine  with  deep,  broad,  concave  posterior 
surface,  small  lingual  surface  —  the  two  being  separated  by  a  laminate 
tiange;  a  prominent  posterior  cusp  lies  on  the  lingual  side.  The  first 
premolar  is  smaller  than  the  second,  and  is  wedged* in  by  the  basal 
cusps  of  the  canine  and  the  premolar.  The  molars  quite  as  in  Vespertilio, 
i,  e.,  with  sharply  acute  cusps,  especially  prominent  hypoconid,  and 
small  cuspule  in  posterior  borders. 

Xotes  on  the  skeleton. — The  coracoid  process  of  scapula,  with  a  small 
anterior  spine  from  the  free  end — none  from  the  posterior.  The  ex- 
ternal tuberosity  of  humerus  slightly  higher  than  the  internal  trochlear 
spine;  small  nodular,  and  looks  directly  backward.  The  oblique  keel 
on  articular  surface  wider  than  the  grooves.  The  outer  groove  is  much 
tlie  narrower  and  confined  to  anterior  and  axial  parts,  i.  e.,  is  absent 
posteriorly.  The  articular  surface  one-third  wider  internally  than  ex- 
ternally. The  proximal  rudiment  of  ulna  not  anchylosed  to  the  radius. 
Tin'  slender  threadlike  shaft  lies  against  the  radius  at  its  middle,  but 
not  joined  to  it.  It  ends  in  fibrous  tissue,  and  is  gradually  lost  near 
the  wrist.  The  distal  ulna  rudiment  is  (][uadrate  and  perforate.  Number 
of  ribs,  eleven. 

Habits  and  distribution. — The  brown  bat  is  probably  the  most  com- 
mon s])eeies  of  any  in  the  United  States.  The  red  bat  and  the  little 
brown  bat  appear  to  be  numerous  in  collections,  and  are  more  likely 
to  be  gathered  in  large  numbers  in  some  localities  than  is  the  brown 
bat.  But  on  the  whole  the  brown  bat  is  the  one  most  generally  met 
with.  It  frequents  not  only  the  open  country  but  the  towns.  It  often 
enters  our  apartments  at  night  in  search  of  a  resting  jdace,  and  not  for 
food,  as  is  often  surmised.  According  to  C.  Hart  Merriam  (Mammals 
of  the  Adirondack  Eegion,  1886)  it  is  raro  in  *'ie  mountainous  tracts 
of  northern  New  York,  and  it  is  believed  that 
the  main,  a  dweller  in  the  warmer  low  ranges. 


ihe  species  may  be,  in 
The  highest  latitude 


I 


118 


BULLETIN  43,  tNlTEt)   StAtEli  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


named  for  it  in  the  Monograph  of  1864  waa  Lake  Winnipeg,  British 
America.  J.  J.  Allen  reports  it  from  British  Columbia.  According  to 
J.  B.  Tyrrell  (Mammals  of  (Canada,  Tonmto,  1888;,  A.fuscus  has  been 
collecttul  in  Ottawa  City  and  Lake  Winnipeg.  Mexican  and  Antillesiii 
forms  when  compared  with  the  more  northern  examples  are  found  to 
be  of  the  same  species.  It  has  been  secured  from  all  parts  of  the  United 
States,  but  I  am  unable  to  give  any  rate  of  its  distribution. 

C.  F.  Maynard  (Mammals  of  Florida,  /.  o.)  found  it  frequently  in  tlie 
northern  sections  of  Florida,  but  more  abundantly  in  the  vicinity  of 
settlements  than  elsewhere.  "I  once  captured,"  he  states,  "a  female 
of  this  species  which  was  heavy  with  young.  I  placed  her  in  a  cage 
and  left  her.  After  an  absence  of  an  hour  or  so  I  returned  and  found 
that  she  had  escaped,  but  h.id  left  a  young  one  clinging  to  the  woodwork 
on  the  side.  The  little  thing  was  entirely  naked,  but  was  furnished 
with  toeth,  which  it  showed  when  handled,  and  endeavored  to  bite, 
squeaking  after  the  manner  of  all  these  animals.  I  replaced  it  in  a 
cage,  where  it  remained  until  night,  but  in  the  morning  it  was  gone, 
and  I  supposed  that  its  mother  had  carried  it  away." 

The  brown  bat  when  at  rest  is  not  often  found  hanging  by  its  thumbs 
or  feet.  As  a  rule,  it  rests  with  folded  wings  flat  upon  a  rough  wall  or 
inside  of  a  hollow  tree,  with  its  head  directed  downward.  The  follow- 
ing note  is  taken  from  a  study  of  the  living  animal  in  captivity: 

The  tail  is  arched  beyoiul  the  second  caudal  vertebra:  the  fleshy  tip 
is  apparently  tactile,  and  kept  close  to  the  plane  on  which  the  animal 
reposes.  The  toes  are  widely  abducted  (see  IM.  xvi).  When  excited 
the  little  creature  emits  a  rapid  succession  of  short,  high-pitched 
sounds,  at  the  same  time  opening  the  mouth  to  an  extraordinary  ex- 
tent, exposing  fleshy  masses  in  the  position  of  the  masseter  and  internal 
pterygoid  muscles.  The  animal  is  hibernating.  It  appears  to  be  sim- 
ply di'owsy;  it  can  be  easily  aroused,  and  the  heat  of  an  apartment  at 
about  05°  F.  restores  it  to  activity.  The  breathing  is  entirely  by  the 
flank  (so  far  as  can  be  observed  by  sight  and  touch),  after  the  manner 
of  birds.  As  already  mentioned,  the  hair  of  the  back  and  loin  is  mod- 
erately appressed  and  of  a  dififerent  luster  from  that  of  the  neck  and 
head.  The  animal  is  not  sensitive  to  moderate  sounds,  but  loud  noises 
startle  it  Avhen  not  in  deep  torpor  from  cold.  A  jmlf  of  air  blown  upon 
it  brings  it  up  instantly  from  lethargy,  causing  it  to  cnntract  its  whigs 
to  the  smallest  compass  and  open  its  mouth  in  evident  agitation.  Tlie 
ear  when  touched  with  a  probe  induces  the  external  basal  ridge  to  be 
curved  inward  (back  of  tragus)  and  lie  against  the  internal  lobe,  while 
the  deeper  parts  are  completely  closed;  the  tragus  is  erect  and  its  axis 
oblique  (outward  and  upward)  to  the  axis  of  the  auricle. 

Fat  is  stored  up  in  this  species  (probably  likewise  in  others)  in  two 
large  coarsely  lobate  mass.i's  between  the  scapulie,  in  the  recesses  be- 
tween them  and  the  head,  and  about  the  pubis.  In  the  latter  locality 
it  is  oily  and  less  compact  than  is  seen  elsewhere. 


A  MONOOUAPH  OF  THE  lUTS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


119 


^foiaon  Adelonyvtcris  xerotinus. — Dobson  {I.e.)  includes  yl./M«cM«  under 
A.  strotinuH  Sclireb.  J  ii  his  judsnu'nt  it  should  ooiistitute  but  a  variety 
ol'  t  he  Old  World  spt'i^ies.  '*  It  diflFers,"  says  this  observer, "  from  Euro- 
IH'iin  forms  of  V.  serotiiiUH  and  from  those  from  Central  America  in  be- 
iiij;  smaller,  the  forearm  apparently  never  exceeding;  1".8  and  the  foot 
(t".4;  also  in  the  somewhat  deeper  emargiuation  in  theupper  half  of  the 
outer  margin  of  the  ear."  lie  foHows  these  remarks  with  a  table  of 
measurements  of  specimens  from  North  America  and  Cuba.  C.  Hart 
Merriam  (Mamnmls  of  the  Adirondack  Eegion,  188G),  follows  Dobson 
and  designates  A.  fuscux,  under  the  rules  of  the  Nuttall  Ornithological 
('l4ib,  as  a  geographical  variety,  viz,  the  V.  serotinus  fusevs.  I  have 
examined  two  adults  and  three  imnniture  specimens  of  A,  serotinus 
(National  Museum)  in  the  jtreparation  of  this  revision,  and  hold  to  the 
opinion  expressed  in  the  Monograph  of  18r4,  that  it  is  distinct  from  A. 
fusevs. 

In  this  connection  the  following  description  of  A,  serotinus  is  i)re- 
seiited: 

Hair  everywhere,  both  on  dorsum  and  venter,  nearly  unicolored;  the 
base  and  greater  part  of  the  shaft  is  of  a  dull  brown,  the  tips  slightly 
lighter.  The  light  shade  is  more  marked  on  the  venter  than  on  the 
dorsum.  The  young  are  much  ligiiter,  an<l  present  a  distinctly  pallid 
appearance  everywhere.  The  color  of  the  tips  of  the  hair  of  the  dorsum 
is  lighter  than  that  of  the  shafts. 

The  hair  on  the  membranes  in  both  adult  and  young  as  in  A./uscus, 
except  that  a  sparse  growth  of  pallid  hair  extends  on  dorsum  of  the  in- 
terfemoral  membrane  between  the  tail  vertebr*  and  the  thigh.  This 
space  is  naked  in  A.  fuscus. 

Skull, — The  lachrymal  swelling  on  the  orbit  is  convex;  seen  from 
above  it  is  much  more  prominent  than  hi  A./uscus,  while  the  process 
over  the  lachrymal  is  much  less  trenchant.  The  sagittal  crest  at  the 
occiput  is  stouter.  A  conspicuous  groove  lies  on  maxilla  between  the 
swelling  over  the  roots  of  the  canines  and  incisors. 

Teeth. — Tlie  lateral  maxillary  incisor  is  convex  on  outer  border  in- 
stead of  being  conca\  e.  I  have  seen  but  one  exception  to  this  in  A. 
serotinus;  in  A.  fuseus  it  is  the  rule.  The  median  maxillary  incisors 
arc  sharply  inclined  toward  each  other.  The  anterior  nasal  aperture 
is  acuminate  above.  The  lower  incisors  are  more  crowded  than  in  A. 
fnseus;  the  outer  tooth  is  in  contact  with  the  canine  by  a  broad  surface. 
Tlie  hypocone  of  the  last  molar  is  ijuadrate. 

\\\  A.  fuseus  the  palatal  rugic  are  seven  in  number.  The  flrst  lies 
directly  back  of  the  incisors  and  is  entire.  The  second  and  third  are 
simple,  and  as  a  rule  lie  straight  across  the  palate  and  ure  arranged  in 
double  crescents  at  irregular  intervals,  j.  e.,  the  spaces  belweeu  them 
are  equal.  In  A.  serotinus  the  palatal  ruga'  are  also  seven  in  number. 
'i'iie  tirst  is  interrupted  in  the  center.  The  second  is  sinuate  nstead  of 
straight  as  in  A. /«»c««.    The  remaining  are  arranged  in  crescents  at 


IH 


i.ii 


M  i, 


i 


120 


BULLETIN   43,  UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


i' 


■11' 

1 

II 

it 

1 

if 

li 

>! 

■ 

}  ■*' 

a 

i 


¥ 


i^: 


equal  distances  apart.  In  a  lialf-^iown  exani]>U'.  tln^  rnsiu  are  throupli- 
out  arranged  in  crescents.  I  place  but  little  relian<'e,  however,  upon 
the  cliaracters  derived  from  the  rugai. 

MeasHremenis. 

[V.  H.  N.  M..  11217.     9.    nrazoH,  Tex.l 

MilliniHc'iH. 

Hcnd  and  body  (fVoin  crown  of  Lead  to  base  of  tail) .">'J 

Li-n^th  of  iirni -!• 

Length  of  forearm 17 

First  digit: 

Length  of  first  nictiicarpal  bono I 

liCngth  of  jdialanges fi 

Second  digit: 

Lengtli  of  second  metacarpal  bone II 

Length  of  first  phalanx l 

Third  digit: 

Lengtli  of  third  metacarpal  bono -iL' 

[.icngth  of  first  phalanx Ki 

Length  of  second  phalanx Hi 

Fonrth  digit: 

Jicngth  of  fonrth  metacarpal  bone II 

I.iengtli  of  first  ]ihalanx II 

Lengtli  of  second  )ihalaux 11 

Fifth  digit: 

Length  of  fifth  metacarpal  bone lU 

Length  of  first  jihalanx 10 

Length  of  second  phalanx (i 

Length  of  head IL' 

Height  of  ear 11 

Height  of  tragus 7 

Length  of  thigh is 

Length  of  tibia IS 

Length  of  foot !i 

Length  of  tail It! 

Measurements  from  first  edition  of  Monograph. 


Current  number. 


4731. 
4734. 
4737. 
4731). 

473. 

()). 
3137. 

537. 

424. 


From 
tip  of 
no.se  to 

Lenjrt  h 
of  tuil. 

Length' 
of  fore- 

tnil. 

In. 

In. 

;„.! 

2.« 

1.4 

1.9  ! 

2.0 

1.5 

i.g 

2.5 

1.5 

1.8 

2.nr 

1.4 

1.8 

2.6 

1.4 

1.6 

2.7 

1.5 

1.7 

2.2 

1.6 

1.9 

2.4 

1.4 

1.6 

3.0 

1.4 

2.9 

Lenpth'^-T'l-f'-Heightlw' 
"'■"''"'•. X»|;'pV thumb.!  "•■•">'••  i tragus. 


In. 
0.9 
0.0 
0.8 
0.0 
0.7 
0.8 


In. 
2.0 
3.0 
3.0 


In.  1 

0.3 
0.5 
0.4 


3.0 

0.4 

3.0 

0.4 

3.0 

0.4 

3.0 

0.4 

2.6 

0.3 

3.0 

0.4 

In.  I 

0.5  1 

0.6 

0.5 

0.7 

0.5 

0.5 

0.5 

0.  5 

0.0 


7(1. 
0.25 
0.3 
0.2J 
0.3 
0.3 
0.3 
0.3 
0.2J 
0.3 


Kx-      Natnroiif 
jtaiisi^  Hpet^iiiicn. 


In. 
10.0 
11.0 
10.0 
10.  OJ 

(0 

r..o 

9.6 

(') 

10 


Dry. 

1)0. 
1)0. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


A   MOKOORAPII   OP  THK   HATS   OV  NORTH   AMERICA.         121 


],iiit  of  dyiccimcMi. 


I  ntii- 

nii.iilier. 

fll'.i-J 

.VIOfi 

ri:i(i'J 

r.:iin 

:<:w~ 

'MM 

Ml  111.  ... 
fiiir,! 

.'p;iiii 

.'kllu 

.Vlll 

.W.'4 

:if:n 

5:1.') 

:a\i 

,">;iii!) 

fi:;iis 

;;:'7I 

lillil  viir. 
'i;i2o 

Ti  i*J.'i. . . .  ■ 

:t"2i\ 

'Mi 

4:i:;7 

4;::l 

J7:ill 

47:il 

SMO  .... 
,'i.;44-.'i... 
5411 


Nniiilior 

III'  R)H<ci. 

muu. 


LiMinllly, 


Pnwonfoil  by— 


Niitiirii  or 
Hiioolmeu. 


1  I  Luke  Winiiipi-i: ]{.  Kitniilrott .Vlcoliolii'. 


WillllllllHlOWII,  MllHH 

Wfntpoit,  N.  Y I 

< 'iirlli<li>,  I'll 

WiiHliiiigton,  1».  (! 

ilo 

Clcvclnnil,  Ohio 

MiMHill.slpili 

ItoiiiiK  (Anility,  'J'c'iiii 

Oninil  Cofciiii,  I,ii 

SI.  I.oiiIh.  Mi> 

Fort  llilcy.  Kiiim 

NiiliniHkii 

Milk  iiinT,  N.'lir 

Kort  I'ifiio.  XcIpp 

l''(irl  TiiwHoii,  Ark 

Kurt,  Sinitli.  .\rk 

Moiilliof  riilciiii  Kivnr 

UrH7.IIH  lilviT,  Tcx.iH 

I'lijlt't  Sound,  ^^'aHllill^tl)n. 

(Jiiraon  Vallt'y ,  Niviiclii 

Snii  Fniiiciwo,  Ciil 

I'oHii  (Jici'k.  Ciilit'iirniR 

I'liitcd  Stiili'S 

ilo 

do 

do 

do 

do , 

Kl  Minidor,  iiciir  Vera  Cruz, 
Jtcxii'o. 


S.  If.  Siiiddor do  . 

S.K.  Halnl |....do  . 

do [ do  . 

Col.  WciiviT I do  . 

T.  U.IVal.' [....do  . 

l>r.  Kirtlaiid ! do  . 

Col.  WalloM    I do  . 

I'rof.  .Mitihill !....do  . 

SI.CIiiirli'H  Colli'do I do  . 

1)1.  (ii'o.  ICnKi'loianii ' do  . 

Henry  Jlrandt do  . 

l)r..(.'(i.  (!oo])or ' do  . 

l»r.  Hnydrn I do  . 

I  )r.  .1 .  K viniH do  . 

1  )r.  Ed  wardii I do  . 

Dr.  Sliiinuird do  . 

do do  . 

, do I do  . 

(/)  ....do. 

Cn|it..T.  II.  SimpHon I do  . 

11.  H.MolHiaiiHi'ii I.... do  . 

Or.  Ucrriiiiiiiu do  . 

Mi\j.  I.oconto do  . 

do do  . 

do do  . 

do do  . 

(?)  ....do. 

(f)  ...do. 
Dr.  ('.SartorhiH do  . 


('ollunllon. 


r.K.Nnlional 
MiiH«uin. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 
Dn. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


(•eiiiiH  VESPERTTOO  KeyRetliii);  and  ItlimiiiH. 

S  2  12 

I ii  II lal  formula. — Molars  '    promolar.'*      ,  caninis     ,  iiicisorH      X 2=34  teeth. 

(5  ^  I  O 

Tlic  siibffenu.s  Veitperuyo  was  establislit'd  in  lS.'iO,  by  Keyserling  and 
lUa.siiis  (Wicgiiianirs  Arcbiv,  1831),  312;  Wirbelthicrc  Europe  as  1.S40). 

It  i.s  characterized  by  the  possession  of  two  premolars  in  both  the 
iipiicr  and  the  lower  Jaw.*  It  resembles  Adclonycteris  in  tlu'  naked  face 
and  absence  of  whiskered  lips. 

I'or  remarks  on  the  separation  of  this  genus  from  Seotophilus,  see 
Aililoiij/cterin. 


0 

Dry. 

0 

Do. 

0 

Do. 

n 

Do. 

<) 

Do. 

0 

Do. 

(t 

Do. 

1) 

Do. 

Do. 

1.  Vesperugo  carolinensis  (Oooff).     The  Carolii  a  Hat.     (Plafos  xviii.  xix.) 

('."/jcc/i/io  caroUiieHHia  fitioff.  Aunal.  ilii  Mns.,  Pari.s,  IfiOC,  viii,  p.  193;  l^esmarest, 

M:iiiiiiiah)}j;ic,  1820,  136  (not  Tciuiiiiiick ;  Bt'i^  Addon ijcterin). 
yiKlierlilio  i/coniiaiiidi  Vr.  Cnv.,  Annal.  dii  Mns.,  Paris,  1832, 16;   T.oroiiti',  Proc.  Acad. 

N'at.  Sci.  Phila.,  18.")-),  4315;  WajiiuT,  Schrcl..  .Siinijctli.,  v,  18,5,5,  750. 
Vi'KjiiTlUw  moiitlfohi  Bachinan,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.,  ISU,  92. 
I  ixiin-tilio  rranHHs  (?),  Vr.  Ciiv.,  Annal.  du  Mns.,  Pari.s,  18.32,  17. 
I'l  "pi  rtilio  iiatarii  ft),  Fr.  Ciiv.,  Annal.  du  Mns.,  Paris,  1832,  17. 
Scolophiliin  tieorgiaiiiis  11.  Allen,  Monog.  \.  A.  Hats,  1861,  35. 
yixjitruijo  (jrorifxaniiH  Dohsoii,  Cat.  Cliiroi).  Hrit.  ^Ins.,  1878,  235. 
Vitipirtilio  cryflirodaclyhis  (?),  Tonnninrk,  Monog.  Mam.,  1835,  ii,  237. 

Ill  the  opinion  of  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  (Mam.  of  Massachusetts),  F.  flieor(/t- 
itniis  of  Fr.  Cuvier  is  the  same  as  Vrspn'tUio  .siihvlatus  ( 1'.  gryphus).    The 


'I   oxciiido  Xoctulinia  nnctula  and   t'cuperugo  leinleri. 

MKi  30 


.See  I'roc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 


.jLiiL 


m 


122 


miLLKTix  i:j,  vnitki)  ktatks  national  muhkum. 


rill 

i|i  .!  i' 


1 


1 


acceptance  of  tliis  conclusion  would  leave  tlic  Hi»ccies  wliich  is  lun\ 
deHcrihcd  unnamed.  Unfortunately  no  one  can  dellnitcly  tell  what  tlic 
VcupcriiUo  ffeorffiaiiim  really  is,  if  we  i)nt  aside  tlie  tt^Htiniony  of  Major 
Leconte,  wlio  sent  the  origiiuil  material  to  J-'r.  Cuvier  for  »tudy  ( \'i(lf 
Mono^'raph  of  18()4,  p.  .'{7). 

This  8i)ecies  was  named  SvotojthihiH  fieorniaiiiiH  in  the  first  edition  nt' 
this  Monograph.  The  assignment  to  SvotophiluH  luis  been  explained  on 
page  111.  The  specific  name  was  derived  from  the  paper  of  MaJ.  Leconte, 
in  which  it  was  claimed  that  while  the  number  of  the  teeth  was  that 
characteristic  of  VeHprrtilio,  the  bactk  was  desc-ribed  in  the  followin}; 
language:  "Dark  plumbeus  above  tii)ped  with  bright  rufous,  the  hair 
so  arranged  that  the  pelage  appears  varied  with  black,  particularly  on 
the  upper  part  of  the  back.''  No  othei'  bat  than  tlie  one  under  dis- 
cussion has  fur  so  colored;  so  it  is  evident  that  some  other  species  rhaii 
a  member  of  the  genus  Vvspertilio  was  intended.  The  statement  re 
garding  the  teeth  was  erroneous.  I  was  Isivored  with  au  opportunity  of 
examining  a  collection  of  bats  which  had  been  named  by  Maj.  Leconte, 
and  the  bat  identified  by  me  at  the  time  of  writing  the  monograph  an 
Hcotophilus  gvoryiamiH,  is  undoubtedly  the  same  as  the  one  named 
Vcspertilio  genr^iannn  by  Maj.  Leconte. 

The  following  passage  from  the  Monogi'aph  is  apropos  to  the  i)reseiit 
statement: 

This  Hpeolos  has  liecu  but  imperfectly  described  by  the  uiithors  above  cited.  I'r. 
Cuvier's  diagiiOHis  is  quite  incoinplote,  aud  would  bn  uudistiiiguishablo  from  tlint 
of  the  smaller  form  of  V,  (jryphuH  had  it  not  beou  that,  from  having  sent  the  autbur 
the  specimen  from  which  the  description  was  taken,  Maj.  Leconte  was  familiar  willi 
the  type,  and  afterwards  gave  a  more  exact  description  of  the  animal  in  the  work 
above  cited.  He,  however,  was  himself  in  error  in  some  ])articnlarH,  especially  in 
making  the  dentiti<m  similar  to  that  of  V.  mthuhduH  (  f.  f/rnphuH),  and  in  assertiii); 
that  tlie  last  false  midar  of  the  upper  jaw  was  bi-enuirgiuated.  I  have  before  me  ii 
large  series  of  specimens,  some  of  which  have  Maj.  Leconte's  name  attached,  but  in 
none  of  them  have  I  found  any  internal  basal  bi-emargiuate  cusp  as  described  by  him 

Dr.  Bachman's  descrijiticm  of  V.  moniicola  api)lies  well  to  .S',  yeorgianiis,  exeeptiiij; 
in  the  measurements,  which,  in  the  case  of  the  ear  and  tragus,  are  entirely  too  sniiill 
in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  body.  I  have  au  alcoholic  specimen,  marked  I', 
moiilicohi,  in  the  same  handwriting  as  some  other  sjyecimens  purported  to  have  been 
labeled  by  Dr.  Uachman,  which  is  beyond  doubt  .S.  georgiunus  ( ?'.  grorgiaiiun),  the 
ear  and  tragus  being  of  the  usual  size. 

Vespertilio  carolinemiM  Geoft'.  (Annales  du  Museum,  180G,  VIII,  fij;., 
pi.  48)  is  figured  as  having  two  premolars  in  the  upper  jaw.  Tejuminciv 
(Mammalogie)  gives  five  molars  in  <^ach  jaw.  This  fact  would  separate 
the  species  from  VespertUio  and  place  it  in  VexperKflo.  The  figure  of 
the  head  (Fig.  1,  pi.  59)  is  quite  compatible  with  that  of  Vesper itgo. 
Geoflfroy  (I.  c.)  and  Desmarest  (Mamnnilogie,  1820,  l.'}(i),  luiwever,  both 
speak  of  its  resemblance  to  V.  muriniiii.  The  writer  last  nauied  also 
speaks  of  its  resembling  Y.  becLsteinii,  Leisler,'a  species  not  known  when 
Geoifroy  framed  his  description. 

Temminck,for  some  reason  not  given,  claims  that  his  VespertiUo  vov- 
olinemis  resembles  V.  serotimm,  aud  thus  indicates  its  relation  to  the 


'M 


di  in  luTc^ 
llwliiit  tlic 
y  (»f  Majdi' 
huly  ( \'i(lc 

edition  of 
[pliiiiieddii 
ij.L<!coiite, 
It  was  tliiit 
(  i'ollowiii}; 
8,  the  liiiir 
icularly  on 
under  (lis- 
pccies  tliiiii 
temcnt  re- 
jortnnityof 
ij.  Lecontc, 
uograph  as 
itnt!  named 

the  ju-eseiit 

'e  citeil.  Vt, 
lit)  from  tliiit 
nt  the  author 
fauiiliur  -witli 
1  ill  the  work 
especially  in 
[  in  nssertiii); 
;)  before  iiic  ii 
iiclieil,  but  ill 
ribed  by  him 
Hs,  excepting 
rely  too  siiiull 
11,  iiiarktd  C. 
to  have  bi'iMi 
irgianug),  the 

,  VIII,  flf.., 
Teniminck 
Id  separate 
je  figure  of 
Yesperiigo. 
ivever,  botli 
named  also 
nown  M'licii 


pertiiio  cur- 
btiou  to  the 


■F^^^^^ 


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Explanation  of  Plate  XVIII. 

Kio.  1.  Front  virwofhciiil  ol'  fvapiTinjn  mroliiietiHiit. 

l''l(i.  U.  Side  view  ot'saiiic. 

I'lti.  ;{.  View  «l" tiiiKMs  :iii(|  jnutT  .siirCarc  of.iiiiiclc. 

I'"io.  1.  Wing  ini'iiiliriiiii*. 

I'Ki.  I'l.  Tail  and  intiTl'cinoiiil  niemliranc. 

Fid.  (i.  Sknll  NiM'u  tVoiii  ali()\<'.     x  L'. 

I'm;.  7.  Sjuijl  anil  lowtT.jaw  seen  Ironi  tlic  side,     x  L'. 

Km;.  8.  iMaxlliaiy  incisoi'H.     x  L'«. 


-  TV  ■  fnf^—^r'^ 


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U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XVIII 


>r,. 


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VESPERUGO  CAROLINtNSIS 


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A  Monograph  op  the  13AT8  of  north  America.      123 

(rcims  whiiili  ill  this  essay  will  receive  the  name  of  Adelonycterin.  Bnt 
Tciiiiiiiiick's  figure  does  not  hariuoni/c  with  his  statement;  the  ar- 
riinjjoment  of  tiie  digital  nerves  in  the  fourth  interspace  of  the  wing 
iiu'inbrane  being  precisely  that  of  Venpertilio;  the  lips  are  whiskered, 
tlm  tragus  erect  and  subulate  as  in  the  American  species.  Neverthe- 
less Tetnminck  was  followed  by  Maj.  Leconte,  myself,  and  Dobson; 
and  so  it  came  about  that  Vespertilio  curolinensh  Geoflf.  up  to  the  date 
of  the  present  writing  has  been  considered  to  be  not  a  species  of  Ves- 
pirtilio  but  one  of  the  genus  having  less  than  three  premolars  in  each 
jaw.  It  is  evident  that  these  statements  are  less  substantiated  by  facts 
than  are  those  of  Geoffroy  and  Desmarest.  Unfortunately  the  skull  as 
figured  by  Geoffroy  is  that  of  a  vesperngan  species,  while  his  descrip- 
tion is  of  a  vespertilionine  species.  Can  we  conclude  that  the  correct 
fiji'ure  is  drawn,  and  that  both  Geoffroy  and  Desmarest  were  in  error  in 
claiming  that  a  resemblance  exists  between  V.  caroUnensis  and  a  spe- 
cies of  Vespertiliof  I  think  the  conclusion  last  drawn  is  the  correct 
one,  and  I  infer  that  a  bat  with  two  premolars  in  the  upper  jaw  was 
known  to  Geoffroy  inhabiting  the  United  States  near  Oharlestown, 
S.  C.  This  being  assumed  I  note  that  the  tragus,  while  of  the  same 
shape  and  relative  size  as  in  V.  murinus,  is  yet  half  heart  shape  (demi- 
co'iir),  which,  while  not  accurate  for  a  North  American  Vesperugo,  is 
not  directly  misleading.  The  tips  of  the  hair  of  the  belly  are  certainly 
yellow,  and  F.  georgianus  of  Leconte  is  the  only  one  in  which  they  are 
so.    The  face  is  also  shorter  and  relatively  broader  than  in  V.  murimis,  ,'&  a 

So  serious  is  the  discrepancy  between  the  description  of  V,  carolinensia 
of  Temmiuck  and  his  figure  that  his  account  must  be  put  aside.  ^  4  ' 

I  conclude  that  the  Vespertilio  georgianus  of  Maj.  Leconte,  Seoto- 
philHS  georgianus,  of  my  Monograph  of  18(54,  and  the  Vesperugo  georgi- 
(I  II  us  of  subsequent  writers,  must  be  considered  synonyms  of  Vespertilio 
cdivUnensis  Geoff.,and  that  the  name  georgianus  Fr.  Cuvier  must  be  put 
aside  and  that  of  caroUnensi^  substituted  therefor. 

Concerning  Vespertilio  erythrodactylus  Temminck,  it  may  be  said 
that  while  one  false  molar  only  is  stated  to  be  in  the  upper  jaw,  the 
entire  number  of  molars  is  given  as  five.  The  membranes  are  black, 
but  the  base  of  the  fingers  and  the  "interdigital  membrane  of  the  first 
finger"  are  red.  The  tragus  is  subulate  (en  feule  de  saule);  the  fur  is 
light  red  brown  above  (base  of  tail  well  covered),  lighter  shades  of  the 
same  predominating  below.  Length  of  head  body,  1'.6"'  to  2'" ;  tail, 
1'.4";  forearm,  1".2'";  expanse,  T'.ii'"  to  8.  The  specimens  upon 
which  the  above  description  is  based  were  collected  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Philadelphia.  On  the  whole,  V.  erythrodactylus,  other  than  in 
the  red  color  of  the  base  of  the  fingers  and  the  length  of  the  forearm, 
bears  a  close  resemblanceto  Vesperugo  caroUnensis.  It  is  well  to  stat/e 
that  Maj.  Leconte  {I.  c.)  has  failed  to  identify  V.  erythrodactylus. 

Diagnosis. — Membranes  of  a  dark  brown  color;  hair  chestnut  brown 
mixed  with  paler  shades;  the  thigh  is  hairy  throughout;  the  ear  is  as 


'ill 


n 


ui 


Mh\ 


124  BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

long  or  sliglitly  longer  than  tlie  bead;  second  interspace  without  pig- 
ment. Predigital  line  absent  in  fourth  interspace,  as  a  rule.  The  nervo 
may  arise  from  angle  as  iu  A.  /uncus.  Very  rarely  on  one  side  only  is 
the  arrangement  as  in  Vesperiilio.  Transverse  lines  of  the  interfemoral 
membrane  numerous,  regular,  furnished  with  minute  dots  which 
are  hairy.  Postcalcaral  lobe  absent.  Foot  one-iburth  the  lengtli 
of  the  forearm.    Tip  of  coracoid  furnished  with  two  coequal  processes. 

Description. — Ear  oval  with  slightly  convex  anterior  sinuate,  or 
straight  outer  border  and  blunt  tip.  The  iuternal  basal  lobe  mucli 
longer  than  high,  as  iu  AdelonycteriH.  The  external  basal  lobe  begins 
at  the  pih)se  post-rictal  wart  as  a  low  skin-fold.  Gradually  it  becomes 
higher,  and  at  the  pofiterior  half  is  a  thickened  nodule  with  an  inclina- 
tion to  incurve  on  the  concavity  of  the  auricle.  The  second  scallop 
(hem)  is  larger  than  the  external  basal  lobe.  The  external  basid 
ridge  ends  on  the  border  of  the  ear  in  a  thickened  convex  border  (first 
scallop)  Avhich  extends  oue-half  the  height  of  the  ear.  It  is  followed 
by  a  shallow  emarj^ination,  above  which  underlies  the  blunt  tip.  The 
tragus  is  erect,  with  blunt  tij)  and  straight  inner  border.  The  outer 
border  is  wider  just  above  the  well-defined  notch  than  elsewhere  and 
is  slightly  convex.    The  basal  lobe  is  rounded  and  diverted  forward. 

The  face  more  hairy  tlian  in  A.fusciis  and  less  blunt  at  the  snout,  which 
is  scarcely,  if  at  all,  concave  on  the  outer  border.  (No.  0088  [J.  S.  N".  ]\I.) 
The  fur  of  the  back  dark  brown,  almost  black  at  basal  half,  .apical 
half  abruptly  contrasted  to  base  as  being  pallid,  dull  yellow,  or  liglit 
chestnut,  the  last-named  hue  predominating,  the  extreme  tip  again 
darker  sienna,  though  of  lighter  shade  than  the  base.  The  fur  of  the 
venter  the  same  as  that  of  the  back,  but  without  dark  tips; .  A  harmony 
exists  between  the  colors  of  the  two  sides ;  thus,  when  the  back  is  dull 
yellow  the  venter  is  of  the  same  color,  and  no  for  each  of  the  shades; 
the  hair  on  the  membranes  unicohu'ed.  hi  specimen  Fo.  4979  S.  I., 
Woburn,  Mass.,  the  dark  tip  to  the  fur,  especially  on  the  dorsum,  was 
so  long  as  to  give  a  somber  cast  to  the  entire  pelage.  In  new  examples 
from  Bee  County,  Tex.  (Nos.  3482  and  3483,  Am.  Mus.),  this  character- 
istic was  particularly  well  marked  and  suggested  the  style  of  colora- 
tion seen  in  Atitlapha.  The  hair  on  the  membrane  on  the  dorsal  aspect 
covered  the  proximal  third  of  the  arm,  and  extended  thence  on  the 
membrane  outward  to  a  line  answering  to  the  knee;  hence  the  mem- 
brane is  curved  for  a  greater  distance  than  would  be  iiulicated  by  the 
extent  to  which  the  humerus  is  covered.  The  species  is  distinctive  in 
the  entire  thigh  being  hairy.  The  interfemoral  membrane  is  hairy  at 
its  basal  half  and  of  a  uniform  ir<m-rust  hue.  The  haired  surface  in- 
cludes the  jiroximal  half  of  the  tibia. 

On  the  ventral  aspect  the  membranes  are  furred  at  the  proximal 
third  of  the  humerus,  and  thence  as  a.  sparse  thin  growth  in  the  inter- 
val between  the  elbow  and  the  knee.  The  interfemoral  membrane  is 
heavily  furred  below  the  pubis,  and  very  sparcely  so  on  the  transverse 


I  1« 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


125 


;l)OUt  pig- 
rho  nervo 
(le  only  is 
;erfcmoi'iil 
>t8  which 
le  lengtli 
processes, 
uuate,  or 
obe  inucli 
>be  begins 
t  becomes 
m  incliiiii- 
1(1  Hcallop 
:ual  basiil 
)rder  (first 
s  followed 
tip.    The 
The  outer 
ivhere  ami 
forward. 
lOut,  which 
J.S.N.ISI.) 
lalf,  apical 
w,  or  light 
tip  again 
fur  of  tlio 
\.  harmony 
ack  is  dull 
le  shades; 
4979  S.  I., 
)rsum,  was 
r  examples 
character- 
of  coh)ra- 
rsal  aspect 
ce   on  the 
e  the  meni- 
;ed  by  the 
itinctive  in 
is  hairy  at 
surface  in- 

B  proximal 
the  inter- 
embrane  is 
transverse 


lines  for  nearly  its  entire  extent.  Specimen  No.  5985  S.  1.,  Carlisle, 
I'a..  retains  scarcely  any  basal  or  api<!al  brown  on  the  dorsum,  the  hair 
is  (if  an  obscure  pallid  hue,  while  beneath  a  ri(!h  chestnut  color  pre- 
dominates. 

A  young  8i)ecimen  which  measured  30"""  from  crown  of  head  to  the 
puliis  possessed  short  unicolored  hair  throughout.  On  tiie  dorsum  the 
liair  was  light  rufus  brown.  On  the  venter  the  color  was  more  obscure. 
The  left  side  of  the  neck  and  body  was  old  gold,  while  the  right  side 
was  the  color  of  the  rest  of  the  venter.  The  hair  on  the  front  of  the 
necic  was  not  smooth,  but  i)re8ented  the  appearance  of  a  ruffle  or  irregu- 
lar roussette.  On  the  membranes  the  hair  distribution  was  the  same 
as  in  the  adult,  excei)ting  that  the  dorsum  of  the  interfemoral  membrane 
was  furred  to  a  line  above  the  ankles. 

Variations. — The  ear  may  be  slightly  lon./er  than  the  head.  Varia- 
tions in  the  arrangement  of  the  nerves  of  the  fourth  digital  interspace 
are  noted  in  the  diagnosis. 

The  mcmbraneh. —  V.  varolinenaiH  is  remarkable  for  the  absence  of  pig- 
ment from  the  second  digital  intersi)ace.  The  wing  membrane  is  at- 
taeiied  to  the  foot  at  the  base  of  the  toes.  The  tip  of  the  tail  is  exsert 
from  an  ample  interfemoral  membrane,  whose  free  border  is  slightly 
convex.  The  calcar  ends  without  marginal  tip;  there  is  no  post  cal- 
caral  lobe.  The  bodies  of  the  caudal  vertebraj  are  all  dorsal;  the 
upper  part  of  the  interfemoral  membrane  is  not  furnished  with  trans- 
verse muKcle  fibers. 

Intereostals  are  three  in  number.  Coracobrachialis  fascicle  from  the 
axilla.  The  fourth  interspace  with  two  long  conspicuous  predigitals, 
but,  as  a  rule,  no  postdigital.  The  third  interspace  with  the  nerves 
from  the  metacarpo  phalangeal  Joints.  In  a  few  si)ecimen8  tlie  two 
dostdigitals  arise  from  a  common  line  which  extends  parallel  to  the 
liftli  metacarpal  bone,  in  which  case  a  close  resemblance  to  some  forms 
oi'  AihlonycteriH  fuscHs  is  seen.  The  terminal  phalanx  of  the  fourth 
finjjer  as  in  'L.  noctivaganH. 

The  interfemoral  membrane  is  marked  by  a  number  of  delicate  trans- 
verse, slightly  pilose  lines,  which  can  be  traced  upward  as  far  as  the 
second  caudal  vertebra.  The  jiilose  spots  are  conspicmms  on  tliese 
lines,  as  well  as  on  those  of  the  endopatagium  near  the  body.  The 
terminal  cartilage  of  the  fourth  digit  is  directed  ptdlical. 

Maxillary  teeth.* — The  central  incisor  bifid  (rarely  monoeuspid);  a 
tliin  lamina  terminates  the  tooth  posteriorly.  The  lateral  is  smaller, 
with  a  thin  transverse  lamina  on  either  side  of  the  single  cusp.  An  in- 
terval between  the  lateral  and  the  canine.  The  canine  as  in  A. /mens, 
i.e.,  the  posterior  surface  deflected  outward  beyond  the  axis  of  the  den 


"Miij.  Leconte  (I.  0.)  notes  tlio  following:  "Posterior  false  molar  of  the  nppur 
jaw  ]i:is  an  interior  basil,  biemargiiiato  cusp  formed  from  ii  prolongation  of  the  cal- 
caueum  of  tlio  tooth,  and  the  canine  of  the  lower  jaw  Las  an  interior,  blunt,  basal 
loliu,"    I  have  not  recognized  the  peculiarities  here  noted, 


;!  J 


^1 


1. 


I  r 


126  BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

tal  line,  the  palatal  Heparated  from  the  poHt«rior  by  a  proniiuet  flange. 
The  first  premolar  is  less  tliun  lialf  the  si/e  of  the  second.  It  is  in  tlio 
dental  line,  but,  owing  to  its  minuteness,  it  apjiears  to  l)e  depressed 
when  seen  in  profile.  Molars  with  well-defined  cingula;  first  and  sec- 
ond molars  as  in  J^./««cu«,  except  that  no  trace  of  heel  is  seen.  Tlie 
third  molar  with  outer  surface  more  deeply  fluted  than  in  A./uscus  and 
the  rudiment  of  the  second  V-shaped  figure  is  longer. 

Mandibular  teeth. — None  of  the  teeth  crowded.  This  remark  is  es- 
pecially applicable  to  the  incisors  and  premolars.  Incisors  arranged 
in  a  V-shape  row,  flat,  trifid,  first  and  second  touching,  but  the  third 
sepaiate  from  the  second  and  the  canine.  Canine  not  curved  back- 
ward, presenting  nowhere  a  concave  surface.  Very  prominent  flange 
between  the  posterior  and  lingual  surfaces.  Cingnlum  prominent, 
forming  two  cingules,  one  anterior — the  larger — and  one  posterior 
(talon  1).  First  premolar  small,  with  entire  robust  cingnlum  scarcely 
touching  canine.  Molars  q^iite  as  in  Vespertilio  and  fillies.  Very  liigh 
cusp  points  and  pointed  apex,  which  is  subequal  with  Y. 

Variations. — In  specimen  the  upper  central  incisor  was  bicuspid. 

Skull. — The  mesencephalon  is  ii""";  the  length  of  skull,  13""";  the 
greatest  width,  7""";  the  least  width,  3'"'".  The  posterior  temiM)ral 
crests  are  apparently  absent.  The  sagittal  is  faintly  expressed ;  it  is 
not  visible  beyond  the  middle  of  the  vertex.  The  anterior  temporal 
impressions  are  defined.  The  nasal  eminence  is  absent.  The  entire 
region  depressed  with  a  linear  ridge  on  either  side.  The  fronto-maxil- 
lary  inflation  is  conspicuous  above  tha  orbit,  forming  a  bold  oblique 
ridge,  which  is  considerably  raised  above  the  level  of  the  nasal  bones. 
Both  lachrymal  and  infraorbital  foramina  conspicuous.  A  line  from 
the  upper  border  of  the  anterior  nasal  aperaturo  falls  dii-ectly  back  of 
the  canine.  The  paroccipital  process  is  small  rounded,  and  not  pro- 
duced below  the  level  of  the  i)aroccipital.  The  intermediate  space  is 
incised  below.  The  lingual  tongue  reaches  the  tympanic  bone;  the 
tympanic  bone  .is  incomplete  above.  The  pterygrid  process  is  fur- 
nished with  a  rather  long  style.  The  masseteric  impression  reaches 
the  lower  border  of  the  horizontal  ramus.  The  angle  produced  beyond 
the  condyle  and  deflected  outward  so  as  to  intersect  the  out^v  edge  of 
the  condyle.  In  a  specimen  from  Carlisle,  Pa.,  having  unicuspid  max- 
illary incisor  the  temporal  crest  is  absent,  and  the  two  sagittal  tem- 
poral impressions  do  not  meet,  at  the  same  time  that  the  post-temporal 
crests  are  more  marked  than  in  most  specimens.  The  mandebe  is  dis- 
l)08ed  to  be  entire,  i.  e,,  the  halves  do  not  fall  apart  as  readily  as  in 
other  species. 

Jfotes  on  the  Skeleton. — Coracoid  process  of  scapula,  broader  at  base 
than  at  the  free  end,  whiirh  is  furnished  with  two  coequal  processes. 
Glenoid  regioii  with  large  concavity  on  the  outer  surface.  Humerus 
so  similar  to  that  of  V.  resperus  that  with  the  exception  of  size  (it  is 
21"""  long)  the  two  might  be  of  the  same  species.  ■  Proximal  rudiment 


M. 

iuet  flange. 
It  is  ill  tlio 
I  depressed 
'st  and  si'c- 
seeu.  The 
.f uncus  and 


U.  8.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XIX 


■'•   ■  I 


Diai'k  is  ea- 
rs arranged 
it  the  third 
arved  back- 
ineiit  flange 
prominent, 
le  posterior 
am  scarcely 
Very  high 

)icu8pid. 
[1,13""";  the 
or  temiM)ral 
ressed;  it  is 
ior  temporal 
The  entire 
rrontomaxil- 
)old  oblique 
nasal  bones. 
A  line  from 
sctly  back  of 
and  not  pro- 
ate  space  is 
io  bone;  the 
ocess  is  fur- 
sioii  reaches 
need  beyond 
ut^jr  edge  of 
icuspid  niax- 
sagittal  tem- 
ost-temporal 
ndebe  is  dis- 
readily  as  iii 

)ader  at  base 

al  processes. 

I.    Humerus 

of  size  (it  is 

nal  riidimeut 


V 


^yf;^-^: 


.---" 


1.  Maxillary  teeth  of  Vesperugo  carolinensis.    x  12. 

2.  Mandibular  teeth  of  same,    x  12. 


!l 


i 


1  i 

1 

1 

t  1 

i 

I ' 

A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.    127 

ol'  iiliiti  not  iiiichylusod  to  riuliiiH.  Tho  long  throiid  representing  tlie 
gliiiCt  appeiirs  to  Join  tlie  rndiiiH  at  the  distal  third;  it  in  more  tlxed 
tiiaii  in  VcHpefHH.  The  distal  rudiment  oblique  proximal  and  concave 
outer  border  (perforate f).  The  ribs  are  eleven  in  number.  The  pec- 
tineal spine  of  the  innominate  bone  small,  little  more  than  a  nodule. 
Tlici  thyroid  foramen  elliptical.  The  tuberosity  of  the  ischium  not  pro- 
longed. Tiie  |)osterior  border  of  the  innominate  bone  obliq  ■  .  The 
cavity  of  the  pelvis  narrowed  from  side  to  side.  Filmla  as  long  as  the 
tibia. 

Jlahitat. — The  Austroriparian  region,  and  extending  thence  to  the 
north  as  far  as  Carlisle,  Pa.,  and  to  the  west  to  eastern  Missouri. 
Nothing  is  known  of  its  habits.  It  is  often  found  in  collections  asso- 
ciated with  Vexpertilio  gryphus,  but  it  is  not  known  to  be  collected  in 
the  same  locality  with  this  species, 

MeanuretnimU,  , 

[Mus.  Cump.  Zool.  5092$ ,  Short  Cave,  Ky.] 

MUllroeten. 

ilond  and  body  ( f^om  crown  of  head  to  baHu  of  tail) 26 

Loii^th  of  arm 91 

Lt'iiKtU  of  forearm 81 

First  digit: 

Length  of  flrat  inetacarpnl  bone 3 

Longtli  of  phalanges 6 

Second  digit : 

Length  of  Hecoud  metacarpal  bone 29^ 

Length  of  tirHt  phalanx 2i 

nird  digit: 

Length  of  third  n>etacarpal  boue 30 

Length  of  tlrst  phalanx 12 

Length  of  second  phalanx 11 

Fourth  digit : 

Length  of  fourth  metacarpal  bono 21 

Length  of  first  phalanx 11 

Length  of  second  phalanx ' 6^ 

Fiftli  digit: 

Length  of  fifth  metacarpal  bone 29 

Length  of  first  phalanx 8 

Length  of  second  phalanx 4 

Length  of  head 14 

Hciijht  of  ear 10 

Hfinht  of  tragus 4^- 

Length  of  thigh ISi 

i Length  of  tibia 14  ipj  'i 

Length  of  foot 6 


M', 


Hi.' 

J 


H 


i 

1 

^ 

i 

1 
i 

1   II I   !  I 


128  BULLETIN   43,  UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

MeaHunmentH  from  fir»l  edition  of  MoHixjraph. 


Fniiii 
C'urr<Mitiiiiiii'    tip  III' 
bcr.  iiiiRu  to 

tall. 


52M 
52»7 
6981 
SB82 
5083 
mifl 
5a3» 
534U 

l»41 


In. 

1.8 
1.0 

i.e 

1.6 

l.fl 

1.0 
1.8 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 


;«:lfr 


In. 
1.0 
1.6 
1.6 
l.B 
1.5 
1.6 
1.6 
1.5 
1.0 
1.0 


In. 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 

i.;i 

1.4 

1.3 
1.8 


I.eiiKtIi 
ul' tibia. 


In. 
0.0 

0.0 
U.0 
0.0 
0.7 
0.7 
0.6 
0.0 
O.U 
0.7 


(if 

lllUKMt 

UiiK<tr. 


In. 
2. 
2. 
2. 
2. 
2. 
2. 
2. 
2. 
2. 
3. 


LtMigtfi 

(if 
thiiiiili. 


U.4 
0.4 


0.3 

U.3i 

O.4J 


llt'lKllt 
(if  cur. 


/». 

0.5 

0.5 

0.7 

0.0 

0.5 

0.5 

0.4i 

0.5 

0.5 

0.5 


Hdluht 

(if 
IrHKUs. 


Kx 
paiiHv. 


7h. 

9.0 

8.9 

8.0 

8.0 

R.O 

U.O 

0.3 

9.3 

8.11 

8.10 


Nature  nf 

ll|H<cllllull. 


Alodlidllc 
1)11. 

Ihi. 
I>(i. 
I>o. 
I)o. 
I)o. 
I)o. 


Li»t  of  iiprmmeiiii. 


Catn- 

IdKiie 

nuiubor. 


5207 

5433 
6375 
62»8 
6440 
6340 
53»» 
5341 
6442 
5343 
5401 
5318 
6360 
5371 
6489 


No.  of 

spvct 

niciiH. 

36 


Locality. 


Carli8l(\  Pa. 


do 

WaabinKton 

, do 

Hampaliire  Co.,  Va. 

C'larli  Co.,  Va 

Mount  Vernon 

\Vbitll(dd  Co.,  Ua. . 

Georgia 

New  Orleans 

St.  Louia,  Mo...;.. 

Cairo,  lil 

Potfluu  Creek.  Arlc. 
MiitamoraH,  Mox... 
United  States 


Freseutod  by — 


8.F.  Balnl. 


do 

(0 

C.  Olranl 

M.  M'Uouald 

Dr.  Keunerlv 

(I) 

A.  Uerbardt 

W.  Coo|icr 

N.O.Acad 

Vt.  (i.  KnKelmunn 

K.Kennluott 

Dr.  (r  C.  Klinnmrd 

U.  C(Hicb(Uerl.  C(d.). 
MH,|or  LuooDto 


Natiiro  of 
H]ieelinoiia. 


In  alcobol. 


Dry  akin.. 
In  alcohol. 

...do 

Dry  akin.. 
In  alcohol. 

do. 

do. 


Dry  akin.. 

In  nlcobol. 

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 


CoUevtidii. 


V.  8.  Nil- 
1 1  o  n  a  1 
Mmbcuiii. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do 


2.  Vesperugo  hesperus  H.  Allen.    The  western  bivt.    (Plates  xx,xxi.) 
Sc4>toj)hilua  heaperua  H.  Allen,  Mouug.  N.  A.  BatH,  1864,  43.  \ 

Fespenego  heaperua  True,  Proc.  U.  S.Nat.  Mus.,  1887,  515. 
Veaperugo  merriami  Dobson,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  (v),  xviii,  1886,  124. 

Diagnosis. — Smallest  bat  in  the  fauna ;  forearm  26""".  Tragus  not  half 
the  height  of  the  auricle;  inner  border  concave;  outer  convex  tip  blunt. 
Lower  scallop  slightly  revolute ;  external  basal  lobe  not  levoluteobliquo ; 
base  scarcely  wider  than  the  narrow  blunt  tip;  interfemoral membrane 
ample  with  post  calcaral  lobe;  tail  extended  one- half  its  length  beyond 
the  ankle.  The  metacari)al  of  the  third  digit  as  long  as  the  forearm; 
the  first  phalanx  of  the  same  shorter  than  the  second.  The  second 
digit  not  longer  than  the  third  metacarpal  bone.  Foot  larger  than  the 
thumb,  equals  over  one-fifth  of  the  length  of  the  forearm.  Penis  cylin- 
droid.  In  the  third  maxillary  molar  a  trace  of  the  last  limb  of  the  sec- 
ond V  is  disceriiable.  Transverse  line  on  the  interfemoral  membrane 
interrupted  at  the  pubotibial  line. 

The  manal  formula  is  expressed  as  follows : 

MilUmot«r!4. 

First  interspace .....:. \ 

Second  interspace 6 

Third  interspace '. 22 

Forearm 26 


M. 


I- 

Natiiri'  »r 

»v. 

ll|H<cllll('li. 

0 

Almliolli'. 

9 

])o. 

0 

IKi. 

U 

Ihi. 

6 

!)«.. 

0 

I>o. 

i 

I)o. 

3 

\h>. 

11 

Do. 

10 

J)o. 

(f 
II. 

Collection. 

il.. 

U.    8.  N,.. 

t  i  (>  n  a  1 

Miiii'uni. 

... 

Iht. 

»1.. 

Do. 

Do. 

... 

Do. 

»1.. 

DiK 

... 

Do. 

Do. 

... 

Do. 

)1.. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

•  •  • 

Do. 

Do. 

... 

Do 

£,  XXI.) 


34. 


;u8  not  half 
X  tip  blunt, 
iteobliquc; 
.  membrane 
gth  beyond 
le  forearm ; 
riie  second 
er  than  the 
fenis  cylin- 
of  the  sec- 
membrane 


MilUmotcrs. 

1 

6 

22 

26 


If 


m  > 


n 


:■ 


Explanation  of  Plate  XX 

Fig.  1.  Front  view  of  bead  of  Vespcriiffo  lifsperim. 

Fig.  2.  Side  view  of  simie. 

Fig.  it.  View  of  traj^iis  and  inner  surface  of  auricle. 

l'"i(i.  1.  Win};  nieuiliranc. 

Fig.  5.  Tail  and  interfenioral  nienibraue. 

Fi(i.  (i.  Skull  seen  from  above,     x  2. 

Fm.  7.  Skull  and  lower  Jaw  seen  fiMini  the  side,     x  2 


I 

w 


.'•'■■f^';-  '  ,>r  T 


''■^•'/■'fT, 


U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XX 


*« 


M  F 


:iil 


4'J^Jitii^l^, 


VESPERUGO  HESPERUS 


i 


A  MONOOBAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


129 


Description. — Ears  oval;*  the  anterior  border  of  the  ear  sharply 
convex,  inclining  backward  and  upward  to  the  rounded  tip;  the  upper 
half  of  the  posterior  border  is  concave  and  without  scallop.  The  lower 
liiilf  is  provided  with  a  small,  reverted  scallop,  which  is  continuous  with 
that  of  the  space  between  the  external  ridge  and  the  nonrevolute 
slightly  tapering,  external  basal  lobe;  a  delicate  flang  extends  from  the 
lobe  to  the  angle  of  the  mouth. 

The  fur  is  thicker  on  dorsum  than  on  venter.  It  is  black  at  the  basal 
two-thirds  and  dark  gray  verging  to  light  ocher  or  almost  white,  at  the 
tips.  It  is  lighter  on  the  crown  than  elsewhere.  On  the  venter  the 
same  colors  prevail  as  on  the  dorsum,  but  thegray  color  is  of  a  lighter 
shade  and  tends  to  become  white.  The  fur  is  unusually  compact  on 
neck  and  below  the  lower  jaw. 

In  No.  5406,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  the  second  digit  is  as  long  as  the  third  meta- 
carpal, i.  c,  the  phalanx  does  not  extend  beyond  the  third  metacarpal 
phalangeal  joint.  The  penis  is  slightly  flattened  and  ends  in  a  moder- 
ately e;cpanded  prepuce. 

Membranes. — Intercostals  three  in  number,  the  lowest  appearing  at 
the  knee  and  passing  to  the  free  margin  of  the  endopatagium.  Coraco 
brachialis  fascicle  appears  at  the  middle  of  the  humerus;  it  is  simple  and 
apparently  joins  a  vertical  line  which  is  extended  downwsird  from  the 
elbow.  The  triceps  fascicle  system  with  a  single  inferior  line,  but  with 
no  superior  obliques.  The  fourth  interspace  withdigital  nerves  as  in  Ves- 
periilio,  in  this  regard  markedly  diflfering  from  otlit'r  examples  of  Ves- 
periigo  which  have  been  examined.  The  interfemoral  membrane  is  pro- 
vided with  a  piibocalcaneal  line. 

Mr.  Dobson  is  inclined  to  believe  that  V.  hesperits  is  identical  with 
r.  abramus,  an  old  world  species  of  extensive  range  being  found  in 
middle  Europe,  the  oriental  region,  and  the  northern  part  of  the  Aus- 
tralian region  (see  Appendix).  But  American  zoologists  have  not 
agreed  with  this  opinion.  Mr.  F.  W.  True  has  made  this  question  the 
subject  of  a  special  note  (Proc.  of  the  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1887,  p.  515)  and 
concludes  that  V.  hesperus  is  "  distinct  and  valid."  Mr.  Dobson  de- 
scribes a  specimen  of  Vesperugo  from  North  America  under  the  name 
of  V.  merriami.  This  specimen  I  have  not  seen.  Mr.  True  believes 
that  it  is  the  same  as  the  V.  hesperus  of  the  monograph.  This  is  con- 
<  lusive  that  Mr.  Dobson  after  examining  V.  hesperus  (as  identified  by 
Mr.  True)  did  not  recognize  it  to  be  the  siime  as  V.  abramtis,  but  a  dis- 
tinct species.  The  material  upon  which  the  original  description  was 
based  was  impertect.  It  consisted  of  two  dry,  imperfect  skins  and  a 
single  alcoholic  specimen.    It  has  been  obtained  since  in  abundance. 

^faxiUary  teeth. — Incisors  both  conical  and  unicuspid.  The  median 
tho  larger.  A  small  space  between  the  latiMnl  and  the  canine.  The 
tirst  premolar  minute  as  in  Atalapha  and  wedged  in  between  canine  and 
second  premolar  inside  the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  tooth  row.    The  re- 

*  lu  tlio  monograph,  the  statement  on  page  44  that  ib^  eur9  are  round«d  ii  an  error. 
Ml— No.  43 9 


111  1 


m 


•  iipi 


:| 


130  BULLETIN    13,  UNITED   STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

maiuiiig  tcith  luiicli  as  in  VcHperiHjo  carol im-nniii,  exiteptiug  iu  theliwt 
molar,  wlieie  a  trace  of  the  last  limb  of  the  second  V  is  (li8cernil)lc. 
The  drawinj^-  exliibits  (his  rudiment  a  little  lonjyer  than  ia  the  average. 

Mandibtilm  teeth. — The  lower  incisor  with  third  tooth  (tohtiguous  with 
second  iucisor  and  with  canine.  The  first  premolar  in  lirm  contact  with 
the  canine.    In  other  respects  the  teeth  are  as  in  Vcsjjerugo  carolincmh. 

Skull. — No  trace  of  posterior  tenijjoral  crests  or  sagittal  crests  are 
seen.  The  anterior  temporal  crest  is  well  defined.  The  mesenc('i)lia- 
Ion  three  and  one- third  times  the  length  of  the  skull.  No  nasal  ciiii- 
nence  is  seen;  a  shall<»w  groove  is  present  at  the  anterior  third  of  the 
face  vertex;  bad:  of  this  groove  lies  a  well-defined  oval  pit.  The  infra- 
orbital canal  is  as  in  A.fiiseus  Both  the  groove  and  thepit'are  sharply 
limited  at  the  sides  by  lateral  ridges.  The  upper  surface  of  the  max- 
illa is  depressed.*  The  paroccipital  process  is  rudimentary  and  scarcely 
visible.     The  tympanic  bone  is  incomplete  above. 

Notes  on  the  skeleton. — The  bones  nnich  the  same  as  in  Vespentgo 
carolinensis.  The  free  end  of  coracoid  with  long  process  on  th»  vertical 
side  instead  of  the  small  tubercle  of  the  sjjecies  just  named.  The  pec 
tineal  spine  ot  the  innominate  bone  aciculate,  long,  equaling  one-fifth 
the  length  of  the  ilium.  The  thyroid  foramen  is  subround,  the  ischium 
narrow,  the  tuberosity  i>rolonged,  the  posterior  l  ^  of  the  innomi- 
nate nearly  horizontal.    Sacrum  composed  of  four  elriments. 

Habitat. — Vespentgo  hesperm  ranges  from  the  low,  hot  plains  of  Mexico 
npward  into  the  Californian  basin  through  the  valley  of  the  Colorado 
River  and  the  surrounding  country.  Dr.  Merriam  informs  me  that  it  is 
never  found  in  the  mountains  and  the  limit  of  its  distribution  is  sharply 
limited  to  the  lower  ranges  of  hillsides  and  to  the  plains.  According 
to  the  same  observer  (N.  A.  Fauna,  No.  3,  1890,  37)  V.  hesperns  is  found 
in  swarms  in  the  Grand  Cafion  of  the  Colorado  River.  It  inhabits  the 
crevices  of  the  clifls  and  is  often  found  drinking  from  springs.  "  The 
flight  of  this  si)ecics  is  so  swift  and  zigzag  that  it  is  a  very  difficaU 
species  to  shoot  in  the  rapidly  failing  light.  Tiie  young,  as  usual  am(»iif; 
bats,  fly  more  slowly  and  steadily  and  are  <'asily  killed.'''  It  inhabits 
crevices  in  clifls  and  begins  to  fly  before  dark  iu  the  evening,  at  which 
time  swarms  of  them  come  up  over  the  brink  of  the  canon  and  flit 
about  among  the  pines  and  pifion. 

MfKniiremnils. 

[Sau  Svbastliui,  ('ill.    J    Ciil.  Aciid.  Sci.] 

MUlimetcrs. 

HeaA  and  body  (from  orowii  of  licfid  to  basi'  of  tail) 26 

Length  of  arm Hi 

Length  of  forearm 26 

First  digit : 

Length  of  first  metacarpal  bone 1 

Lenirth  of  lirst  jdmluux H 

Second  digit: 

Length  of  second  metacarpal  bono 26 

Length  of  lirst  ]>li!ilanx 1 

*Tho  hard  ptilate  is  depressed,  Bancer-sbaped,  t,  c,  is  ec^ually  concave  ttom  before 
backward  and  iium  uidu  to  side. 


'>V 


JM.     - 

fj  ill  tlie  last 
disceruihle. 
the  average, 
tiguous  with 
contact  with 
carolineiiHiH. 
il  crests  are 
meBenccplia- 
0  nasal  ciiii- 

■  third  of  the 
b.  The  infra- 
it'are  sharply 
3  of  the  max- 
f  and  scarcely 

in  Venperudo 
II  th«  vertical 
cd.  The  pec 
ding  oiie-tifth 
i,  the  ischium 
f  the  innomi- 
its. 
ains  of  Mexico 

■  the  Colorado 
8  me  that  it  is 
tion  is  sharply 

Accoi'diiij! 
pcruit  is  found 
t  inhabits  the 
•rings.  "  The 
very  diflictilt 
H  usual  amoiij; 

It  inhabits 
ling,  at  whicli 
sanon  and  dit 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XXI 


1.  Maxillary  teeth  of  Vesperugo  Hesperus,    x  i6. 

2.  Mandibular  teeth  of  same,    x  16. 


MiUiiiietcn. 

26 

Hi 

; L'6 

1 

;■.■. ui 

26 

;■ 1 

cavo  from  before  I 


?  1    1 


I  1 
; 


Tliird 
L 
L 

L 

Foiirt 
J. 
L 
L 

Fifth 

I. 

L 

L 

Loiijit 

H.'i-li 

Hei},'li 

Lcnut 

Li'Ugt 


CuITCt 

iunnl>4' 


640fl 

Doir. 


Cut. 
No. 


ston 

5510 
5509 


! 


Xyctivt 
Altilap 

J)h 

boidc 
ai)(l  u 
roracM 
bordo 
touch 

I  lent 

Xyc 
from  I 
pi'ciiu 
boide 
the  cii 


i^i'cond 
Tliiiil  i 
romtli 
Fuii'ini 


"11 


A   MONOaEAPII   OF   THE   BATS  OP   NORTU   AMERICA. 


131 


ai 


ft 


MtuHuremrntH — ( 'ontiuiiod. 
Tbiid  digit :  Minimcteni. 

Length  of  third  ii.otncarpa!  ho\w 26J 

Length  of  lirst  phal.-nx 6 

Length  of  seeoiid  phalanx 9 

Fourth  digit: 

ijongth  ol  fourth  in>.ta(^iirpul  hono 26 

Length  of  iirHt  plialaux 7 

Length  of  Hucuud  phalanx 6 

Fil'tli  digit: 

l.,eiigth  of  fifth  riotac^arpttl  hono 26 

I-cngth  of  first  jthalanx 5 

Length  of  second  '  'talaux 4 

Loii^thof  head 13 

H.■i^'llt  of  ear 10 

Heijjht  of  tragus 

Length  of  thi^h llj 

Liiijith  of  tibia 10 

Lciijjthof  foot ii 

Liugthof  tail 28 


Mea»nrement» 

/rum  fir « 

t  edUioH 

of  Monograph . 

Current 
uuiiilier. 

From  tip 
of  noao 
to  tail. 

Lcnjit'i   LeiiKthot 
oftiiil.      forcitrm. 

Longlli 
oftibiB. 

LonKtIi  of 
loutreHt 
fliiKcr. 

LruKtli  of 
tbiiiiib. 

n.^iKiit 

of  (iiir. 

JIclKht  of 
trnKiiH. 

Expanse. 

540fi 
WIS 
,->,Mi) 

Inches. 
1.4 
1.4 

I.n 

Inehei.      Inehes. 
1.0             1.1 
f               1.1 
0.11             1.4 

Inchen. 
0.5 
0.5 
0.4 

Inehes. 
1.8 
1.0 
'J.O 

Inehet. 
0.1 
O.U 
0.l| 

Inehee. 
0.3 

Inches. 
O.U 

o.il 

0.1 

Inches. 
7.0 
1 
7.0 

List  of  upecimeng. 


Ciit. 
No. 

No.  of 
Hpeci- 
niong. 

Locality. 

Presented  by— 

Nature  of 
specimen. 

Collection. 

5ton 

1 
1 
1 

Fort  Tnma,  Cal 

M^i.G.  H.  Tbomas 

Ali'obolic. 

Dry 

....do 

V.  S.  N.  M. 

ciSIO 

Posa  Creek,  Cal 

Dr.  A.  L.  lleemiauii 

do 

Do. 

5500 

do 

Do. 

(ienuM  NYCT1CBJU3  Raftiiesquo. 

SilPlieejiis  Kalincaque,  Journal  dti  I'hyKiijuts  xxxviii,  181!),  417. 
Ahldpha  Coues  and  Varrow,  Wheeler's  Exped.,  Zoiil.,  1875-'87. 

IHugnosis. — Bats  with  siuall  tragus  having  a  uniform  convex  outer 
bonk'r.  Largo  head  fohl  to  auricle,  scallops  not  revolute.  Chin  plate 
and  ui)per  lip  at  muzzle  well  delinetl,  the  former  not  triangular.  Tip  of 
eora(!()i(l  i)rocess  broader  than  base  and  deflected  toward  the  vertebral 
border  of  the  scapula.  A  single  conical  upper  incisor  on  each  side  not 
toiuhiiig  canine.    Face  naked.    The  inanal  formula  is  as  follows: 

3  111 

Ikiital  formula. — Molars  ;;,  xiremolais  „,  cauines   ..,  ineisors  o  X  2=^30. 

Xijtticejm  has  the  dental  formula  of  Basypterns.  It  is  distinguished 
from  this  genns  by  the  fuioL  of  the  axis  of  the  paracolic  of  the  upper 
piciiiolar,  if  produced,  intersecting  the  protocone  near  its  anterior 
bolder,  and  by  the  upper  incisor  being  separated  by  an  interval  from 
the  ciiniue. 

Milimetrcs. 

Second  intorspnoc 1^ 

Tliird  iiitei'spac^ ". 8-i)i 

I'onilli  in(er.-<piiee 2^-27 ^ 

I'omiim 18-20 


132  BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


By  tlie  number  of  upper  premolars  and  incisors  Nycticejus  approxi- 
mates Scotophilus,  Rhogeessa,  and  Atalapha.  Coues  and  YaiTow,  indeed, 
(Wl.ocler's  Expedition,  1875),  place  it  with  the  genus  last  named.  Mr. 
Oldfleld  Thomas  is  iuclined  to  place  it  with  Vesperugo  (see  infra).  In 
my  opinion  the  structural  pecidiarities  are  of  a  character  which  warrant 
a  separate  generic  diagnosis.  The  nearest  ally  of  Nycticejm  is  Bhogema, 
which  maybe  said  to  represent  it  in  the  South  American  fauna.  In  the 
details  of  the  molars  and  of  the  wing  membranes  it  is  unlike  any  of  the 
forms  of  our  fauna,  but  most  resembles  Adelonycteris  and  Vespentgo. 
Until  Peters  identifled  the  Scotophilus  of  Leech,  Nycticejus  was  thought 
to  be  distributed  throughout  the  tropical  belt  of  the  Old  World.  It 
is  now  held  to  be  confined  to  the  warm  southern  parts  of  the  United 
States  and  Central  America. 

O.  Thomas  (quoted  in  Mammals  Living  and  Extinct,  Flower  and 
Lyddeker,  1891,)  credits  NyeUc^m  to  Scotophilus.  I  can  not  agree 
with  this  determination.  In  Scotophilus  the  last  upper  molar  is  like  Ata- 
lapha', in  Nycticejtis  it  is  like  Vesperugo.  The  details  of  the  lower 
molars  are  absolutely  different.  The  hypoconid  in  Scotophilus  is  small, 
narrow  and  blunt;  the  triangle  composed  of  blunt  cusps  with  shallow 
interspaces.  The  hypoconid  is  large,  larger  than  the  trifingle  (wliieli 
is  compressed  from  behind  forward  as  in  Nyctinonms),  and  has  high 
aciculate  cusps.  Tlie  character  of  elbow-movement  is  distinct  in  the 
two  forms.  In  Scotophilus  the  inner  r.adial  facet  on  the  humerus  is 
weak,  scarcely  at  all  concave.  The  joint  is  strengthened  by  a  bold, 
trenchant  epitrochlea.  In  Kycticejus  the  inner  radial  facet  on  the 
humerus  is  deeply  concave  and  sharply  defined,  thus  strengthening  the 
joint,  while  the  epitrochlea  is  small  and  feeble.  The  palate  is  prolonged 
backward  markedly  in  Scotophilus,  but  scarcely  at  all  in  Nyctice^ns. 

1.  NycticejuB  humeralis  O.  Thomas.    (Plates  xxii,  xxin.) 

Nycticejus  ccej»M«cu7aW«  Leconte  Ciiv.  An.  Kingd.  (McMurtrie's  od.),  1831,  432;  .las. 

Leconte,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1855,  433;   H.  Allen,  Monog.  N.  A.  Bats,  1864, 

12,  figs.  9-11. 
Vesperiilio  creeks  F.  Cuv.,  Nouv.  Annal.  du  Mus.,  Paris,  i,  1832,  18. 
Feapertilio  aenobarhm  Temininck,  Monog.  Mam.,  1835-'41,  247,  PL  58,  Fig.  I,  liiif 

Peters,  MB.  Akad.  Berl.,  1866,  681. 
reaperu8  cubanua  Gundlacli,  MB.  Akad.  Berl.,  1866,  681. 
Nycticejus  humeralis  O.  Thomas.    Ann.  &  Mag.  N.  H.  vii,  1891,  528. 

In  the  monograph  of  1864  I  queried  whether  or  not  ¥.  humernJk 
Rafinesque,  was  the  same  as  JV".  crepuscularis.  I  have  since  concluded 
that  they  are  the  same  and,  therefore,  agree  with  Mr.  Oldfleld  Thomas 
in  accepting  this  name. 

Diagnosis. — The  diagnosis  of  the  single  species,  that  of  the  genus. 

Description. — Auricle  small,  shorter  than  the  head,  the  portion  above 
the  head  oval;  outer  border  scarcely  concave,  tip  obtuse.  Internal 
basal  lobe  bold,  thick,  inferiorly  forming  a  minute  pendant  point;  an- 
terior border  abruptly  convex;  it  does  not  touch  the  head,  but  is  raised 


EUM. 

ceju8  approxi- 
irrow,  indeed, 
b  named.  ^Ir. 
lee  infra).  In 
vhich  warrant 
« is  Bhogema, 
fauna.  In  the 
like  any  of  the 
,nd  Veaperiigo. 
8  was  thought 
Id  World.  It 
of  the  United 


;,  Flower  and 
3au  not  affree 
lar  is  like  Ata- 

of  the  lower 
thiluH  is  small, 
3  with  shallow 
fifingle  (whit'b 
and  has  liigh 
iistinct  in  the 
10  humerus  is 
led  by  a  bold, 

facet  on  the 
mgthening  the 
teis  prolonged 
Nyctice^us. 

:xin.) 

),  1831,  432;  .las. 
N.  A.  Bats,  1864, 


iijl 


.  58,  Fig.  1,  ri* 


N".  humernJk. 
nee  concluded 
Idfield  Thomas 


if  the  genus. 
^  portion  above  I 
;u8e.    Internal  | 
>ant  point;  an- 
I,  but  is  raised] 


ill 


Explanation  of  Plate  XXII. 
1.   Front  view  of  lifiul  of  SiivtUrJiix  liiiincialiH. 

;!.  Side  view  of  SilcHirjiis  liiimeniliH. 

4.   Vu'W  of  tiiiHiif*  """I  '""''•'  HI"'''"'*'  "''  "l'•■i<•l»•• 
Fill.  5.  Winy;  nii'mlirnnc. 
Fi(i.  »>.  Tail  iiutl  intfift'nioral  iiienibnuii'. 
Fl(i.  7.  Sluill  st'tMi  from  aliovo.     x  2. 
Fid.  !<.  Skull  antl  lower  jaw  seen  from  tlie  sidr.     x  2. 


Fid 
Fid 
Fid 
Fid 


U.  b.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN    43,  PL    XXII 


^i^^ 


\:ir.x-. 


^ 


-'-tC^ 


it 


Nycticejus  humeralis. 


i! 


I     ! 


tllii:i! 


1  ,  I 


!   Ml" 


li 


Ai 


A  MONOGRAPH   OF  TlIK   BATH   OP  NORTH  AMERICA.         133 

tluM'ctrom  by  the  hoad-fold.  Tho  koel  (inttirnnl  basal  ridgo)  promi* 
iiciit,  well  dutlued.  External  basul  lubo  well  developed,  nearly  naked, 
willi  base  placed  well  below  tho  line  of  the  mouth  and  itH  anterior 
l)oiil<T  nearly  at  right  angles  therewith.  Tho  external  basal  ridge 
voiitinueM  with  tho  external  border  of  tho  auricle  and  constitutes  tho  , 
miu'Ki"  "f  tbe  Hrst  scallo]>,  which  is  thus  obscurely  deilned.  The 
sucond  scallop  is  well-outlined,  convex,  and  ends  on  the  outer  surfiu^e 
of  tlic  external  basal  lobe.  Tho  tragus  is  nearly  one-half  the  height  of 
the  auricle;  the  broadest  i>art  extends  from  the  inconspicuous  notch  to 
tlie  a])ical  third,  where  it  abruptly  narrows  to  a  blunt  tip;  tho  anterior 
Ijordcr  is  straight  or  slightly  coucave,  the  postericu-  convex  ("dolabri- 
fonii ''  Leconte).  The  mentum  is  well  defined  and,  as  a  rule,  undivided. 
Till'  iwllical  callosity  is  round,  conspicuous,  2"""  wide.  No  post  cal- 
liiral  lobe  or  lobe  at  tip  of  the  cahiar  (apici  <'alcaral  lobe)  is  present. 
A  wart  is  placed  well  below  the  angle  of  the  mouth. 

Dorsum  throughout  of  a  ligiit  ash-grey  color,  the  basal,  one-third  to 
two  thirds,  being  dark-brown.  Venter  the  same,  with  the  brown  hues 
of  tlie  shafts  being  more  conspicuous.  The  sides  of  the  neck  less  ash 
tliiui  elsewhere,  hence  the  effect  of  this  region  is  that  of  nearly  brown 
throughout.  The  degree  of  ashy  huo  of  the  dorsum  is  variable  in  speci- 
mens from  one  locality  and  may  bo  absent  when  the  hair  is  uniformly 
'  brown,  the  shaft  simply  being  darker  in  shade  than  the  tip.  The  veu- 
ter  is  ([uite  constant  in  color  in  all  individuals  examined. 

The  material  available  for  study  is  not  sufficient  for  me  to  decide 
whicii  of  the  two  styles  of  coloration  of  the  dorsum  is  the  mi,_L  frequent, 
it  may  be  that  tho  grey  variety  is  a  sign  of  advanced  maturity,  all  the 
examples  were  those  of  lactating  females,  although  some  of  tho  brown 
variety  were  also  in  the  same  condition. 

On  the  dorsum  tho  hair  extended  to  the  middle  of  the  humerus  and 
downward  thence  to  the  knee.  The  iuterfemoral  was  turned  only  at 
the  l)asal  fourth.  In  the  venter  the  hair  extends  on  the  humerus  only 
as  far  as  the  end  of  the  pectoral  ridge  and  on  tlie  thigh  to  the  proximal 
mid  thence  along  the  side  of  vlic  body  to  the  middle  of  tho  thigh.  The 
lower  fourth  of  the  intorfomoral  was  alone  furred. 

Vdriationx. — In  No.  GOCO  Arkansas  (M.  C.  Z.)  tho  post-calcareal  lobe 
is  present.  The  tragus  is  less  than  one-half  the  height  of  tho  auricle. 
The  last  caudal  vertebra  is  free. 

Ill  No.  8172  U.  S.  N.  M.  (Carlisle,  Pa.)  is  similar  to  the  Southern 
form,  except  that  tho  external  basal  lobe  is  as  high  as  it  is  long,  and 

le  siuumit  is  surrounded,  and  the  inner  border  of  the  tragus  straight. 
A  larj;(^  pendant  skin-fold  extends  the  entire  length  of  the  right  side 
of  space  below  tho  lower  jaw.  This  asymmetrical  fold  is  of  interest 
siiiee  no  similar  disposition  exists  so  far  as  I  know  in  any  other  bat. 

In  \o,  4735  U.  S.  N.  M.  the  fur  on  tho  dorsum  is  everywhere  dark, 
hisirous  brown  at  the  apical  third,  and  black  at  the  basal;  two-thirds 
on  tlio  rump  it  is  brown  throughout.  On  the  venter  tho  apical  tints 
are  lijihter. 


1 


11' 


! 


m 


:i  1 1 


'-'   i 


I 

1 

MJ  ! 


:i « 


134  BULLETIN  42,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Membranes, — Iiitercostals  four  in  number.  Tlie  coraco-brachialis 
fascicle  appears  near  the  axilla  and  becomes  vertical  a  little  beyond  the 
elbow.  The  triceps  fascicle  system  with  a  siuj^le  superior  oblique  and 
a  single  vertical  inferior  branch.  The  line  above  the  main  trend  of  tlie 
nerve  as  in  A.  /uncus.  The  fourth  interspace  as  in  this  species  except 
that  the  postdiji^ital  appears  at  the  proximal  sixth  of  the  fourth  metacar- 
pal bone.  In  one  specimen  it  was  absent.  The  oblique  tibial  and 
pubo  tibial  lines  as  in  this  speciies.  In  No.  4378  the  lines  in  the  foui  tli 
interdigital  space  arise  from  the  digits,  the  postdigital  from  the  proxi- 
mal third  and  the  predigital  from  near  the  middle. 

Skull. — The  sagitta?  crest  is  deflned  its  entire  length.  The  posterior 
temporal  ridge  is  trencliant.  Iiniitiu<'  a  small  triangle.  The  anterior 
temporal  ridge  is  also  well  defined  and  ends  on  the  orbital  ridge  which 
is  sharply  outlined,  and  is  continuous  with  an  oblique  line  which  crosses 
the  flat  inner  wall  of  the  orbit.  The  fronto-maxillary  inflation  is  rudi- 
mental, — the  least  developed  in  any  of  the  species.  The  face-vertex  is 
without  depression  in  some  examples;  in  others  it  is  shallow,  and  less 
than  half  the  length  of  the  region.  (Such  specimens  may  not  be  en- 
tirely mature.)  Two  shallow  depressions  overlie  the  maxilhe.  The 
facial  infraorbital  foramen  lies  over  the  intei'val  between  the  second 
premolar  and  the  first  molar.  The  anterior  nasal  aperture  ends  on  the 
line  of  the  anterior  border  of  the  second  premolar.  The  paroccipital 
process  is  acuminate  and  projects  downward  no  farther  than  the  level 
of  the  inflated  mastoid.  The  interval  between  these  two  jtrocesses  is 
concave  and  incised  below.  The  tympanic  bone  is  incomplete  above 
the  head  of  the  malleus  intervening.  The  coronoid  process  lies  above 
the  level  of  the  condyle  and  slightly  exceeds  the  width  of  the  adjacent 
horizontal  ramus.  The  massetric  impression  reaches  the  lower  mar^jin 
of  the  ramus.  The  angle  is  small,  truncate,  and  slightly  produced  be 
yond  the  line  of  the  condyle. 

The  encranial  surface  is  about  one-third  the  area  of  the  entire  region, 
the  cribriform  plate  marked  as  follows:  First,  a  single  opening  is  seen 
on  tne  spheuoturbinal  surface;  second,  two  openings  on  the  ejtotnrbi- 
nal  surface;  third,  a  relatively  large  depression  on  the  endoiurbinai, 
containing  two  openings,  well  to  the  lateral  aspect,  for  the  first  eiido- 
turbinal  plate. 

The  nasal  surface  exhibits  a  sinjjle  ectoturbinal  plate.  It  is  a  little 
less  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  first  endoturbinal,  is  directed  al- 
most vertically  downward,  the  swollen  upper  border  looking  outward. 
The  lateral  surface  is  concave,  deflected  outward  as  far  as  tiie  tip  of  the 
first  endoturbinal.  It  is  slightly  concave  above.  The  free  portion  is 
acuminate,  reaching  as  far  as  the  level  of  the  canine  tooth.  The  second 
plate  is  as  in  V. /uncus,  but  not  so  much  narrowed  at  the  base.  The 
third  is  a  mere  nmnded  nodule. 

Mamillary  teeth. — The  incisor  slender,  simple,  with  entire  cingnlum 
vertical  on  border  of  palatal  noti;h;  a  small  space  between  it  and  tlii' 
canine.    The  palatal  surface  of  the  canine  concave,  broad;  posterior 


ico-bracliialis 
e  beyond  the 
r  oblique  and 
» trend  of  tlie 
pedes  except 
iirth  metacar- 
le  tibiiil  1111(1 
in  the  fourth 
om  the  proxi- 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


3ULLETIN  43,   Pu.    XXII 


I    H 

1,1 

f 


entire  region, 
•eniiig  is  .seen 
the  ejtotiirbi- 
eiidoturbiiial, 
lie  first  eiido- 


;ire  ('iiigiihim 
^n  it  and  the 

ad;  posterior 


1.  MAXILLARV  teeth  of   NYCTICEJUS  HUMEf?AUI3. 

2.  Mandibular  teeth  of  same,    x  12. 


'III 


il; 


1- 


i'  ! 


1 


I 
Hill  lii 


A  MONOGRAPH   OP   TIIK   BATS   OP   NORTH   AMERICA. 


135 


iiiirrow  coiuiave  ill  lino  with  loiigitudiiial  taxis  of  tooth  row;  borders 
abriibtly  raised,  thin.  Single  premolar  not  distinctive.  The  Vs  of  the 
liist  and  second  molar  siibequal;  tlie  protocone  with  obscurely  defined 
posterior  coinmissiire  which  ends  at  the  apex  of  the  second  V.  the 
lu'd  is  rudiinental,  its  apex  appearing  on  the  top  of  the  protocone. 
The  third  molar  with  protocone  as  iii  the  other  molars,  but  the  i>osterior 
limb  ot  the  second  V  absent. 

ManiUbular  teeth. — The  incisors  crowded.  First  with  trifld  cutting 
o(lj;e,  more  inclined  forward  than  the  second  and  third,  which  are  blunt, 
thick,  and  bearing  a  more  uoilule  on  the  cutting  surface.  Canine  with 
broad  concave  posterifu-  and  narrow  concave  lingual  surface,  the  two 
separated  by  a  sharp  longitudinal  flange.  The  heel  like  base,  low  and 
broad.  The  first  premolar  wedged  in  tooth  row"  by  the  basal  lines  of 
tlic  adjacent  teeth;  much  smaller  than  the  second,  with  the  lingual 
I'iiigulum  angulated.  The  second  jiremolar  with  anterior  basal  cusp 
on  lingual  pjirt  of  the  cingulum  advanced.  The  first  and  second 
molars  not  distinctive.  The  third  molar  with  a  small  deflected  heel, 
which,  while  triangular,  is  mu(rh  compressed  from  without  inward. 

Xott's  on  the  skeleton. — Atlas  with  minute  spine  from  the  transverse 
liiinina;  the  lower  of  the  two  foramen  not  seen  from  in  front.  Axis 
without  lateral  oblique  spine. 

Scapula  with  thin  axillary  border;  triceps  impression  without  rugos- 
ity or  spine;  the  superior  angle  scarcely  inflected;  tip  of  the  coracoid 
process  is  broader  than  the  base  and  is  deflected  toward  the  vertebral 
border.  Humerus  with  internal  tuberosity  not  higher  than  head  and 
of  about  the  same  size  as  the  external  tuberosity.  Ulna  in  some  spec- 
iiiieiis  anchylosed  to  radius  at  proximal  end.  Apparently  attached  to 
this  bone  about  at  distal  third  of  the  siiaft,  but  in  fact  ending  free  as 
as  ill  Adelonyeteris,  Vesperuffo,  and  Vespcrtilio.  The  distal  end  wit)' 
s([uare  perforated  lamina.  Innominate  bone  with  narrow  subrounded 
ilium  not  expanded  above.  Proximal  end  of  tibi.i  with  large  spine 
The  first  metacarpal  bone  equals  the  phalangeal  series  in  length. 

Scrual  characters. — The  proportion  of  the  sexes  could  not  be  deter- 
mined by  the  material  available.  Many  of  the  specimens  examined  (all 
of  those  from  Carlisle,  Pa.,  N.  M.)  were  lactating  females,  while  of  the 
nine  si)ecimens  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  seven  were  m.ales. 
The  i»euis  (see  siiecimeiiNo.  1 185,  Cam.  from  Seabrook  Island,  South  Caro- 
lina )  is  long  (8"""),  pendulous,  cylindrical,  and  without  expanded  prepuce. 
In  this  respect  the  jiarts  are  quite  dissimilar  to  A.  fusctis  and  closely  re- 
semble Atalapha,    Testis  on  side  of  base  of  tail. 

The  brain. — Tiie  flocculns  of  the  cerebellum  not  projected.'  Tlie  an- 
teiioi'  portion  of  cerebrum  (rhinocele)  abruptly  constricted  from  the 
pyiirorm  figure  of  the  hemisphere. 

Habitat. — This  species  has  not  been  recorded  in  the  United  States 
in  regiiMis  beyond  the  South  Atlantic  slojie  and  the  country  extei  ..  <? 
west  t<i  the  Mississippi  and  north  to  the  Middle  States  as  far  as  *enr  ■ 
sylvania.    One  specimen  was  formerly  in  the  Smithsonian  Institi.      ^, 


ii 


'iil' 


Wl 


1 1 


fill 


I 
I 


136 


BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


collected  from  Nebraska;  several  from  Arkansas,  and  one  from  Mata 
moras,  Tex.  Dobsou's  statement  that  it  is  found  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains  is  not  accompanied  by  reference  to  collections.  There  is  one 
specimen  in  the  British  Museum  from  Central  America. 

Mi^asareiufnls, 


Head  und  bo<ly  (from  crown  of  head  to  baso  of  tail) . . 

Lengtii  of  arm   

Lengtii  of  forearm 

First  digit: 

Length  of  first  metacarpal  bono 

LeiiL'tli  of  phalanges 

Second  digit : 

Lengtii  of  second  metacarpal  bone 

Length  of  first  phalanx 

Third  digit: 

Length  of  third  metacarpal  bono 

Length  of  first  plialanx 

Lengtii  of  second  phalanx 

Fourth  digit: 

Lengtii  of  fourth  metacarpal  bono 

Length  of  first  phalanx 

Length  of  second  phalanx 

Fifth  digit: 

Length  of  fifth  metacarpal  hone 

Lengtii  of  first  ]>halaiix 

Length  of  second  phalanx 

Lengtii  of  head 

Heighth  of  ear 

Heiglitb  of  tragus 

Length  of  thigh 

Length  of  tibia 

Length  of  foot 

Length  of  tail 


r.S.N.M. 

47::5 
9 

skin. 


Mm. 


;i7 

IH' 
1)2 


2 

a2 

12 
10 

;n 
11 

20 


U  S.N.M. 

5320 

9 

alcohol. 


M.  C.  Z. 

4H7M 

alcohol. 


Mm. 


1.') 
8 

lU 
11 
U 

;lO 


18 

:i5 


311 
12 
9 

33 
12 


ItlJ 

u 


30 


Mvi. 


M.C.Z. 

1185 


36 
19 
30 


3 
28 


30 

11 

9 

30 
lUi 
H 

29 

«J 

4 
l;'i 

8 

3 
11 
14 

6 
30 


Mm. 


39 
20 
34 

2 
3J 

29 
2 

32 
12J 


31 
11 


31) 

■8 

4 

16 

I* 
3» 

10 

12 
7 

31 


MeasiiremviitK  from  first  edition  of  Monograph. 


Current  num- 
ber. 

From 

tip  of 

uose  to 

tail. 

Length 
tail. 

Length 
of  fore- 
arm. 

Length 

of 

tibia. 

Length 

of 

longest 

finger. 

Length 

of 
thumb. 

Height 
of 
ear. 

Height 

ot' 
tragus. 

Kx. 

pause. 

Nature 

of  sped. 

men. 

Jn. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

6312 

2.0 

1.5 

1.4 

O.U 

2.6 

0.4 

0.4 

0.2J 

9.0 

Alcoholic. 

2.0 

1.5 

1.4 

0.  U 

2.6 

11.4 

0.5 

0.2 

9.0 

1)0. 

2.0 

1.5 

1.4 

O.U 

2.5 

0.3 

0.4 

0.3 

0.3 

l)o. 

6313 

2.0 

1.4i 

1.4 

O.U 

2.0 

0.3 

0.4 

0.3 

0.3 

Uo. 

5322 

1.5 

1.4 

o.« 

2.6J 

0.4 

0.5 

0.3 

Do. 

6329 

2.0 

1.2 

1.3 

O.fl 

2.3| 

0.4 

0.4 

0.2i 

0.3 

Do. 

2.0 

1.2 

1.0 

0.0 

2.7 

0.4 

0.4i 

0. 2J 

9.9 

Do. 

4735 

2.0 

1.2 

1.3 

0.0 

2.  ,'i 

0.4 

0.4 

0.2 

3.6 

Dry. 
l)o. 

47;!« 

2.(1 

1.2 

1.3 

ll.K 

2.1 

0.3 

0.34 

0.2 

7.9 

111 

l.(i 

2.2 

0.3 

0.4 

0.2 

Do. 

283 

1.0 

1.4 

1.4 

0.0 

2.2 

0.3 

0.4 

0.24 

7.6 

Do. 

882 

2.0 

1.3 

1.5 

0.0 

2.4 

0.3 

O.OJ 

0.3 

8.0 

Do. 

Lint  of  upecimens. 


Cat. 

No.  of 

No. 

mens. 

.5448 

1 

.5350 

1 

5312 

2 

5313 

1 

•WOII 

1 

.5322 

1 

5307 

1 

.53V2 

3 

.5329 

>) 

4736 

1 

5539 

1 

Loi  ality. 


Carlisle,  I'a 

Wasliiimton,  1).  (J 

Liberty  Co.,  (la 

New  Orleans 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

Neliniska 

Kecliiioiid's  liaiicb,  Tex. 
Malainoias,  (Deri.  Col.). 

do 

"  Uiiiti'd  States." 

(1) 


Presented  by 


Nature  of 
specimen. 


S.  F.  Baird ;  Dry 

(.')  '  Aboliolic. 

Dr.  -los.  ilones ' do 

N.  ().  Academy '. . .  .do 

111'  (i    Kngelniauii '....do 

Dr  <  'ooner !. . .  .do  .... 

.1    II   Clark I. ...do.... 

I,t.  1)   N   Couch ....do.... 

do '. . .  .do 

Maj.  I.ecoute ,  Dry 

(?)  !....do 


Cidlectimi. 


U 


,S.  N.  M. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


m. 

from  Mata 
ocky  Mouii- 
lioru  i8  oue 


.z. 

M.C.Z. 

8 

1185 

rf 

lUl. 

t. 

Mm. 

36 
19 
3U 


;i9 

•M 
3J 

•s 

2 


30 

32 

11 

12J 

U 
30 

31 

OS 

20 

11 

3(1 

«* 

'« 

4 

4 

15 

16 

8 

n 

3 

h 

11 

10 

14 

12 

6 

7 

3U 

31 

iii8e. 

Nature 

of  spi'ci- 

lutn. 

III. 

O.H 

AlcDliolic. 

».U 

Do. 

0.3 

m. 

0.3 

m. 

!)(.. 

0.3 

Do. 

0.0 

Do. 

3.6 
7.9 

'%„. 

Do. 

7.0 

Do. 

8.0 

Do. 

of 
en. 

ColU'ctioii. 

U.S.N.M. 

Ho. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

A  M0K0GBAt»H  OE'  ^THE  BAfS  OF  KOftTH  AMEftlCA. 


137 


Genus  DASTFTERUS,  PeterH. 

Da/typteru*,  Peters,  MB.  Akad.  Berlin,  1870,  904. 

AUilapha,  Peters,  MB.  Akad.   Berlin,  1870,  912;  Dobson,  Cat.  Chirop.  Brit.  Mus., 

1878,  274. 
iMniurus,  II.  Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1862, 146;  Mouojj.  N.  A.  Bats,  1864,25. 
XHflicejus,  Coues  and  Yarrow,  Wheeler's  Ilxped.,  ZoiJl.,  1875,  87. 

When  I  described  this  form  I  pliiced  it  with  Lasiurus,  out  Prof. 
Peters  proposed  for  it  a  distinctive  generic  name,  Dasypterux,  since  it 
possesses  one  premolar  only  in  the  upper  jaw.  In  the  propriety  of 
making  this  change  I  concur. 

Q  111 

Dental  formula. — Molars  ,  •  —  premolars  -„■  —  canines  -   —  incisors  -    X  2  =  30. 

O  J  1  i> 

Diagnosis. — Ears  elliptical;  tragus  incurved,  blunt,  with  a  transverse 
ridge  on  the  outer  surface.  The  internal  basal  lobe  projects  backward 
beyond  the  internal  ridge.  Back  of  ample  interfemoral  membrane 
scarcely  hairy.  The  phalanges  of  the  third  digit  equal  in  length.  The 
first  phalanx  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  finger  longer  than  the  second.  The 
olecranon  is  free  behind — the  membrane  concealing  the  region  of  the 
elliow  in  front. 

The  axis  of  the  paracoue  of  the  upper  premolar,  if  produced,  inter- 
secting protocone  near  at  its  middle.  The  upper  incisor  in  contact 
with  the  canine.  (See  Nycticejus.)  The  resemblance  of  the  teeth  of 
this  genus  to  those  of  Antrozous  have  been  already  noted. 

The  manal  formula  is  as  follows : 

HilUmetera. 

Second  interspace 2 

Third  interspace ■ 14 

Fourth  interspace 40 

Forearm 40 


1.  Dasypterus  Intermediua  (Peters).    (Plates  xxiv,  xxv.) 

Lamirtu  infermedim  U. Allen,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.,  1862,  146;  Monog.  N.  A. 

Bats,  1864,  25. 
Ihmjpterua  intermedins  Peters,  MB.  Akad.  Berlin,  1870,  904. 
Atalapha  intermedia  Peters,  MB.  Akatl.  Berlin,  1870,  912;  DobHOu,  Cat.  Chirop.  Brit. 

Mus.,  1878,  274. 
Xyvlicf'jiis  intermediua  Coues  and  Yarrow,  Wheeler's  Expedition,  Zoid.,  1875. 

Description. — Ears  longer  than  broad,  slightly  emarginate  jjoste- 
riorly  beneatli  the  tip  and  Avithout  black  border.  The  internal  basal 
lobe  as  iu  Atalapha,  but  projects  but  little  back  of  the  inconspicuous 
keel.  The  external  basal  lobe  rounded  without  basal  notch  anteriorly. 
Hem  narrow;  it  is  confined  to  the  notch  as  in  Atalapha.  The  tragus  as 
in  this  genus;  the  transverse  ridge  on  the  tragus  complete.  Muzzle 
and  ehinplate  as  in  A.  cinerea.  Wing  membranes  with  markings  quite 
as  iu  Atalapha.  A  conspicuous  muscle-mass  lies  between  the  long 
calcar  and  the  foot.    This  incloses  a  muscle  as  in  A.  noveboracensis. 


(^ 


138  BULLETIN   43,  rNITKD   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM, 


ii! 


ill 


The  tip  of  the  tail  is  free.  In  speeimeii  ()()!)8,  MuHeiini  of  Coniparativo 
Zoology,  tlie  maininary  glands  were  large.  Tiietwo  nipples  were  near 
e.ich  other  toward  the  axilla,  without  a  furred  surface  intervening. 

Hair  everywhere  h)ng  and  silky.  Dorsum,  including  the  head,  neck, 
and  esirs,  with  hair  at  the  basal  half  dark  brown ;  apical  half  old  gold. 
On  the  membrane  from  the  proximal  third  of  the  arm  to  the  knee  tlio 
hair  is  the  same  as  on  the  body.  It  is  longer  than  the  hair  in  similar 
positions  in  the  red  bat  or  the  hoary  bat.  A  light-brown  tuft  overlies 
the  first  metacarpal  bone,  and  the  i)rebrachium  above  the  elbow. 
Unicolored  light-brown  hair  sparsely  covers  the  interfemoial  membrane 
as  far  as  a  line  that  unites  the  ankles.  The  fleshy  extension  to  the 
outer  side  of  the  calcaneum  as  in  Atulapha.  Ventre  including  the  sub- 
mental region  and  the  neck,  with  basal  two-thirds  dark  brown,  apical 
third  light  brown ;  no  shades  of  old  gold  are  present.  A  sparse  growth 
of  light-brown,  unicolored  hair  extends  along  the  forearm  its  entire 
length  and  upon  the  meta(!arpus  as  far  as  the  third  digit.  The  end 
opatagium  from  the  elbows  to  the  knee  is  covered  with  hair  having  the 
same  chara(;ters  as  the  above. 

No  differentiations  are  seen  on  the  side  of  th(^  neck  or  of  body.  The 
ears  arc  covered  at  the  basal  two-thirds.* 

Mcmhrans^i. — The  markings  on  tlie  wing  membranes  are  so  similar  to 
tho'ie  oiA.  cinerea  that  they  need  u()t  be  described.  The  propatagiuni 
is  not  withdrawn  behind  the  ulna  at  any  point. 

Variations. — Au  example  from  Davenport,  Fla.,  in  the  collection  of 
Mr.  G.  S.  Miller,  jr.,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  is  described  as  follows: 

Dorsum  of  au  obscure  ocher-brown,  flecked  with  dispersed  transverse 
sooty  lines.  The  color  becomes  more  rusty  over  the  loins  and  upon  the 
basal  half  of  the  interfemoral  nicimbrane  where  it  is  of  a  dull  russet. 
The  basal  fifth  is  black,  the  remaining  jwrtion  is  almost  white.  Tlie 
subtip  is  ocher-brown  and  the  tip  occasionally  black.  On  the  inter- 
femoral membnine  the  hair  is  of  a  dull  Isabella  brown;  the  basal  black 
equals  one-fifth  of  the  shaft,  which  is  scarcely  lighter  than  the  loiifj 
tip.  Thus  the  shaft  is  not  lighter  tlian  on  the  dorsum.  The  fold  ex- 
tending from  the  auricle  to  the  head  is  heavily  furred.  Of  the  two 
examples  one,  although  the  larger,  was  immature,  showing  that  varia- 
tion in  the  measurements  of  a  number  of  individuals  may  be  expected. 

Teeth. — The  maxillary  incisors  much  as  in  A.  cinerea  and  A.  norebora- 
ceuHis;  the  cinguhmi  markedly  developed;  the  first  premolar  is  absent, 
The  posterior  commissure  of  the  paracone  does  not  reach  the  posterior 
border  of  the  tooth,  but  adjuts  against  the  anterior  limb  of  the  second 
V  near  its  tip;  the  third  molar  as  in  other  species. 

*Damjpt<rm  ega,  Potei-H. — A  six^ciiiieu  of  this  spticioH  from  tho  colloctioii  of  f ho 
Museum  of  Compariitive  Zoiilojiy.  The  i);tl!it!i1  rugiu  uro  six  in  number.  The  lower 
incisorH  not  trifid,  snlxMiual,  the  first  the  largest.  Th(i  fnr  of  the  ventre  is  with- 
out tip  of  different  shade  to  that  of  the  shaft.  The  hiiir  is  of  two  eolors,  while  im 
the  dorsum  it  is  of  three. 


M, 

oinparative 
8  were  near 
r'Oiiing. 
Iiead,  neck, 
If  old  gold, 
le  knee  tlio 
f  in  similar 
uft  overlies 
the  elbow, 
niembraiie 
sion  to  the 
ng  the  aub- 
own,  apical 
irse  growth 
L  its  entire 
;.  The  end 
having  tlie 

body.    The 

0  similar  to 
ropataginin 

ioUection  of 
>ws : 

[  transverse 
id  npon  the 
dull  rnaset. 
ivhite.    The 

1  the  inter- 
basal  black 
an  the  long- 
'he  fold  ex- 
Of  the  two 
:  that  varia- 
»e  expected. 
1.  norehora- 
IV  is  absent, 
lie  posterior 
f  the  second 


li^ctiou  of  <lio 
r.  The  lower 
ontro  is  witli- 
ilora,  whilt!  on 


Pi 


Jili 


*  'I 


ii 


I  ^  i 


Explanation  of  Plate  XXIV. 

Fi(5.  1.  Front  view  nl'  head  of  Daityplenm  intermedins. 

Fl(i.  2.  >Si(l(!  view  ot'siiuit'. 

Fi(i.  3.  Wiiif;  ineiubi'iiiiu. 

Fi(i.  i.  Tiiil  niul  intt'ii'emorul  moinbriiuo. 

Fro.  5.  Skull  Hceii  from  above,     x  2, 

Flu.  t).  Skull  uud  lower  Jaw  seen  from  the  side,     x  2. 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XXIV 


Dasypterus  INTERMEDIUS. 


tll< 

art 
tlic 


i 


IS  . 
Wil 

imi 

IK^i 
ilOl 

ton 
pai 
iiit 

Slif 

s|n 
cor 
orl 
lyi 

('X( 
oil 

oil." 

1)01 

IVo 
tlu 
Til 
tli{ 


ma 
lov 
iioi 
nie 
fro 
rio 
J 
nil) 

1110 

on 
rai 
Th 
lial 
ity 
in 
J 


ill  I 


il 


A   MONOORAl'H    OK   TllK    HATH   OF   NOUTIf    AMKRICA. 


139 


Tliii  muiidilmlur  iiKUHors  crowdcil;  tlu^  tii'.st  incJNor  much  liirgur  than 
tlif  f;oo(iiial  second  iiiul  third  teeth;  cuttiii^i;  cd){»  tritld  iviid  pahittil 
Idisc  produced;  the  Hecoiid  and  third  rounded,  conoid,  and  blunt;  tiioy 
iir(*  made  obscurely  bifid  in  front;  the  first  premolar  not  more  than  lialf 
tiie  size  of  tiui  second;  the  molars  quit<>-  as  in  other  specic^s. 

<S7im//. — The  greatest  length  is  17""".  The  length  of  mesencephalon 
is  ."»"'"'.  The  greatest  width  is  10""";  the  least  width  5"'"'.  A  delic^ato 
sagittal  <!rest  extends  the  entire  length  of  the  metenceplialon  and  half 
wiiy  over  the  niesenc(4)halon.  The  posterior  temporal  crests  are  almost 
l)iU'allel  with  ea«!h  other  over  tlie  posterior  half  of  the  mesencephalon 
near  the  dorsal  median  line,  leaving  a  <'onspi(;uous  space  whi<di  is  the 
lioniologue  ()f  the  triangular  interval  in  other  genera.  The  anterior 
temporal  cr  st  is  well  defined  and  ends  on  the  orl)ital  crest.  The 
panuuiipital  i  •ioss  is  large,  conical  directed,  backward,  and  its  line 
intersects  the  condyle  above  its  center.  The  mastoid  process  is 
slightly  produced,  but  less  so  than  is  the  ]>aroccipital.  The  intermediate 
8|)a(^e  is  scarcely  <!onvex  and  deeply  incnsed.  The  tymj)anic  bone  is 
complete.  No  tubercle  lies  above  the  proenceplialic  foraniiiui.  The 
orbital  crest  is  small  and  is  placed  well  forward  an<l  involves  the  lach- 
lymal  bone.  The  infraorbital  canal  is  ])laced  high  above  the  teeth ;  is 
exceedingly  short,  permitting  a  me  e  rim  of  bone  to  lie  between  the 
oiiiital  and  the  facial  foramen.  The  lachrymal  foramen  is  inconsi)icu- 
oils,  almos'  (!oncealed  in  profile.  Tlie  line  produced  from  the  upper 
border  of  the  anterior  nasal  aperture  intersecting  the  first  molar.  The 
fi'oiito-niaxillary  inflaUon  moderately  developed  and  is  best  defined  at 
th(^  lachrymal  region.  The  lingual  process  reaches  the  tympanic  bone. 
Tiie  tympanic  ring  is  (;omplete.  The  zygonni  is  without  elevation  on 
tlie  upper  border. 

The  coronoid  process  is  not  as  high  as  is  the  horizontal  ramus.  The 
masseteric  impression  is  weak  inferiorly  and  not  quite  retiching  the 
lower  border  of  the  horizontal  ramus.  It  scarcely  impresses  the  coro- 
noid. The  angle  torms  a  flat  quadrate  process,  deeply  concave  on 
median  aspect  and  extends  scarcely  beyond  the  condyle.  As  seen 
from  above,  it  lies  in  line  with  the  middle  of  the  condyle.  The  poste- 
rior symphysal  spine  is  conspicuous. 

N^otes  on  the  siceleton. — The  triceps  impression  of  the  scapula  bends 
more  to  dorsum  than  to  venter.  The  glenoid  is  absolutely  straight  on 
median  surface  exciavated  above  on  lateral  but  very  conves;  inferiorly 
on  same  side.  The  infra-spinous  portion  of  venter  with  a  stout  ridge 
ranging  downward  and  backward  from  the  compact  tissue  at  glenoid. 
This  ridge  answers  to  the  concavity  on  dorsum.  In  both  human  and 
bat  scapula  the  stoutest  ridge  on  venter  answers  to  the  deepcjst  concav- 
ity on  dorsum.  In  the  human  variety  this  lies  near  the  axillary  border; 
in  the  bat  at  middle  of  the  dorsum . 

Habitat. — Mexico  and  the  Gulf  States.    It  is  a  rare  species  and 


„l 


''1  ' 
h 


140  UULLETIN  43,  UNITED   8TATE8  NATIONAL   MUHEUM. 


iiotliiu);  iH  kuuwii  of  its  litu  luHtory.    The  tyiH)  Hpuciiuou  wuh  obtained 
at  MataiuuniH,  Muxioo. 


MtaKuremmh, 


I 

I 

I' 


i 


I 


V.  H.  N.  M. 
Immatura. 


HomI  nuil  1hm),v  (fruni  omwii  of  heiul  to  liiiae  of  tall) . 

Lengt  h  of  unii 

Length  of  forviirm 

FimtiligU: 

Length  of  flrnt  ni«ta<!ar|>al  Imue 

Length  of  iilmlangeH 

S<>('ouil  iligit: 

l<«ngtli  of  nerond  nietw^arpnl  bone 

Leugth  of  tlrst  phiiliin  x 

Thlnl  tllgit: 

Lengt  h  of  inetiicariml  bone 

Length  of  tlmt  plialunx 

Length  ot'  Hecoml  phalanx 

Fourth  illgit: 

Length  of  fiinrth  n>etA('arpal  bone 

Length  of  Hrnt  (ilialan  x 

T.ongth  of  HiNMinil  phalanx 

Fifth  digit : 

Length  of  llfth  melncarpal  bono 

Length  of  ttrat  phalanx 

Longtji  of  Buuonil  phalanx 

Length  of'hi'Utl 

Height  of  ear  from  head 

Height  of  tragus 

Length  of  thigh 

Length  of  tlhta 

Length  of  foot 

T.engthnrtail 

Length  of  ualoar..... 


Mm. 


M 
4 

r>7 

^ 

r>H 

•M 
'iO 

IVft 

\n 

13 
40 

I) 

H 
21 

7 

7 
18 
IKl 

7 
M 
18 


M.O.Z. 

9 


Mm. 


61 

!»i 
411 

4 

r. 
r>t 

7 

20 
2<l 

4» 

i:i 

44 

I 

8 

7 
IH 
21 

8 
W) 
16 


MeanurrttwnU,  fromfir»t  edition  of  Monoyruph. 


(lurrent 
number. 


5:(38 
6135 
6138 
6137 
6139 
6140 


From 

tip  of 

nose  to 

tall. 

Length 

of 

tall. 

Length 

fore- 
arm. 

length 
tibia. 

Length 

of 
longest 
Auger. 

Length 
thumb. 

Height 
ear. 

Height 
tragns. 

Kx 

pauHe. 

In. 

7n. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

3.0 

2.6 

2.2 

0.11 

4.0 

0.5 

0.74 

0.3 

13.0 

2.3 

2.2 

2.1 

0.11 

4.0 

0.4* 
0.4S 

0.7 

0.2i 

13.0 

2.0 

2.7 

2.1 

0.11 

4.1 

0.6 
0.6 

0.  3 

15.0 

2.6 

2.2 

2.1 

0.11 

4.1 

0.5 

0.3 

13.3 

2.6 

2.0 

1.9 

0.8 

,3.0 

0.5 

0.7 

0.3 

12.0 

2.5 

2.0 

2.0 

0.11 

4.0 

0.3 

0.7i 

0.3 

12.6 

2.5 

2.0 

2.0 

0.9 

2.6 

0.6 

0.6 

0.3 

13.0 

Nature  of 
Hpeclmen. 


Aloihollc. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Hit  of  speciment. 


r>„*     Number 

No.'    "♦"I'""'- 
mens. 

Locality. 

PresenttHl  by — 

Nnturr  of 
specimen. 

Collection. 

3228 
6135 

1 

Matainoraa,  Mex 

do 

Lt.  (;onoh,  tl.  S.  Army  (Berl. 

Coll.). 
do 

Alcoholic. 
....do  

TT.S.jJ.M. 
Do. 

61.36 

do 

do 

...do 

Do. 

6137 

do 

do 

....do  

Do. 

6138 

do 

do    

....do    .... 

Do. 

613!) 

do 

do 

...  d 

Do. 

614)) 

do 

...do 

. .  do 

Do. 

I  obtained 


M.O.Z. 

9 


Mm. 


fli 

411 

4 

7 

5,'. 
2i) 
Ull 

411 

i:i 

44 

?1 
21 

H 

7 
1H 
21 

8 
W) 
16 


U.   3    NATIONAL  MUSLUM 


aULLtTIN  -tj,   Pl     XXV 


0. 

Naturo  of 
Hpoolmnn. 

0 
0 
0 

:i 

0 
6 

0 

Aloihollc. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Ciilteutioii. 


1.  Maxillary  teeth  of  DAsvpTtHus  inteumedius.    x  12. 

2.  Mandibular  teeth  of  same,    x  12. 


TT.S.XM. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do, 
Do. 


ill 


I  ml 

it' 

•1*1 


•r 


i\ 


A  MONOGRAPH   OF  THE   BATS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


141 


OenuB  ATALAFHA  Rafinosqne.  n 

Aialapha  Ra&neBqne,  Pr(^ciH  des  ddconvertes  et  travaux  Homiologiqnes,  1814,12; 
Desniarest,  Mam.,  1820, 146;  Gervais,  Hist.  Nat.  Mam.,  i,  1854,  214;  Peters,  MB. 
Akad.  Berlin,  1870,  907;  Dobson,  Cat.  Chirop.  Brit.  Mus.,  1878— Coues  «fe  Yar- 
row, Wlieeler'e  Exped.,  Zool.  1875,  86. 

ScotophUtu  Gray,  Mag.  Zoiil.  and  Bot.,  ii,  1838,  498.  ; 

Lnsiurua  Gray,  List  Mam.  Brit.  Mus.,  1843;  Tomes,  Proc.  Zool.  Soo.  London,  1857, 
34;  Allen,  Monog.  N.  A.  Bats,  1864,  14. 

In  changing  Lasiurm  to  Atalapha  I  have  followed  the  tendency  of 
all  recent  writers.  I  have  never  seen  the  original  description  of 
Rafinesque,  and  recalling  the  cloud  under  which  most  of  the  work  of 
tills  eccentric  naturalist  rested,  I  thought  it  better  to  employ  the  name 
of  Lasiurus  of  Gray  which,  although  without  characterization,  was 
known  to  apply  to  a  species  already  identified. 

By  reference  to  the  diagnosis  of  Atalapha  fmcata  in  the  appendix 
it  will  be  seen  that  it  is  impossible  to  name  by  its  use  any  species  of 
bat  in  North  America,  I  assume  that  Raflnescxue's  original  characteri- 
zation of  Atalapha  has  satisfied  such  observers  as  Gervais,  Peters,  and 
Dobson  of  its  validity. 

The  skull  without  marked  depression  between  the  mesencephalon 
and  themetencephalon.  The  labyrinth  concealed  at  the  occipu*.  A 
basisphenoid  fossa  is  present.  The  glenoid  tends  to  be  pedunculated. 
The  sacrum  is  broader  below  than  above,  with  high  coequal  spines  and 
(!omposed  of  from  four  to  five  elements.  The  caudal  vertebrje  form  a 
curved  axis  directed  ventrad.  The  scapnla  with  coracoid  having  a 
long  process  at  the  free  end  directed  backward.  The  spine  with  nodule 
or  facet-like  process  at  the  middle.  The  superior  angle  incurved  and 
bears  a  process  which  deepens  the  subscapular  fossa.  The  vertebral 
border  depressed  at  supra- spinatus  fossa  and  elevated  at  the  infra- 
spinatus fossa.  The  head  of  the  humenis  with  an  oblique  articular 
.surface;  the  internal  tuberosity  produced.  The  epitrochlea  prolonged 
as  a  short  spine;  it  serves  to  deepen  the  trochlea,  besides  affording 
attachment  to  a  ligament  and  muscles.  The  epicondyle  with  a  small 
spine  anteriorly.  The  radius  with  a  square  shaft  and  marked  with  im- 
pressions for  extensors  of  the  carpus  and  thumb.  The  proximal  ulnar 
rudiment  is  anchylosed  to  the  radius — a  slender  thread-like  shaft  end- 
ing free  at  the  proximal  third  of  radius;  the  distal  rudiment  with  a 
reverted  spine.  The  manus  with  erect  thumb,  not  disposed  to  lie  with 
the  second  digit;  the  callosity  rudimental,  if  present;  not  wider  than 
tlie  first  phalanx.  The  second  and  fifth  metacarpal  bones  stout,  the 
latter  shorter  than  the  forearm,  and  concave  on  poUical  border  near  the 
head  for  the  elongated  pisiform  bone.  The  second  phalanx  of  the  third 
digit  flexed  at  a  right  angle  in  repose  and  can  not  be  brought  to  axial 
line  with  the  first  phalanx.  In  repose  the  third  digit  is  much  longer 
than  the  body  and  inferior  extremity.  The  pectineal  spine  or  the  in- 
nominate bone  reaches  the  upper  lip  of  the  acetabulum ;  the  thyroid 
foramen  is  oval;  the  internal  superior  spinous  pr*^    iss  of  the  ilium  is 


,.1 


i; 


142         BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

pointed.  Femur  witli  external  trochanter  triangular,  with  a  horizontal 
upper  border.  Itadiocarpal  pouch  defined;  palmar  folds  present.  The 
endopataglum  with,  numerous  vertical  muscle  fascicles,  which  form  a 
curved  diminishing  series  toward  the  manns^  The  membranes  stretched 
across  from  the  ventral  borders  of  the  large,  distinct  metacarpals. 
The  occipito-pollical  muscle  receives  an  accession  from  the  pectoralis 
muscle;  it  is  held  firmly  at  the  forearm  to  the  fascia  over  the  extensor 
muscles.  The  cerebrum  is  acuminate;  cerebellum  is  with  lateral  lobe 
(flocculus). 

Maxillary  incisors  two,  conical,  touching  canines,  protocone  small, 
with  trace  only  of  posterior  commissure;  third  upper  molar  rudimental; 
first  upper  premolar  minute  and  lies  inside  axis  of  dental  series. 

Atalapha  is  the  most  aberrant  of  any  of  the  genera  of  the  Vespertl 
lionid(v,  as  this  family  is  at  presentdeflned.  It  presents  features  in  com- 
mon with  the  Molossi  and  the  Phyllo8tomid(v.  The  shape  of  the  wing, 
especially  as  to  the  strength  of  the  first  metacarpal  bone,  the  shortness 
of  the  fifth  metacarpal  bone  as  compared  to  others  of  its  series,  the 
rigidity  of  the  phalanges  of  the  fifth  d'^it,  the  arrangement  of  the 
lines  in  the  fourth  iuterdigital  space,  the  flexibility  of  the  lips,  the 
great  height  of  the  internal  tuberosity  and  of  the  length  of  the  epicou- 
dyle  of  the  humerus,  the  reverted  distal  ulnar  rudiment,  the  posterior 
deviation  of  the  coraooid  iirocess,  the  presence  of  a  distinct  lateral 
lobe  to  the  cerebellum,  the  number  of  the  upper  incisors  (being  re- 
stricted to  two),  and  the  general  shape  of  the  wing  are  as  a.  Molossi; 
while  the  complete  tympanic  bone  (forming  a  ring  at  the  upper  margin), 
the  pisiform  bone  being  palmad  ai).d  t»-ticulating  with  the  fifth  meta- 
carpal bone,  the  palmad  distinctness  of  the  metacarpal  bones,  the 
shapes  and  relative  proportions  of  the  ectoturbinals,  the  presence 
of  numerous  vertical  raised  must^le  bands  on  the  endopatagium,  the 
angle  of  the  lower  jaw  not  being  deflected,  but  remaining  in  axial  lino 
with  that  of  the  horizontal  ramus,  the  genus  resemble  the  true  Phyl- 
lostomida;. 

The  following  key  will  be  of  use  in  determining  the  species: 

I.  Border  of  ear  light  brown ;  no  clumpis  of  hair  on  foreuriu. 

a.  External  basal  lobe  of  ear  notched A.  novehoracensis  [p.  142] . 

6.  External  b.asal  lobe  of  ear  not  uotched A.  teliotia  [p.  153]. 

II.  Border  of  ear  black;  a  clump  of  hair  ou  dorsum  of  forearm  ...A,  cmerca  [p.  155]. 


Atalapha  noveboracensiB  (Erxleben).    The  lied  Bat.   (Plates  xxvi,  xxvii,  xxviii.) 

Ves2)ertilio  noveboracenais  Erxl.,  Syst;  Reg.  Anim.,  1777, 135;  Harlan,  Faw.a  Amer., 
1825,  20;  Godman,  Amer.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1826,  50;  Cooper,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist. 
N.  v.,  1837,  57;  De  Kay,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  (Zool.),  1842,  6,  pi.  ii;  Leconte,  Pru<. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sol.  Phila.,  1855,  432. 

Ni/cticejusnovehoravengig  fieeonte,  Cuv.  Regn.  Anim.  (McMurtrie's  ed.).  Appendix,  18!n , 
482 ;  Temmiuck,  Monog.  Mam.,  ii,  1835, 1,58.  Wagner, Schreb.  Siiugeth.,  Snppl.,  i, 
1840, 546;  Jb.,  v,  1855,  773.  Schiuz,  Synopsis  Mam.,  i,  1844, 199;  Max.  zu,  Wied, 
Archiv  Naturgescb.,  1861,  186. 


M. 

i  horizontal 
jsent.  The 
lich  form  a 
m  stretched 
metacarpals. 
B  pectoralis 
le  extensor 
ateral  lobe 

cone  small, 
rudimental; 
eries. 

lie  Vesperti- 
ures  in  com- 
>f  the  wing, 
le  shortness 
8  series,  the 
nent  of  the 
ihe  lips,  the 
'  the  epicou- 
he  posterior 
inct  lateral 
s  (being  re- 
i  a  Molossi; 
per  margin), 
5  fifth  meta- 
1  bones,  the 
lie  presence 
itagium,  the 
in  axial  line 
le  true  Phyl- 

ies: 

(10611818  [p.  142]. 

leliolis  [p.  153]. 
'inerca  [p,  155]. 

xxvn,  xxviii.) 

,  Fau'ia  Amcr., 
iyc.  Nat.  Hist. 
Leconte,  Proc 

A^ppendix,  18iJl, 
gt'tli.,Snppl.,i, 
Max.  zu.  Wieil, 


w 


IS!!   il; 


'in 


I 


I 


!   S 


i 

1   : 

■ 

( 

( 

: 

' 

1' 

1 

1 
( 

1 
1 

1 

U.  S.  N 


Explanation  of  Plate  XXVI. 

Fio.  1.  Fro  it  view  of  head  ai  AtaUipha  novehoraeensia. 

Fit;.  2.  Side  view  of  same. 

Fi«.  3.  View  of  traifua  and  iiiiiiM-  surface  of  auricle. 

Fig.  4.  Wing  membrane. 

Fig.  5.  Tail  and  interfemoral  meuibrauc. 

Fig.  fi.  Skull  seen  from  above,    x  2. 

Fi(i.  7.  Skull  and  lower  jaw  seen  from  the  side,    x  2. 

Fig.  8,  Os  jjetrosa.    x  4. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XXVI 


i#ii    '"' 


I 


4,^^v^:::l^*^€^ 


■)  ii" 


Atalapha  NOVEBORACENS'S. 


'  '.' 


1 1 


A   MONOGRAPH   OF    THE   liATS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA.         143 

LiiniH)'ua  noveboraociiHia  Tomes,  Proc  Zoiil.  ,Sof.  Loudou,  1857,  34. 

I'lUjivrtilh  lasiuruH  Ciine],  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1788;  Helireb.  Hiiuf;.,  1826;  Geotl'.  Annul. 

(In  Mu8.,  Paris,  viii,  1806, 200,  f.  0;  Itesni.  Maniui.,  1820, 142;  Fisch.,  Synop.  Mam., 

1829, 109. 
Niiclicejua  laaiurus  Wngner,  HdUrob,  Siliigotli.,  .Supj)!.,  v.,  1855,  772. 
I'txixrtHiorubeUim  Palisut  do  Hcaiivois,  Cat.  I'ealo's  Mns.,  179(),  204. 
Vcsperlllio  vUlosiHsinittH"  Geoff.,  Aunal.  dii  Miis.,  Paris,  viii,  1806,  478;  DcBmarost. 

Mam.,  1830,  143;  Fischer  Syuop.  Munini.,  182U,  110;   Koujjger,  8augeth.   Parag., 

1830,83;  Wagner,  SSeLreb.,  Silugetli.,  Suppl.  I,  1840,  .5;m. 
VcxinrliUo  vionachita  Raf.,  Anier.  Month.  Mag.,  iv,  1817,  445. 
I'lxjwrtilio  teaselatiia,  Ibid,,  Amer.Montb.Mag.lv,  1817,  445. 
TiiphijzouB  rufita  Harlan,  Fauna  Anier.,  1825,  2.S.  ; 

Vinpertilio  rufua  Warden,  Descript.  United  f^tatca,  v.  602. 
Ldshtrua  rufua  Gray,  List.  Mam.  Brit.  Mus.,  1813, 32;  Gosse,  Naturalist  iu  Jamaica, 

1851,  280. 
I'rspertilio  bloaaeivillH  Lesson  et  Garu  ot.  Bull,  des  Sci.  Nat.,  viii,  95;  Fisch.  Synop. 

Mam.,  1829,  110 ;  La  Sagra,  Hist,  do  I'He  do  (Juba,  1840,  6,  pi.  i,  f.  4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 
VciperHlio  bonariensia  Lesson,  Voy.  de  la  Coquille,  I,  1829,  137. 
Xijclicejua  variia  Pooppig,  Reiso  Chili,  i,  1835,  451;  Wagner,  Suppl.  Schreb,  Siiugeth., 

I,  1840,  547;  Gay,  Hist,  do  Chili  (Zool.),  i,  1848,  37. 
AUilapha  Mexicanu  Saussure,  Revuo  ot  Mag.  do  Zoiil.,  xiii,  1861,  97. 
Atdlapha  varia  Peters,  MB.  Akad.  Berlin,  1870,  909. 
AliiUqihn  franfeii  Peters,  MB.  Akad.  Berlin,  1870,  908. 
.Iliilopha  pfeiffun  Gundlaeh,  MB.  Akad.  Berlin,  1861,  152. 
Aliilaplid  noveboracenaia  Peters,  MB.  Akad.  Berlin,  1870,  908;  Dobson,  Cat.  Chirop. 

Brit.  Mus.,  1878;    Cones,  .lordan's   Man.  N.  A.  Vert.;    Alston,  Biol.  Central- 

Amer.,  1879-1882,  22;  Coues  aud  Yarrow,  Wheeler's  Expedition,  Zoiil.,  1875. 

1875. 
New  York  Bat.   Pcnii.   Syn.   Quad.,  1771,  367.   Eneylcoped.  Mothodique.    (Dau- 

lienton),  1783,  iig. ;  Penn.  Arct.  Zoiil.,  1792, 184;  Kirtland,  Zoiil.  Report  18—,  175, 

Emmons,  Mass.  Report,  1840,  9. 
Red  Bat.  Wilson  Ornith.,  vi,  50,  f.  4. 

Diagnosis. — Much  smaller  tliau  ^l.  ciiierea,  wliiclx  it  otherwise  closely 
resembles.  The  hair  is  reddish  with  fawn  and  chocolate  variants. 
Tliereis  no  clump  of  hair  above  the  dorsal  aspect  of  the  elbow,  and  the 
forearm  measures  from  .'{G"""  to  38""".  The  border  of  the  auricle  is  browu 
and  the  «'xternal  basal  lobe  is  notched. 

The  phalanges  in  each  digit,  with  the  exception  of  the  first,  nearly  the 
same  length. 

Themanal  formula  is  as  follows: 

Millimet«rH. 

J^irst  interspace 10 

!!<fcoud  interspace 33 

DilVerenco 23 

Forearm 37 

'  The  tragus  in  this  species  is  described  by  its  proposer  us  subulate.  The  hair  ex- 
tends on  the  dorsum  of  interfenioral  uienibrane.  But  it  is  not  mentioned  to  what 
degree.  The  niembriinc.i  are  piotoso.  The  form  is  quite  as  likely  to  be  a  variety  of 
V.alheacena  mono  ol' Aldlapha.    (Heop.  87.) 


I 

J 


144  BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


Ml 


i' 


! 
1: 


Denorlption. — Ears  shorter  than  bead;  leas  rounded,  than  in  A.  rin- 
erea.*  While  anterior  border  is  (ionvex  the  posterior  is  slightly  ecu- 
cave  between  the  tip  and  conch  and  minutely  revolute.  The  internal 
basal  lobe  is  wider  than  high,  lower  border  horizontal,  posterior  end 
free  and  projecting  back  of  the  base  of  the  keel  (int.  basal  ridge).  The 
keel  is  stout  and  conspicuous.  The  external  basal  ridge  defined.  A 
narrow  hem  conttned  to  the  region  of  the  shallow  notch  which  it  entirely 
occupies.  The  external  basal  lobe  rounded  not  incurved  or  thickened; 
a  distinct  notch  at  the  base  anteriorly.  The  tragus  nearly  half  as 
high  as  the  auricle.  Anterior  border  nearly  or  quite  straight,  tip 
rounded  and  produced  forward.  The  greatest  width  equals  onelialf 
the  height.  The  basal  lobe  is  conspicuous;  above  it  lies  a  long  shallow 
notch,  the  upi)er  border  of  which  forms  a  minute  tubercle;  above  this 
the  border  is  convex  but  tapers  abruptly  toward  the  apex.  The  tragus 
is  marked  by  a  transverse  ridge,  which,  however,  does  not  extend  en- 
tirely across  the  outer  surface. 

The  muzzle  is  flat  or  concave,  and  projects  slightly  beyond  the  lower 
lip.  The  nostril  near  the  upper  lip  with  septum  touching  the  outer 
wall.  The  simple  chin  plate  not  bound  to  the  gum  nor  defined  at  tlie 
sides,  but  continues  with  the  border  of  the  lower  lip.  It  is  apt  to  be 
more  conspicuous  in  the  female  and  have  a  sharply  limited  lower  border. 

The  calcar  is  bony  in  adult  forms.  It  often  ends  by  a  small  distinct 
lobe.  The  post  calcaneal  h)be  is  often  absent.  The  wing  membrane  is 
attached  to  the  base  of  the  toes.  White  spaces  occupy  the  side  of  the 
fourth- and  fifth  metacarpal  bones.  Numerous  minute  spots  are  dis- 
persed over  the  third  and  fourth  digital  interspaces. 

The  fur  is  everywhere  soft,  luxuriant,  and  more  brilliant  in  coloring 
than  in  any  other  species  in  the  fauna.  Above  the  general  effect  is  of  a 
russet  red  color  with  occasional  shades  of  brown,  fawn,  dull  buff,  or  gray. 
The  hair  of  the  body  is  everywhere  black  at  the  basil  third,  followed 
by  a  bright,  broad  band  of  light  buff  (gold  or  yellow);  then  follows  a 
subtip  of  the  characteristic  hue  of  red  or  its  variant,  the  extreme  tip 
of  the  hair  being  often  gray,  especially  toward  the  sides  of  the  body. 
The  hair  is  relatively  short  on  the  head  and  neck,  and  longer  on  the 
back  of  the  chest,  side  of  the  neck,  and  over  the  loin.  The  ears  are 
covered  at  the  basal  two-thirds  with  fine  unicolored  hair  of  the  same 
hue  as  that  of  the  head;  thus  the  color  of  the  back  (at  the  ear)  is 
brought  around  to  the  side  and  even  to  the  front  of  the  neck.  The  in- 
terfemoral  membrane  is  completely  covered  in  the  majority  of  speci- 
mens with  hair  which  is  slightly  woolly  in  texture  and  is  without  the 
black  base  and  buff  of  the  shaft  that  is  so  conspicuous  in  the  hair  of  the 
body.  The  wing  membrane  is  covered  with  hair  from  a  point  midway 
from  the  elbow  to  the  ankle.    Like  that  on  the  interfemoral  membrane, 

*In  the  drawing  of  tlio  head  by  M.  Dugfes,  ])1.  xxvii  flg.  2  the  ears  are  represented 
as  bordered  by  a  broad  dark  margin.  Nothing  similar  to  this  has  been  observed  by 
lue  in  the  study  of  the  alcoholic  specimens. 


1 


BUM. 

an  in  A.  rin- 

slightly  cou. 

The  internal 
|)08terior  end 

ridge).  The 
)  defined.  A 
ich  it  entirely 
or  thickened; 
nearly  half  as 

straight,  tip 
uals  one-half 
I  long  shallow 
y,  above  this 
The  tragus 
lot  extend  eii- 


9nd  the  lower 
ag  the  outer 
efined  at  tlie 
is  apt  to  be 
lower  border, 
tmall  distinct 
membrane  is 
le  side  of  the 
pots  are  dis- 

it  in  coloring 
1  effect  is  of  a 
buff,  or  giiiy. 
lird,  followed 
len  follows  a 
>  extreme  tip 
of  the  body, 
mger  on  the 
Fhe  ears  are 

of  the  same 
t  the  ear)  is 
3ck.  The  in- 
rity  of  speci- 

without  the 
le  hair  of  the 
loint  midway 
d  membrane, 

are  represeiitetl 
BO  observed  by 


!  J' 


1 M 


2i 


i; 


Explanation  of  Plate  XXVII. 

Fig.  1.  Alalapha  novehoraceiwis  lianKinfJ  l>y  li"><l  f«"t.  The  hairy  interfeiiioriil 
lueiiibranc  is  l.eut  forward  by  the  flexuri-  of  the  tail.  After  a  sketch  from 
lifo  by  M.  Duji;o8. 

Fig.  2.  Head  of  Uulapha  novehovacenais,  showing  the  protruding  snout.  After  a 
sketch  from  life  by  M.  Dugds. 

Fu}.  3.  Front  view  of  head  ni  Atalapha  teVwtis. 

Fni.  1.  Skull  seen  from  above,     x  2. 

Fig.  5.  Skull  and  lower  jaw  seen  from  the  side,     x  2. 


,.!    , 


■}    % 


interfenioriil 
Hketcli  from 

lilt.     After  a 


U.  d.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


''«IS^<- 


1,2.  Atalapha  noveboracensis. 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XXVII 


3,  4,  5.  Atalapha  teliotis. 


1         ^ 

Ll 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.    145 

tlie  bas.vl  black  is  here  abHeiit.  The  back  of  tlic  loot  is  covered  with 
bail'  of  the  sftinc  clianu^tcr  as  on  the  iiitorfoinoial  iiicnibratie.  A  patch 
of  white  hair  is  seen  oveilyinp  the  first  metacarpal  bone. 

The  abrupt  contrast  seen  at  the  side  of  the  wevk  between  the  dorsal 
and  the  ventral  colors,  the  long  stretch  of  tlui  dorsal  color  that  covers 
tlic  ear  and  extends  with  its  lower  forward  curve  to  near  the  angle  of 
the  mouth,  the  raised  longitudinal  fold  of  integument,  tend  to  make 
this  part  of  the  body  of  special  interest. 

On  the  venter  the  hair  is  not  of  the  unifonn  shade  of  the  dorsum, 
bnfc  presents  two  divisions,  the  first  in  the  region  of  the  space  beneath 
the  jaws  and  in  front  of  the  neck;  the  second,  that  of  the  front  of  the 
chest,  the  abdomen,  and  the  pubis.  The  first  is  of  a  delicate  shade  of 
russet  red,  verging  to  yellow;  the  second  is  of  a  grayer  or  whiter  tinge, 
especially  at  the  tips  of  the  hair.  The  sides  are  often  pure  salmon. 
Th(^  basal  black  and  shaft  of  buff  are  the  same  as  on  the  dorsum,  bat 
the  long  gray  tip  is  best  developed  on  the  venter.  The  salmon-tinted  hairs 
of  the  side  are  without  yellow  on  the  shafts  and  are  often  without  gray 
tips.  A  conspicuous  white  patch  is  seen  on  the  venter  of  prebrachium 
as  this  membrane  joins  the  body.  In  some  individuals  a  ring  like  band 
of  wliite  is  continuous  with  these  patches  across  the  jiectoral  region. 
The  sides  of  the  neck  are  particularly  richly  colored  for  the  red  and 
white  effects  are  here  abruptly  demarctated.  In  Southern  examples  the 
gray  of  the  abdomen  predominates  over  the  red  and  salmon.  In  Mex 
ican  varieties  the  entire  venter  assumes  a  gray  tinge  with  warm  sienna 
brown  interspersed.  The  hair  of  the  membranes  is  less  developed  on 
the  interfemoral  membrane,  but  is  more  developed  on  the  wing  mem- 
brane than  is  the  case  on  the  dorsum.  On  the  interfemoral  membrane 
short,  woolly,  sparsely  arranged  uuicolored  fur  is  seen  at  the  basal  half 
only.  From  the  knee  the  same  character  of  fur  extends  to  the  third 
digit  from  the  side  of  the  body  for  a  distance  equal  to  one-third  of  the 
widtli  of  the  wing.    The  color  is  dull  salmon. 

Tlie  varieties  of  coloration  are  found  in  the  subtip  and  tip  of  the  hair; 
they  may  be  named  the  red,  the  dark  brown,  and  the  gray.  The  red  is 
confined  to  the  subtip  and  is  accompanied  with  a  bright  buff"  shaft  and 
110  ashy  tip  or  so  slight  a  disposition  to  ash  as  not  to  interfere  with  the 
prevalent  color.  The  dark  brown  retains  a  dull  old  gold  or  ocher  shaft, 
witli  a  subtip  of  this  color  or  of  old  gold;  in  this  variety  the  membranes 
are  from  dark  brown  to  nearly  black;  tlie  gray  color,  to  a  gray-brown 
subtip,  a  fawn  shaft,  and  a  long  gray  tip;  no  ashy  hue  is  anywhere  seen. 

These  differences  do  not  correlate  with  any  structural  peculiarities  or 
with  contrasts  in  measurements.  Unfortunately  many  of  the  more  strik- 
ing are  from  examples  which  are  without  locality.  One  gray  specimen 
was  from  Louisiana.  In  a  specimen  froui  Mount  Pleashnt,  sent  me  for 
insi)ection  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Miller,  jr.,  the  colors  were  somber,  being  of  a 
(Uill  maroon  mottled  with  black,  remarkably  like  the  display  of  colors 
in  A.  semota,  from  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
441— No.  43 10 


».] 


146 


BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


M.  t 


U' 


l^ 


1 1 


i  ^f 


I  'i 


'.',  -s 


In  the  iuiuiatiu'c  iiidividual  the  hair  is  witbout  thu  basal  bbick.  On 
the  dorsum  the  tijjs  are  iiioro  ashy  than  in  the  adult.  lu  some  si)cci- 
mens  the  gray  tints  predominate  ahmg  the  entire  bair.  In  other  exam- 
ples the  basal  i>avts  are  lifjbt  brown  or  reddish  brown.  On  the  venter 
the  parts  below  th  ^  line  «)f  the  head  are  entirely  white  over  the  oheHt 
in  very  y«>ung  aninuds,  the  abdomen  being  niiked.  fn  older  forms  the 
basal  parts  are  brown;  the  sides  of  tlie  trunk  are  lined  nearly  as  far 
back  as  the  spine,  much  as  in  Vhilioiii/oteis  daryi.  Tlie  ears  are  hairy 
with  the  exception  of  the  tips.  The  deep  conchy  as  it  turns  on  the  neck, 
is  heavily  covered  with  hair  of  the  dorsal  hues.  The  hair  on  the  inter- 
femoral  membrani'  and  the  white  spots  (m  the  lirst  and  fifth  meta- 
carpals are  as  in  the  adult,  but  the  hair  along  the  forearm  is  absent. 

In  an  embryo  20"""  long,  from  vei'texto])ubis  was,  with  the  exception 
of  a  little  hair  on  the  lower  lip,  naked  on  the  under  surface  of  the  body. 
The  coh)r  of  tlie  skin  was  of  a  delicate  salmon.  On  the  back,  in- 
cluding the  interfemoral  membiane,  the  liair  was  short,  uniform,  and  of 
a  chestnut-brown  color,  with  ashy  tips,  excepting  the  margin  of  the 
trunk,  where  the  hair  was  white.  On  the  head  a  fold  extended  ob- 
liquely forward  and  inward  and  almost  Joined  a  corresponding  band 
from  the  ear  of  the  o[)posite  side.  The  skin  of  the  side  of  the  neck  over 
the  jiosition  of  the  tendon  of  the  occipito-pollieal  muscle  was  conspicu- 
ously raised.  In  another  examjde  of  the  same  size  the  coloration  was 
the  same,  ex<'epting  that  the  junction  of  the  side  of  the  neck  and  the 
region  of  the  shoulder  (ventral  aspect)  was  covered  with  short,  white 
hair. 

Varintions. —  No.  OOoO  IJ.  S.  N.  M.;  skin,  nearly  adult;  withont 
locality,  is  of  a  uniform  gray  at  the  vsubtip.  The  absence  of  the 
characteristic  russet  and  chocolate  tints  easily  distinguishes  this  form. 
It  probably  is  from  a  n-Mthern  locality.  The  specimen  is  in  bad  con- 
dition. Specimen  Xo.  1115."}  U.  IS.  N.  J\I.,  skin,  from  Arizona  or  Nevada, 
Wheeler's  expedition  ( ?),  does  not  appear  to  ditl'er  from  the  eastern  ex- 
amples. The  Mexican  and  California  varieties  are  smaller,  with  a  red- 
der color  i)osteriorly  and  a  gray  hue  anteriorly.  The  shoulder  tuft  is 
more  distinctly  ventral.  The  ventral  as])ect  of  the  interfemoral  mem- 
brane is  less  bairy  at  the  base  than  are  the  northern  fornis,  while  tie 
hair  about  the  interior  extremity  extends  farther  on  the  endopatagium. 

An  example  from  Guainiiuato,  Mexicio,  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  11.  A. 
Ward  (No.  ]42{)6),  rescnibles  A.  Jntntzii,  Peters.  The  venter  is  cov- 
ered with  silky  i'ur,  plumbeous  at  basal  half,  and  whitish  or  gray  at 
apical  half.    The  fm-  on  the  membrane  is  grayisli. 

Two  examples  from  Florida,  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology, 
are  darker  thnmghout  than  the  above  description.  The  external  basal 
lobe  was  larger,  the  tirst  phalanx  of  the  second  shorter,  finger  and  tlie 
external  border  of  the  auricle  slightly  emarginate.  The  specimens 
are  immature  and  much  nnitilated  with  sliot.  They  may  represent 
A. pfeifferi  ( ?).    Mr.  C.  F.  Maynard,  /.  v.,  mentions  that  specimens  from 


UM. 


A   MONOOKAPH   OP   THE   BATS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


147 


1  black.    On 
some  Kiicci- 
1  other  exiuu- 
111  the  venter 
ver  the  chest 
ier  forms  the 
nearly  as  far 
ars  are  hairy 
3  ou  the  neck, 
on  the  inter- 
d  fifth  nieta- 
1  ab8ent. 
the  exception 
i  of  the  body, 
the  back,  in- 
liform,  and  of 
iiargin  of  the 
extended  ob- 
[)ondin^  bund 
the  neck  over 
was  conspicu- 
oloration  was 
neck  and  the 
I  short,  white 

lult;  without 
5ence  of  the 
hes  this  form, 
in  bad  con- 
la  or  Nevada, 
le  eastern  ex- 
■r,  with  a  red- 
loulder  tuft  is 
femoral  mem- 
■ms,  while  tlie 
ndopatagiuni. 
1  of  Mr.  II.  A. 
venter  is  cov- 
sh  or  grsiy  at 

itive  Zoology, 
external  basal 
finger  and  the 
'he  specimens 
nay  represent 
pecinieiis  from 


Florida  ara  not  only  smaller  in  si/e  than  those  from  the  North',  but  are 
much  deejier  in  color;  the  fur  is  generally  tipped  with  ush. 

The  extent  to  which  hair  is  distributed  ovjt  the  skin  expanse  is 
subject  to  considerable  variation.  It  is  scantily  present  over  tlie  dor- 
sum of  the  interfomoral  membrane  and  the  ventral  region  of  the  forearm 
in  all  the  specimens  (three  in  number)  which  have  been  (roUected  in 
California.  In  this  i)articular  such  sjiecimens  resemble  the  parts  as 
ihnudin D.ega,  (Hervais  and  I),  eyregia,  Peters.  It  is  possible  that  the 
Mexican  A.  frantzii  may  range  northward  as  far  as  California.  In 
specimen  No.  14:^1  from  Massachusetts,  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoiilogy,  the  hair  is  restricted  in  almost  precisely  the  same  manner  a'^ 
ill  the  western  and  neotropical  varieties.  It  is  interesting  to  notice  the 
persistence  of  the  minute  tufts  of  hair  on  the  first  and  fifth  metacarpal 
elements.  Tiiese  appear  early  in  the  individual,  while  the  other  growths 
appear  late,  and  are  hence  subject  to  a  greater  range  of  variation. 
The  size  of  the  post-cal(!aneal  lobule  varies,  and  in  some  specimens  it  is 
absent.  Dobsoii  states  that  it  is  always  alisent.  The  prebracdiial  niem- 
biaiie  is  as  a  rule  ample,  but  it  may  end  ou  the  radius  at  a  point  at  the 
befiinning  of  the  distal  fourth  of  the  radius.  When  the  membrane  is 
scant  the  j'-iricle  is  thick  and  well  set.  It  is  suggestive  that  in  the 
Molossi  when  the  auricle  is  thick  and  leathery  the  antibrachial  mem- 
brane is  also  small. 

It  is  evident  from  the  above  account  that  extended  series  from  the 
entire  continent  will  be  necessary  before  the  observer  can  determine 
the  \alidity  of  species  which  have  been  described  from  Mexico  and 
South  America.  From  the  material  at  my  disposal  I  prefer  to  accept 
but  two  red  bats  in  the  United  States,  ^l.  noveboracemin  and  A.  teliotis, 
though  holding  as  probable  that  a  distinct  species  may  be  discovered 
in  Florida.  The  figure  drawn  by  M.  Duges  (PI.  xxvii,  fig,  2)  exhibits 
the  auricle  bordered  by  a  broad  margin  of  a  contrasting  shade  to  that 
of  the  interior,  as  in  .1.  cinerca  and  the  tragus  not  incurved.  It  is 
probable  that  the  fur  conceals  the  external  basal  lobe,  as  here  rejire- 
sented. 

Maj.  Le  Conte  mentions  having  met  with  an  entirely  white  form,  the 
bases  of  the  hair  alone  being  dark.    It  was  probably  an  albino. 

In  a  specimen  from  Cambridge,  Mass.,  in  the  collection  from  Mr.  C 
H.  Miller,  jr.,  the  internal  basil  lobe  ends  abruptly  at  the  outer  end  of 
the  internal  basil  ridge,  and  is  sparsely  covered  with  hair  on  the  con- 
chal  surface. 

So  acute  an  observer  as  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  believed,  in  1861)  (Bull.  Mus. 
Conip.  Zool.,  1869,  143),  that  the  red  and  hoary  bat  may  yet  pnve  to 
be  one  and  the  same  species.    In  this  opinion  I  can  not  concur. 

Membranes. — The  membranes  are  attached  almost  to  the  back  of  the 
truiiU.  The  prebrachium  forms  a  ridge  at  the  side  of  the  neck  over  the 
(Hciliito-poUical  muscle.  The  thumb  is  disposed  tc  be  drawn  palmad 
In  the  traehimof  this  muscle,  but  to  a  much  less  degree  than  in  sjiecies 
of  rhyllostomidte.    The  thumb  callosity  is  not  wider  than  the  adjacent 


i , 


f\ 


148 


BULT.ETIN 


13,  UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


I  : 


? 


i! 


ii 
1,1 

Ii 


J'  IS 


phnlanx!  The  membrane  is  drawn  evenly  across  the  dorsal  borders  of 
the  digit,  so  that  the  bones  project  palmad  only.  The  third  metacarpal 
bone  is  here  as  distinct  as  any  others  of  its  series.  The  proximal  fourth 
of  the  fifth  nietacari)al  bone  is  concealed  by  palmar  folds. 

When  the  lines  of  the  membranes  are  studied  they  are  seen  to  be 
much  the  same  as  in  A.  einerea,  with  the  exception  of  the  intercostal 
lines,  which  are  more  distinct  than  in  that  species,  and  the  horizontal 
limbs  of  the  triceps  fascicde  system  are  farther  apart.  The  third 
interspace  is  without  predigital  lines.  The  terminal  digit  of  the  fourth 
finger  is  without  projecting  lobe;  that  of  the  fifth  finger  is  minute. 
The  prebrachim  with  two  elliptical  thickenings  in  the  line  of  the  tea- 
don  of  the  occipito-pollical  muscle;  one  of  these  lies  at  the  shoulder, 
the  other  along  the  line  of  the  forearm. 

/S^'MH.—Thebraincaseismucli  elevated  posteriorlyandabruptly  inclines 
downward  toward  the  face;  no  depression  on  vertex  between  mesen- 
cephalon and  metencephalon.  Processes  and  crests  as  a  rule  produced. 
The  sagittal  temporal  crest  is  short  and  nearly  confined  to  the  interval 
between  the  metencephalon  and  the  mesencephalon.  The  posterior 
temporal  ridge  is  well  defined  and  extends  obliquely  from  the  end  of 
the  sagittal,  thus  leaving  a  large  triangle  between  the  two  crests 
and  the  occipital  crest.  The  anterior  temporal  crests  are  faintly  de- 
fined. The  metencephalon  is  a  third  of  the  entire  length  of  the  head. 
The  swelling  of  the  protencephalon  is  distinctly  seen  on  the  vertex. 
The  vertex  of  the  face  is  provided  with  a  wide  groove  its  entire  len{>th; 
there  is  no  nasal  eminence.  A  ronnded  ridge  is  seen  on  each  side  on 
the  line  of  the  single  incisor.  The  outer  wall  of  the  infra-orbital  canal 
is  elevated  into  a  tubercle.  The  lachrymal  bone  bears  a  distinct  tliougb 
small  spine.  The  frontomaxillary  inflation  is  moderate  and  the  inner 
wall  of  the  orbit  flat.  The  zygniotic  arch  is  slender  and  of  uniform 
width,  i.e.,  is  without  elevation  of  the  upper  border.  Theparocoipital 
process  is  nearly  as  long  as  the  occipital  condyle;  the  mastoid  process 
is  nearly  as  long  as  the  paroccipital;  tlie  lower  border  of  the  interval  is 
deeply  notched.  The  tympanic  ring  is  complete.  Tlie  angle  of  the 
lower  jaw  is  entirely  outside  the  condyle,  as  seen  from  above.  The 
masseter  impression  is  not  defined  interiorly  and  reaches  the  inferior 
impression  of  the  horizontal  ramus. 

The  details  of  the  cribriform  plate  and  the  ethmoidal  turbinal  ])lates 
are  as  follows : 

The  encranial  surface  presents  the  septoturbinal  foramina  placed  in 
a  row  along  the  anterior  half  of  the  space  of  the  sante  name.  The  open- 
ings of  the  ectoturbinal  surface  are  in  a  direct  line  with  the  foregoing, 
and  both  are  depressed  below  the  general  surface.  The  foramen  tor 
the  first  endoturbinal  is  seen  lying  at  the  bottom  of  the  conspicuons  de- 
pression near  the  crista  galli.  Tiie  foramina  are  everywliere  at  tlie 
sides  of  the  encranial  surface.  Seen  from  the  nasal  aspect  the  ectotur- 
binal seems  to  be  nearly  the  length  of  the  first  endoturbinal,  and  is  com- 


1 


EUM. 

sal  borders  of 
rd  metacarpal 
oximal  fourth 

ire  seen  to  be 
he  intercostal 
;he  horizontal 
•t.  The  third 
b  of  the  fourth 
;er  is  minute, 
ine  of  the  tea- 
the  shoulder, 

ruptly  inclines 
Btweeu  mesen- 
•ule  produced, 
to  the  interval 
The  posterior 
ft  the  end  of 
he  two  crests 
ire  faintly  de- 
I  of  the  head, 
m  the  vertex. 
I  entire  length; 
[  each  side  on 
iiorbital  canal 
istlnct  thou}{li 
aud  the  inner 
nd  of  uniform 
lie  paroccipital 
astoid  process 
the  interval  is 
angle  of  the 
I  €above.  The 
es  the  inferior 

Surbinal  i)lates 

nina  placed  in 
ne.  The  oiieii- 
the  foregoing, 
e  foramen  tor 
'onspicuonsck'- 
■ywhere  at  tlic 
vt  the  ectotui- 
lal,  and  is  com- 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


149 


IM'cssed  medio-laterally.  It  is  slightly  convolute  outward  at  its  base 
and  concave  on  its  lateral  surface.  The  first  endoturbinal  is  abruptly 
aeuminate  anteriorly,  and  straight  on  its  median,  lateral,  and  under 
free  surfaces,  the  last  named  being  concave  inferiorly.  The  second  en- 
doturbinal plate  is  oblique,  and  slightly  inflated  at  its  anterior  end. 
Its  lower  border  forms  the  inferior  edge  of  the  median  series  of  plates. 
Tlio  third  endoturbinal  is  triangular  in  shape,  and  is  one-half  the  size 
of  the  preceding. 

Teeth. — Teeth  the  same  as  in  A.  cinerea,  with  the  exception  the  lower 
incisors  are  less  crowded  and  serrate  throughout.  Some  specimens  show 
a  degree  of  crowding  greater  than  that  exhibited  in  the  drawing.  The 
anterior  prolongation  on  the  lingual  aspect  of  the  lower  second  premolar 
is  somewhat  exaggerated.  The  incision  between  the  paraconid  and 
hypoconid  does  not  reach  to  the  level  of  the  basal  cingula.* 

The  milk  upper  incisors  are  carried  outward,  canine  form,  and  four  in 
number.  The  lower  incisors  are  unequal,  the  first  tooth  being  the 
smallest  and  simplest,  the  third  the  largest  and  most  complex.  The 
lower  canine  is  curved  backward  and  furnished  with  a  large  basal  cusp. 

Mr.  G-.  S.  Miller  has  sent  me,  from  Nassau,  a  skull  of  ^.  noveboracensis 
possessing  the  remarkable  peculiarity  of  the  left  maxillary  incisor  hav- 
ing two  distinct  cusps  instead  of  one.  Close  examination  was  required 
before  it  could  be  seen  that  two  left  incisors  were  not  present. 

Notes  on  the  skeleton. — The  end  of  the  coracoid  process  of  the  scapula 
is  scarcely  wider  than  the  base ;  the  spine  is  but  little  curved  and  is 
furnished  with  a  tubercle  at  the  middle.  The  region  of  the  semicircular 
canals  of  the  bony  labrynth  is  scarcely  wider  than  the  cochlea,  and  is 
without  lateral  expansion.  The  epicondyle  of  the  humerus  is  produced 
as  a  spine.  The  sternum  is  provided  with  a  large  veutra  1  crest  at  the 
anterior  third  of  the  prosternum;  the  lateral  process  is  one-half  the 
length  of  this  segment.  The  distal  rudiment  of  the  ulna  is  in  the  form 
of  a  reverted  spine,  which  is  occasionally  united  to  a  crest  projecting 
from  the  radius,  thus  converting  the  notch  that  is  defined  between  the 
ulna  and  the  radius  into  a  foramen.  The  radius  is  quadrate,  in  trans- 
verse sections;  it  retains  a  groove  for  the  extensor  tendons.  The  pec- 
tineal spine  is  quadrate  and  as  high  as  the  upper  border  of  the  acetab- 
ulum. The  calcar  is  firmly  osseous.  The  fourth  metacarpal  bone  is 
not  concealed  when  the  third  and  fifth  bones  are  approximated ;  the 
first  metjicarpal  bone  lies  near  the  center  of  the  carpal  region ;  the 
second  metacai'pal  is  broad  and  stout,  resulting  in  defining  a  small 
second  space  between  it  and  the  second  metacarpal. 

h'cmarks  on  sex. — The  females  as  a  rule  are  a  little  larger  than  the 
males,  and,  when  fully  adult,  retain  at  the  lower  border  of  the  chin- 

'  Maj.  John  Lcconte  (Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scl.  Philii.,  1853),  in  describing  the  teeth  of 
this  HpeciuB,  states  tliat  the  oaniuo  is  hollowed  out  behind,  with  a,  perpendicular 
Si'|itum  dividing  the  concavity  for  its  whole  length.  The  premolars  are  concave  on 
the  outer  aud  inner  surfaces. 


I,  I 


'J 


V  i 


■1 

■  i 

i 

1 1 


<ii 


150         BULLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

plate  a  sharper  border,  which  extends  slightly  along  the  lip;  the 
tongue  and  the  terminal  caudal  vertebra  are  also  somewhat  loLger. 
It  is  probably  true  that  these  characters  are  tactile  in  significance  and 
relate  to  tlie  delivery  and  care  of  the  young.  Prom  the  marked  flex- 
ibility of  the  tail  the  interfemoral  membrane  is  brought  well  to  tlie 
front.  The  head  can  with  ease  be  depressed  into  the  pocket  in  this 
way  formed,  and  the  mother  can  easily  guide  the  young  with  her  mobile 
lips  to  the  mammary  glands.  While  this  conclusion  is  of  the  nature 
of  a  surmise,  it  is  made  tenable  by  the  structure  of  the  parts  involved 
in  the  act. 

The  prepuce  is  thick,  cauliflower-like. 

The  females  are  more  often  preserved  in  the  museums  than  the  mjiles; 
whether  this  is  due  to  the  greater  abundance  of  females  or  for  some 
peculiarities  which  render  their  capture  more  easy,  is  impossible  to  say. 

The  mammary  glands  are  rudimental  in  the  female  between  periods 
of  sexual  activity.  The  mammary  region  is  covered  with  fur  of  the 
same  character  as  seen  elsewhere  on  the  front  of  the  thorax.  Neither 
in  a  female,  whicli  possessed  embryos  two  lines  in  length,  is  tliere 
any  external  development.  If  such  a  specimen  be  dissected  the  local- 
itj-  of  a  mere  trace  of  the  gland  can  be  detected  by  the  position  of  a 
small  cii'cular  spot  of  dark  skin,  which  retains  a  central  white  poiut. 
No  mammary  structure  will  be  visible.  The  lactatiug  female,  however, 
possesses  large  mamm.ne;  one  of  these  lies  on  the  border  of  the  axilla 
and  a  second  over  the  pectoral  muscle. 

The  testicles  are  black.    The  prepuce  is  thick  and  cauliflower-like. 

Habitat. — The  red  bat  has  an  extensive  range,  even  assuming  that 
the  species  of  the  tropical  and  neotropical  regions  are  distinct.  Ac- 
cording to  J.  B.  Tyrrell  (Cat.  of  Mam.  of  Canada,  Toronto,  1888)  it  is 
found  throughout  Canada,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  coasts.  lu 
the  United  States  it  appears  to  be  more  common  in  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi  and  in  the  Atlantic  slope  than  on  the  western  plateau.  Ac- 
cording to  C.  Hart  Merriam  {I.  c.)  it  is  rare  in  the  Adirondack  Moun- 
tains. To  the  west  of  the  Sierras  it  is  not  common.  But  two  speci- 
mens were  sent  me  from  the  local  collection  of  the  California  Academy 
of  Science.  In  the  Museum  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  1865 
there  was  but  a  single  specimen  from  this  region.  This  was  secured 
at  Fort  Tejon. 

C.  F.  Maynard,  in  his  paper  entitled  "  Mammalia  of  Florida"  (/.  (;.), 
says  that  this  species  is  common  in  the  more  northern  sections  of  tlie 
State,  frequenting  tlie  woods.  During  the  day  the  bats  are  seen  cling- 
ing head  downward  from  the  leaves  of  trees.  The  animal  has  been 
captured  in  the  eastern  United  States  while  hanging  in  the  manner 
described.  These  observations  harmonize  with  the  rudimental  mota- 
carpo-phalangeal  caUosity  of  the  first  digit  and  the  great  length  of  tlie 
third  digit,  which  (lan  not  in  repose  be  dorsiflexed  at  the  phalanges. 
Nevertheless  specimens  have  been  obtained  from  a  cave  near  Albany, 


UM. 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


151 


;he  lip;  the 
what  loLgcr. 
lilicanco  iiiul 
marked  flex- 
;  well  to  tlie 
ocket  in  tliis 
;h  her  mohile 
f  the  nature 
irts  involved 


m  the  males; 
i  or  for  some 
ssible  to  siiy. 
ween  periods 
th  fur  of  the 
ax.  Neither 
gth,  is  there 
;ed  the  local- 
position  of  a 
white  point, 
lie,  however, 
of  the  axilla 

lower- like, 
isuiuing'  that 
istinct.  Ac- 
o,  1888)  it  is 
c  coasts.  Ill 
valley  of  the 
lateau.  Ac- 
lulack  Moun- 
it  two  spi'ci- 
iiia  Academy 
itiop  iu  1805 
was  secured 

orida"  (/.  <•.), 
ctions  of  the 
V  seen  cling- 
lal  has  been 
the  manner 
neutal  mota- 
length  of  tlie 
e  phalanges, 
near  Albany, 


y.  V.  by  G.  J.  Green,  and  the  collection  of  the  Museum  of  (Compara- 
tive Zoology  contains  a  specimen  (No,  5991)  which  was  secured  in 
Short  Cave,  Kentucky. 

.1.  G.  Shute,  of  Woburn,  Mass.,  observed  soon  after  sunset  in  Octo- 
ber a  .strange  object  pass  him  in  the  air  which  seemed  to  fall  to  the 
ground  not  far  from  Avhere  ho  was  standing.  He  found  it  to  be  a  pair 
of  red  bats  in  coitn.     (J.  A.  Allen,  Bull.  Mus.  Comi).  Zoiil.,  1809.) 

From  the  drawing  by  M.  Dugvs  (PI.  xxvii,  fig.  1),  which  was  sent  by 
liini  to  Prof  liaii'd,  it  can  be  inferred  that  the  animal  while  at  rest 
may  bring  the  interfemoral  membrane  forward  and  upward  over  the 
abdomen.  1  have  elsewhere  ventured  to  suggest  that  the  female  may 
insert  the  head  into  the  pouch  in  this  way  formed  to  assist  in  the  de- 
livery of  her  young  and  to  care  for  them  afterwards.  In  a  second  draw- 
ing the  snout  (see  PI.  xxvii,  fig.  2)  is  represented  as  protruding.  It  is 
noticeable  that  the  mouth  is  not  wide  open  and  that  no  teeth  are  visible. 

The  red  bat  may  fly  over  wide  ranges  of  open  water,  since  a  specimen 
now  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  was  caught  at  sea  near 
Cashes  Ledge.  The  disjmsition  for  bats  to  flyover  the  water  has  been 
often  noted;  they  not  only  collect  the  dipterous  and  neuropterous 
insects  which  there  abound,  but  when  at  rest  hang  from  a  branch  or 
twig  on  the  edge  of  a  bank  with  their  snouts  nearly  touching  the  water. 
(Morriam.) 

The  following  table  includes  measurements  of  very  young  individuals 
with  deciduous  teeth : 


i 


iitiiii 

lludv 

Kiii'iMrni 

First  iiictacaipal  biiiiii  — (irst  ilij{it 

I'liiilanx 

Tiliia 

Font 


728. 

No  immbrr. 

No  number. 

M.  C.  Z. 

V.  S.  N.  M. 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

11 

14 

15 

i:. 

25 

26 

10                    19 

2Ri 

•JJ                    3 

3 

4                      5 

6 

7                    10 

12 

7 

T» 

7 

In  those  three  individuals,  wlu»se  forms  are,  respectively,  10,  19,  and 
I's.i,  the  foot  remains  essentially  uiudianged,  nnd  is  the  same  in  the 
smallest  specimen  as  in  the  adult.  In  the  first  of  the  series  the  tibia 
and  foot  are  '^f  the  same  length.  The  bone  grows  rapidly,  and  is  over 
t\vi(!e  the  len,  h  of  the  foot  in  the  adult.  Tlic  body  and  the  forearm 
grow  in  about  the  same  ratio,  and  change  much  more  rapi<lly  than  does 
the  head. 


ti  i 


ill 

J 

1: 

1 

i 
t 
) 

,^ 

.     \ 

1, 

} 
1 

f 

1 

'I 
1 

152  BULLETTV  43,  UNITED   STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Meaxuremcnls. 


Hpnd  and  body  (from  crown  of  Itcntl  to  biuto  of  tail) 

Leiigtli  of  iirin 

liiaiuth  of  forciiriii 

FirHt  digit: 

liiuigtii  of  Hrnt  inctiiciirpal  bono 

L«iij;t)i  of  tirHt  plialiiiix 

Luugtli  of  Nucoiid  pliulunx 

Second  di 'jit: 

Lenj;!!'  of  second  uictaiuirpul  bono 

Leugtb  of  tirat  |i)i:ilini\ 

Third  digit: 

liCngt.h  of  tliird  iniitncnrpul  bono 

I.enfitb  of  firHt  pimlunx. .. 

J^cngtli  of  Hccond  jilialnnx 
Fonrtb  digit: 

Li'ngtn  of  fonrtli  mvtaciirpal  bone 

Length  of  tiritt  ]>linlHnx. . . 

Length  of  xecond  plialunx 
Fiftli  digit: 

Length  of  fiftli  metacarpal  bone 

Length  of  tirat  phalanx... 

Length  of  Recond  phalanx 

Length  of  liead 

Ui^ight  of  ear  from  head 
Heiglit  of  traguH 
Length  of  tliigh 
Lengtii  of  tibia 
Length  of  foot 
Length  of  tail 


*  Lactiiting. 

MeiMurcments  from fir»t  edition  of  Monograph, 


Current 
number. 


5266 

5267 

67 


From  tip 
of  nose 
to  tail. 


In. 

L9 

i.n 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 


^S  »S: 


In. 

2.0 
2.0 
1.9 
1.9 
1.9 
1.9 


In. 
1.0 
l.(i 
l.fl 
l.fl 
1.5 
1.6 


''•■"K"'    ofMou'^est    I'"»«"' 
of  tibia.      fl„"^r     of  tliiimb. 


In. 
0.9 
0.9 
0.9 
0.9 
0.9 
0.9 


In.  ' 

n.i)  ( 
•i.r> ! 
u.o 

;).5  ! 

2.9  ! 

;).o 


In. 

0.4  J 

0.4) 

0.4 

0.4i 

0.4 

0.4} 


Height 
of  oar. 


In. 

0.4 
0.0 
0.5 
0.4 
0.5 
0.4 


o?^i^l|i=-r-so. 


In. 
0.2 
0.3 
0.3 
0.3 
0.3 
U.3 


7)1. 
10.  B 
l'J.O 
11.6 
ISI 
11.0 
11,0 


List  of  ajiecimenn. 


Cat.  No. 

Speci- 
mens. 

5242 

1 

,'5243 

2 

5246 

2 

6188-90 

it  ! 

5244 

17 

5540 

'■i   1 

5247-8 

2  ! 

5246 

1 

5257 

3 

5256 

5 

5263 

1 

5314 

1 

6260 

2 

5259 

I 

5252 

1 

.'^263 

1 

5464 

1 

5261 

2 

5262 

2 

5274 

1 

.5270 

1 

5253 

1 

5254 

2 

6256 

3 

Locality. 


Presente*!  by— 


MuHl^rcgi't  Island,  Mass  . . 

WetliersHcld,  Conn 

Mount  Holly,  N.J 

Carlisle,  I'a 

do 

Ann  .\riiiidel  County,  Md. 

Washington,  1).  C". 

do   

Coliiuilius.  <ia 

Liberty  County,  (>a 

TallairiRsec,  Fla 

SIi<  aiiopy.  Fla 

Kutaw,  .\la 

Washington,  Miss 

do. 

M<uit icello,  M iss 

(.'(diiiithus.   Miss 

Tyree  .Sprinsis.    i'cnn 

Knoxvllle.  'I'cnii 

Orand  Cotcaii.  L:i 

I'rairir  Mcr  Uoiige,  La 

Fort  ToHHoii,  .\ik 

Fort  Sniilli.  Avk 

Ked  River,  Arit? 


Nature  of 
Bpecimen. 


Dr.  T.  XI.  Brewer In  alcohol. 

('harles  Wriglit do 

Dr.  Ilrowu do 

S.  F.  Uaird do 

do ■ do 

.1.  H.  Clark ;....do 

Niitioiiiil  Institute «lo 

Dr.  Niiliols I do 

Dr.  (icsner do 

Dr.  W.  L.  Jones do 

T.  (Mover   do 

Dr.  J.  li.  lieiin do 

I'ldf.  Wiiicliell  do 

Col.  ]{.  L.C.  Wiiiles do 

do do 

Miss  II.  TciiiiiHon do 

Dr.  Spillmnn  !  Dry  skin  . 

Prof,  I!.  Owen }  In  alcohol 

Prof.  Mitchell ....ilo 

St.  Cliiiilcs  ('ollege,U.S.A. do 

James  Fniric I do 

Dr.  L.  A.  Edwards do 

Dr.  G.  C.  Shuinard do 

(0 :--..iio 


Collection. 


.  S.  N.  M. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Dp 
Do. 


:uM. 


J.  8.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XXVIII 


;i5 


5  i 


:io 

:ir> 

8 

4U 

:i9 

17 

17 

17 

iiij 

S" 

;in 

12 

Hi 

10 

« 

36 

ii'.'j 

a 

7' 

u 

H 

17 

0 

ig 

Hi 

17 

15 

7 

3U 

tr^t.l  Expanse. 


7)1. 
10,0 

11;.  0 

11.6 
IJ-I 

n.o 

11.0 


In. 

0.2 

0.3 

0.3 

0.3 

0.3 

0.3 

of 
en. 

CoUectioii. 

lOl. 

TJ.  S.  N.  M. 

..■■ 

1)0. 

. . . . 

Do. 

. . . . 

Do. 

Do. 

. . . . 

Do. 

.... 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

. . . . 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 



Do. 

II  .. 

Do. 

lol. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Dp. 



Do. 

■v-5. 


1.  M«XILLARY  TEE.TH  OF  ATALAPHA  NOVEBORACENSIS.      X  16. 

2.  Mandibular  teeth  of  same,    x  ifi 

3.  Maxillary  incisor,  canine,  and  premolars  of  Atalapha  teliotis.    x  16. 


'•;:, 


I.    ! 


I'' 


/!! 


'■f^ti:.!ifp&jm'i:smmmmiSi!?mW'-  ■  ■ 


5^1f'^y'^ 


'  .f 


Will  I 


m: 


X  4 


I  !.  ;i 


.1)^1 


li 


1: 


A  MONOGRAPH  OV   THE  BATS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


163 


List  of  specimens — Continued. 


Cat.  No. 

Sped- 

int>ii8. 

5251 

5463 

ri250 

4215 

.'1249 

5460 

.-■.457 

5459 

5156 

ivtee 

.'.458 

.'•.461 

5265 

5261 

6278 

5269 

,'.272 

:;277 

5268 

5266 

6267 

5273 

5279 

.'.276 

8185-7 

5271 

5541 

Locality. 


Cosh  County,  Ho 

MisHonrI 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

Meoslio  ITalla,  Kans 

IlllnolB 

(;o<iii  County,  111 

Uaclne,  Wis 

Albion,  MIcli  

(iriMne  Isle,  Mi<'li 

Lalte  Superior 

Yellowstone  Kiver 

do 

Nebraslca 

Laramie  Peal< ,  Nelir 

Cimarron  Kiver,  Kuns 

Pecos  River,  Tux 

Bet.Laredo  &C'auiurgo,Tex. 

Matanioriis 

Fort  Bliss,  N.  Mex 

FortTtJon,  Cal 

Cape  St.  Lucas 

Roolc  Creelt  1 

Locality  unknowy 

do 

do 

do  

do  


Prtisented  by — 


l)r.  P.  R.  Hoy 

ilo 

Ur.  (>.  EnKolmaon 

U.F.(ioss 

R.  Eenniuott 

do 

Dr.P.  U.  Hoy 

R.R.CliiW 

Rev.  Cliarlus  Fox 

(') 

Dr.  F.  V.  HiivUon 

1  'ol.  Vauglmii 

Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper 

Dr.  llayden 

.I.H.darlc 

Capt.  J.  Pope 

Arthur  Schott 

Lieut.  Couch  (Berl.  Col. ) 
Lieut.  S.W.Crawford  .. 

John  XantUB 

do 

W.S.  Wood 

(») 

(J) 

(?) 

(?) 

W.  L.  LeDuc 


Nature  of 
specimen. 

In  alcohol 
Dry  skin  . 
lu  olcoliul 
Dry  skin.. 

....Ilo 

....«lo 

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

In  alcohol 

....do  

....do 

....do  

...do  

....do  

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 


Collection. 


U.8.N.M. 
Do. 

Do.  ' 
Do.  ' 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do.      . 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


2.  Atalapha  teliotis  H.  Alleu.     (Plates  xxvii,  xxviii.) 

A.  teliotis  H.  Allen,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  xxix,  1891. 

Ears  rounded,  much  smaller  than  head.  The  iuteriial  basal  lobe 
longer  than  broad,  and  without  posterior  projection.  The  external 
basal  lobe  longer  than  high,  without  notch  at  the  base  anteriorly. 
The  hem  occupying  notch  is  half  the  height  of  the  .auricle  and  is  ample. 
The  tragus  is  coarsely  creiiulate  on  the  outer  border,  slightly  narrowed 
at  the  tip,  which  is  not  turned  forward.  The  external  surface  is  with- 
out a  trace  of  ridge,  aud  the  notch  at  the  base  above  the  small  basal 
lobe  without  a  tubercle.  Snout  and  lower  lip  quite  as  in  other  species 
of  the  genus,  except  that  the  chin  plate  is  somewhat  wider. 

Skull  with  groove  on  center  of  face  vertex  continuous  with  the  an- 
terior nasal  aperture.  Sagittal  temporal  ridge  sinuate.  The  first 
upper  premolar  exceedingly  minute,  scarcely  half  the  size  of  the  cor- 
responding tooth  in  other  species;  it  can  with  difficulty  be  seen  even 
with  the  aid  of  a  lens.  The  lower  premolars  are  nearer  of  a  size  than 
is  the  case  ii.  other  species,  the  first  being  fully  half  the  size  of  the 
sceond.  The  third  lower  incisor  is  rounded,  minute,  aud  without  cus- 
pules. 

The  membranes  are  much  as  in  J.,  noveboracensis,  but  the  terminal 
]ihalanx  of  the  fifth  finger  is  longer  and  ends  with  a  free  end  on  the 
margin  of  the  endopatagium.  The  membranes  are  attached  to  the  foot 
at  a  point  midway  between  ankle  and  the  base  of  the  toes. 

The  prevalent  color  of  the  hair  is  dark  chestnut  above,  but  lighter 
below.  The  base  on  the  body  is  everywhere  black,  and  the  shafts  buff. 
No  ashy  tips  are  anywhere  seen.    The  ventral  half  of  the  side  of 


t  1 


;.:i4i.:^-;!;>3'i' 


?<\!.^OV-'^J!:L-.' 


I  -, 


i 


154  BULLETIN    in,  UNITKI)   STATK8   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

nock  is  wliitc.  TIm-  liiiir  \h  sniiUy  aloiifj  tlio  ventral  smfiico  (»f  the 
foieanii  and  tlic  |»r»)\iiiial  ends  «»r  tlio  last  three  nietacarpalH.  Tiio 
dorsniu  of  the  liitert'eiuoral  iiieiidmuK^  is  I'm  red  only  at  the  basul  third. 
The  reniainiiijuf  characters  as  in  A,  iwreboritcenniH. 

Th(^  nianal  formula  is  2-l()-L'S-;{7,  the  difference  between  the  third 
and  fonrth  iiit«rdigital  interspace  18,  and  is  much  the  same  as  in  A. 
voreboraccnfiifi. 

Teeth. — The  teeth,  as  in  otlier  species  of  the  fjenus,  with  the  exception 
tliat  the  first  i)reinolar  is  smaller  and  slightly  oval,  and  the  second 
premolar  with  a  narrower  Vand  sumller  heel. 

This  speci(^s  is  readily  distinguished  by  the  shai)o  and  small  size  of 
the  Ciir  and  tragus,  by  the  attachment  of  the  wing  membrane  to  tlic 
foot,  and  by  the  peculiarities  of  the  premolars  in  both  jaws,  as  Avell  as 
those  of  the  third  lower  incisors.  It  agrees  with  a  southern  variety  of 
A.  noveboracensiti  {A.  frantU)  in  the  i)artially  free  dorsal  surface  of  the 
interfemoral  membrane. 

The  specimen  was  forwarded  to  me  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Cooper,  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Academy  of  Natiual  Scieuce,  in  a  bottle  containing  an  example 
of  ^.  noveboraeenHis,  and  it  resembles  this  form  so  (dosely  in  coloration 
that  at  first  I  mistook  it  for  an  immature  example  of  the  species  last 
named.  The  specimen  is  in  poor  condition.  After  decomposition  had 
set  in  it  had  been  preserved  for  a  long  time  in  strong  alcohol. 

Habitat. — Unknown,  but  is  probably  southern  California. 

Mcaauremenlii. 

MiUimeterH. 

Head  and  body  (from  crown  of  head  to  base  of  tail) 3H 

Length  of  arm 22 

Length  of  forearm 37 

First  digit: 

Length  of  first  metacarpal  bone 2 

Length  of  firNt  phahnix 4 

Second  digit: 

Length  of  second  metacarpal  bone 10 

Length  of  first  phalanx (J 

Third  digit: 

Length  of  third  metacirpal  bono 40 

Length  of  iirst  )>hal,'in\ II 

Length  of  sccoud  phalanx ir> 

Fonrth  digit: 

Length  of  fourth  metacarpal  boni' IW 

Length  of  first  jihiilanx 10 

Length  of  second  phalanx H 

Fifth  digit: 

Length  of  fifth  metacarpal  bono 32 

Length  of  first  ]>haianx 7 

Length  of  second  phalanx 7 

Length  of  head 12 

Height  of  ear  from  head 4 

Height  of  ear  from  base  of  external  lobe  to  tip 15 


UM. 

it'lH't'    (tf  tll« 

irpulH.  TImi 
biiHul  tliird. 

sen  the  third 
Eime  as  in  A. 

he  exception 
[  the  st'cond 

small  si/e  of 
brune  to  tiic 
H,  as  well  as 
Ml  variety  of 
iirfaco  of  the 

,  oftheCah- 
aii  examphf 

n  coloration 
species  last 

)osition  had 

lol. 

a. 


MillimeterH. 

3« 

22 
37 

2 
4 

10 

(J 

40 

M 

ir. 

;w 

10 

8 

32 

7 

7 

12 

4 

t) 


A  MONOGUAPH   OF  THK   BATS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA.         155 

MrimuirmentH — C'ontiuufil. 

Milllmuters. 

HtM^lit  of  tragiiH 3 

{.(•iigtli  of  tliigli 14 

1,.  iiKth  of  l.g 16 

l.riigth  of  f4)ot 6 

l.i^ngth  of  tiiil 39 

Widtii  of  HBcoiul  iiilonligitul  intorspiici! 2 

Width  of  third  iiitt^'digital  intiTHpiice 10 

W  idtli  of  fourth  inti^rdigital  iiiterHpacj) 28 

DilVurein'e  Uetwecu  third  and  fourtli  iiiterHpace 18 

l.ongth  of  forvanii 37 

The  measurement  of  the  body  and  of  the  metacarpals  are  within  the 
liinfje  of  these  which  <!an  be  made  on  specimens  of  A.  novchoraceusis. 
Tlie  second  phalanx  of  the  third  tingei'  is  longer  than  the  second;  the 
si>(^ond  phalanx  of  the  fourth  finger  is  much  shorter  than  the  Hrat;  the 
second  phalanx  of  the  fifth  finger  is  of  the  same  length  as  the  first.  In 
tiicse  respects  the  measurements  are  in  contrast  with  tliose  of  A.  nove- 
horacensis.  The  thigh  is  shorter  tlian  the  leg,  while  both  are  smaller 
tlian  is  the  species  nametl.  The  foot  is  shorter,  while  the  tail  is  slightly 
longer. 

'i.  Atalapha  cinerea  (Palisot  do  BeauvoiH).    Tht<  Hoary  Bat.     (Plates  xxix,  XXX, 

XXM.) 

fesptrtilio  cinervun    Puliaot  de  Poauvois,  Cat.  Pcale'H   Mus.,  Phila.,  17!)(>,  14;   Lo- 

contc,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1855,  433. 
f'i»l)ertilio  j)c«ino«i(»  Say,  Loug's  Exped.  to  Rocky.  Mts.,  1823,  67;  Harlan,  Fauna 

AnuT.,  1825,  21;  Ih.,  Med.  and  Phys.  Researches,  1831,  28;  (iodmaii,  Aiiier.  Nat. 

Hist.,  1826,  08,  pi.  ii,  f.  3;  Richardson,  Fauna  Horeal.  Anier.,  1829,  1;  Cooper, 

Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  HLst.  N.  Y.,  iv,  1837,  54;  DeKay,  Nut.  Hist.  N.  Y.  (Zool.),  1842, 

7,  pi.  II,  f.  2. 
Sciitophilus  priiiii08Uii  (iray,  Mag.  Zool.  and  Hot.,  it,  1838,  498. 
\;ifti(rju»  pritinosKs  Teinniinck,  Monog.  Mum.,  18;i5,  151 ;   Wagner's  Schrel).  Siiug. 

(Suppl.),  1,  1840,  544;  lb.  v,  IKto,  770;  .Schinz,  Syn.  Mam.,  i,  1845,  197;  Max. 

Zn,  Wied,  Archiv  Natiirgesch.,  1861,  185. 
iMMuriis  pruinosuH  TomfM,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Lond.,  1857,  37. 
LdKiiiruK  Hnereiin  11.  Allen,  Monog.  N.  A.  Pats,  1864,21;  .1.  A.  AUimi,  Mammals  of 

Mass.,  1869,  208. 
Atuttipha  cinora  Peters,  MH.  Akad.  Berlin,  1870,  910 — Dobsou,  Cat.  Chirop.  Brit. 

Mus.,  1878,  272— Alston,  Biol.  Ceutrali-Anier.,  1879-'82,  23. 

DiiuinoHix. — A  large  bat  with  I'ounded  black-bordered  ears,  blunt  in- 
I'lirved  tragus;  external  basal  lobe  without  notch ;  interfemoral  mem- 
l)iiiiie  hairy  above.  Color  distinctive,  being  hairy  with  play  of  cohirs 
of  grays  and  of  dull  yellow.  A  clump  of  hair  above  the  dorsal  aspect 
of  elbow.    Forearm  54"""' 

The  second  phalanx  in  each  digit  shorter  than  the  first. 

The  manal  formula  is  as  follows: 

eters. 

Tiiird  -^  ..'rspace IS^' 

iMiiiith  interspace 40 

I'orcarm 49 

DKferences  between  third  and  fourth 27 


156  BULLETIN    13,  UNITKD   STATKM  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


i 


Denvription. — The  uuiiclo  is  erect,  of  a  subrouiuled  form,  and  in  good 
Hpt'ciniens  marked  within  by  tbnr  delicate trauHvernelineH;  wlien  prcHHt'd 
on  the  lu'a<l  tlie  u])i>er  border  reoishes  to  the  median  lino  or  oxteiidH 
slightly  beyond  it.  The  outer  bonier  of  the  auriclo  m  Hlightly  ennir;-!- 
nate  and  with  tiie  exception  of  the  border,  in  of  the  color  of  the  A/inj{ 
ineinbrancH.  The  border,  an  ju8t  mentioned,  in  of  a  darker  hue  than  tho 
rest  of  the  auricK>  and  is  naked,  except  along  the  posterior  border,  where 
it  is  furnished  with  a  single  row  of  hairs.  The  remainder  of  the  auriclo 
is  luyry.  The  internal  basal  lobe  is  large  and  roaches  to  or  conceals 
the  eye;  it  is  as  broad  as  the  tragus  at  its  widest  part.  The  lower 
border  is  oblique  from  behind  forward.  The  external  basal  lobe  is 
also  large,  not  revolute,  separated  from  the  main  body  of  the  auricle  by 
a  deep  incisure,  in  which  is  lodged  the  basal  lobe  of  the  tragus,  but  not 
pro«luced  at  the  anterior  border  to  the  extent  seen  in  A.  noveboraeensis. 
When  pressed  against  the  side  of  the  head  the  upper  border  touches 
the  internal  basal  lobe. 

The  tragus  with  basal  lobe  to  the  outer  side  of  pedicle,  which  is 
separated  by  a  deep  rounded  notch  from  the  main  lobe.  This  notch 
receives  the  revoluted  border  within  and  below  the  notch  in  the  auricle. 
At  the  widest  part  the  tragus  is  more  than  half  its  height. 

The  mouth  cleft  reaches  to  the  second  line  of  the  premolar  or  to  tlm 
external  canthus.  The  lower  lip  is  fleshy  and  not  fixed  to  the  gum. 
Two  subrounded,  subequal  buccal  folds  are  present.  A  wart  is  found 
at  the  angle  of  the  mouth,  and  a  second  back  of  the  chin.  The  snout 
is  broad,  nearly  equally  in  width  the  length  of  the  mouth  (deft,  as  seen 
in  profile.  When  the  iieshy  upper  lip  is  drawn  outward  the  distance 
between  the  incisor  teeth  and  the  end  of  the  snout  is  equal  to  the  width 
of  the  snout.  The  nostrils  are  slightly  produced,  directed  obliquely 
outward,  the  space  between  them  concave.  The  surface  is  marked  by 
a  transverse  line  of  supralabial  hairs  as  in  Molossus.  The  rounded 
shield  between  the  upper  incisors  separated  from  the  upper  lip  by  a 
depression. 

Coloration. — The  idan  of  coloration  is  the  same  as  in  A.  novehoracemh. 
On  the  dorsum  of  the  head  and  on  the  ears  the  hair  is  light  brown  to 
dull  yellow,  with  black  base.  On  the  dorsum  of  the  neck  and  chest  the 
color  on  the  shaft  above  the  basal  black  is  of  a  dull  yellow,  to  ocher  in- 
stead of  bright  yellow;  the  subtij)  is  deep  brown,  chocolate,  umber,  or 
even  black,  against  which  the  ashy  tip  appears  to  good  advantage. 
The  last  two  colors  are  conspicuous  in  the  unmanipulated  fur,  and  has 
caused  the  name  "hoary  bat"  to  be  given  the  species.  On  the  loin  the 
shades  are  darker  than  elsewhere.  On  the  venter  the  hair  of  the  side 
of  the  face  and  beneath  the  jaws  is  black.  The  upper  half  of  the  neck 
is  dull  yellow,  with  black  base;  the  lower  half  of  the  neck  is  provided 
with  a  deep  brown  subtip,  with  slight  ashy  tip;  which  character  of  t'lir 
extends  over  the  chest  and  abdomen.  As  in  A .  noveboraeensis,  the  line 
between  the  neck  and  the  chest  is  marked  by  a  ring-like  disposition  of 


w 


UM. 

and  in  good 
'hen  prcHHt'd 
)  or  extunds 
litly  eniur^i- 
of  the  ^fiug 
huo  than  tlio 
M'der,  wln'io 
f  the  auricle 
or  conceals 
The  lower 
asal  lobe  is 
le  auricle  by 
igus,  but  not 
veboracensis. 
rder  touches 

de,  which  la 

This  notch 

I  the  auricle. 

lar  or  to  the 
bo  the  gum. 
art  is  found 
The  snout 
deft,  as  seen 
the  distance 
to  the  width 
;d  obliquely 
s  marked  by 
;'he  rounded 
l)er  lip  by  a 


reboracensin. 
ht  brown  to 
,nd  chest  the 
to  ocher  in- 
«,  umber,  or 
advantaj^e. 
fur,  aud  has 
L  the  loin  the 
r  of  the  side 
"of  the  neck 
:  is  provided 
iracter  of  fur 
nsis,  the  line 
isposition  of 


I 


m\ 


U.S. 


1 

7. 


Explanation  of  Plate  XXIX. 

Vm.  1.   Front  view  of  head  of  .Italapha  cixcrea. 

Fig.  2.  Sidti  view  of  heiul  of  same. 

Fio.  '^.  Side  view  of  trajjus  and  iuuer  surface  of  auricle 

Fio.  4.  Tail  mid  iuterfeiuoral  membraue. 

Fid.  5.  Skull  seen  from  above,     x.  2. 

Fui.  fi.  Skull  aud  lower  jaw  seeu  from  the  side,    x  2. 

Fki.  7.  Ospetrosa,    x4. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XXIX 


ATALAPHA  CINEREA. 


whil 
brae 

of  t] 
chid 
dull 
Ti 
far  i 
exte 

I'OVt 

the 
of  f 
the : 
iron 
as  fa 
a  di 
arm 
fiirr 
witl 

gi". 
iiite 
witl 
iiite 
chai 
darl 
furr 
thai 

T' 
(lor* 
of  t 

Ii 
Call 
\vhi 
iiecl 

li 
are 

8 
oth< 

T 
■)""" 
tlie 
tho 

T 
tliic 

X 
do]) 
Th( 
/(■/•/ 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.    157 

white  tips,  which  become  conspicuous  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  thepre- 
brachium  to  form  the  so-called  "  shoulder  tuft."  At  the  pubis,  the  base 
of  the  iuterfemoral  membrane,  and  along  the  sides  of  the  trunk,  in- 
cluding the  axillte,  the  hair  is  silky  and  without  the  black  baa  ;  it  is 
(lull  brown  or  cinerous,  with  a  long,  ocher  tip. 

The  membranes. — On  the  dorsum  the  hair  extends  from  the  body  as 
far  as  a  line  from  the  middle  of  the  humerus  to  the  ankle,  and  thus 
extends  slightly  on  the  membrane  beyond  the  tibia.  A  distinct  patch 
covers  the  back  of  the  first  metacarpal,  the  first  interdigital  space,  and 
the  base  of  the  second  metacarpal  bone;  a  mere  fleck  overlies  the  base 
of  the  fifth  metiicarpal  and  the  forearm  near  the  elbow.  On  the  venter 
the  membranes  are  covered  with  short,  brown,  obscurely  bicolored  fur 
from  the  side  of  the  body,  and  thence  extends  in  a  broad,  oblique  line 
as  far  as  the  third  digit;  upon  the  third  interspace  it  stretches  distally  for 
a  distance  equally  one-half  the  length  of  the  metacarpal  bones.  The 
arm  is  covered,  while  the  forearm  is  naked.  The  prebrachium  is  also 
furred,  save  at  the  free  border.  The  exterior  of  the  auricle  is  covered 
with  dull  yellow  or  ocher-colored  hair,  except  at  the  broad,  black  mar- 
giu,  which,  however,  bears  at  the  lower  part  a  delicate  fringe.  The 
interior  of  the  auricle,  both  in  front  and  back  of  the  keel,  is  covered 
with  short  hair.  The  tragus  is  also  slightly  furry.  The  dorsum  of  the 
iuterfemoral  membrane  is  covered  throughout  with  hair  of  the  same 
character  as  that  of  the  loin,  or  with  that  in  which  the  shaft  assumes  a 
darker  shade  of  buffer  brown;  the  ventral  aspect  of  this  membrane  is 
furred  only  at  the  basal  third;  the  color  can  not  be  distinguished  from 
that  of  the  pubis. 

Variations. — In  No.  13281,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  Utah,  the  hair  on  the  h)in  and 
dorsum  of  the  iuterfemoral  membrane  is  of  a  ca/cf  a^'  lait  brown  instead 
of  the  darker  shades  described  in  the  text. 

In  No.  4223,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  Petaluma,  Cal.,  and  No.  13207,  also  *"rom 
California,  the  shaft  of  the  hair  above  the  basal  dark  shade  is  almost 
white,  both  on  the  dorsum  head  and  body  and  the  ventral  aspect  of  the 
neck.    The  colors  about  the  face  are  deep  brown  instead  of  black. 

In  No.  6184,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  British  America,  the  ash  tips  on  the  venter 
aro  absent  except  on  the  mammary  lines. 

Some  of  the  specimens  are  more  gray  on  the  sides  of  the  neck  than 
others. 

The  terminal  point  of  the  caudal  series  varies  in  length  from  1™"'  to 
511,11.  rji^Q  prebrachium  is  small,  joining  as  a  rule  the  proximal  half  of 
t1u>  forearm.  The  females  as  a  rule  have  it  somewhat  larger  than  in 
the  males. 

The  posterior  border  of  the  tragus  at  a  point  .just  above  the  notch  is 
thicker  tiian  the  rest  of  the  border  in  No.  5284,  TI.  S.  N.  M . 

Membranes. — The  prebrachium  without  details.  The  lines  of  the  en- 
dopatagium  aro  indistinct,  owing  to  the  hairiness  of  the  membranes. 
Tlie  coraco-brachialis  fascicle  extends  to  the  free  margin  as  In  Miniop- 
Uris  and  Umballonura. 


ill 


V 


ij 


!l!. 
M 


i! 


illi 


ii 


II  -j 


,^!5| 


il    i 


158  BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Th«  tricei»s  fascicle  system  crosses  tlie  elbow  at  origin,  is  without 
vertical  braiidi,  but  yields  two  horizontal  primal  branches;  these  ex- 
tend  across  th(^  membrane  near  each  other  and  appear  to  end  in  the 
abruptly  determined  comb-like  endings  which  do  not  reach  the  region 
of  the  phalanges  of  the  tilth  finger.  There  are  two  oblique  lines  ex- 
tending downward  and  somad  from  the  muscle-mass  at  distal  end  of 
the  tifth  finger. 

The  fourth  interspace  has  the  predigital  nerve,  as  in  MiniopteriSjWhih 
the  terminal  branches  do  not  reach  the  digits  of  the  fifth  finger,  but 
join  a  branching  nerve  which  appears  from  the  metacarpophalangeal 
joint  of  the  fourth  finger.  A  small  unbrancht  d  line  (postdigitai  nerve  f) 
appears  at  the  middle  of  the  fourth  metacarpal  bone. 

Two  oblique  bands  are  seen  on  the  fourth  interspace  near  the  palm. 
A  fork-like  arrangement  of  lines  is  seen  in  the  angle  between  fimrth 
and  fifth  metacarpal  bones,  and  appears  to  be  a  branch  of  the  median 
dividing  into  the  two  branches  commonly  seen  in  this  interspace.  In 
the  third  interspace  a  similar  arrangement  is  seen,  but  the  main  nerve 
pursues  a  longer  (sourse  before  dividing.  At  the  region  of  the  digits 
there  are  two  predigital  nerves  and  three  postdigitals.  In  this  portion 
of  the  membrane,  therefore,  an  unusually  large  number  of  lines  are 
seen.  It  is  possible  some  of  these  lines  pertain  to  the  blood-vessel 
system. 

The  pelvotibial  line  is  seen  on  the  iuterfemoral  membrane;  but  tlie 
oblique  lines  from  the  caudal  vertebrae  are  distinctly  visible. 

Tlie  terminal  phalanx  of  the  third  finger  is  curved  only  at  the  tip,  and 
no  part  thereof  projects;  that  of  the  fourth  finger  is  acicular,  deflected 
at  a  right-angle  poUical  to  the  second;  it  yields  a  free  projecting  tip; 
that  of  the  fifth  finger  is  acicular,  is  deflected  sonmd  and  inclosed  only 
on  this  side. 

The  membrane  of  the  first  interspace  can  be  discerned  everywhere 
along  the  -line  of  the  wing,  except  at  part  of  the  first  phalanx  of  tlie 
third  digit. 

»S'Am«.— Length,  K!;^""";  greatest  width,  9^""";  least  width,  5""".  The 
sagittal  crest  is  limited,  and  ends  on  the  anterior  third  of  the  mesen 
cephalon.  The  jiosterior  temporal  crest  is  faintly  expressed.  Face  in 
advance  of  orbit  2'""'.  The  occipital  crest  is  interrupted  in  the  center. 
No  tubercle  is  present  over  the  jiroencephalic  foramina.  The  vertex 
of  the  face  provided  with  a  wide  depression  which  extends  to  the 
anterior  nasal  aperture.  The  fronto-maxillary  inflation  is  conspicuous, 
extending  back  of  the  anterior  temporal  impression  and  forming  an 
elevation  at  the  side  of  the  vertex  depression.  The  orbital  ridge  is 
small  and  distinci,  is  placed  well  forward,  and  terminates  posteriorly 
by  a  tubercle.  Tlie  inner  wall  of  the  orbit  is  concave;  a  second  tuber- 
cle lies  directly  back  of  the  large  lachrymal  canal. 

The  paroccipital  process  is  large,  spinous,  and  is  directed  obliquely 
downward  and  backward  for  nearly  the  length  of  the  condyle.    The 


JM. 


is  without 
i;  these  t'x- 

eud  in  tlie 
1  the  regiiiu 
lie  lines  ex- 
listal  end  of 

pteriSjVfhih 
1  iinger,  but 
iphalaugeal 
'ital  nerve  f) 

r  the  pahn, 
ween  fourth 
'  the  median 
erspace.  In 
I  main  nerve 
)f  tlie  digits 
this  portion 
of  lineiS  are 
blood-vessel 

me;  but  the 

le. 

t  the  tip,  and 

lar,  deflected 

ejecting  tip; 

nclosed  only 

everywhere 
alanx  of  the 

h,  5""".  The 
'  the  meseii 
ed.  Face  in 
n  the  center. 
The  vertex 
ends  to  the 
conspicuous, 
il  forming  an 
•ital  ridg*^  is 
s  posteriorly 
second  tuber- 

ed  obliquely 
ondyle.    The 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XXX 


Wing  membrane  of  Atalapha  cinerea. 


n 


!i; 


i 
'1'fMi  i 

V 


^,1 

'■I 


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I 

I 


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I  'I 


mas 
TIh! 
sup 
sect 
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and 
Tlie 
is  s( 

T 
liori 
n\u 
not 
abd 
posi 

T 
race 
twei 
end 
niei 
voce 
asp( 
(lerti 
totn 
ond 

(1UC( 

The 
M 
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sliai 
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fliit( 
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Viv 
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and 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BAT8  OP  NORTH  AMERICA.    169 

mastoid  process  is  well  detined,  and  is  slightly  produced  downward. 
Tlic  interval  is  smooth,  but  is  deeply  incised  interiorly.  The  line  of  the 
superior  border  of  the  anforior  nasal  aperture,  if  i)roduced,  would  inter- 
sect the  first  inohir.  Tli(>  hard  i)alate  is  iMcline«l  upward.  The  glenoid 
(Mvity  has  a  semblance  of  u  pedicle.  Tlio  pteryj^oid  process  is  broad 
and  conspicuously  i>roduc('(l.  The  tynii»anic  bone  conceals  the  cochlea. 
The  bony  labyrinth  being  removed,  the  region  of  the  semicircular  canals 
is  seen  to  be  wider  than  the  (tochlea. 

The  coronoi<l  process  is  rudimental,  and  but  half  the  height  of  the 
horizontal  ramus.  The  masseric  impression  involves  the  coronoid  and 
reaches  to  the  inferior  border  of  the  ramus.  The  angle  is  flat  and  does 
not  reach  the  line  of  the  condyle,  and  is  slightly  deflected,  so,  when  seen 
above,  is  found  to  lie  to  the  outer  side  of  the  condyle.  A  well-deflned 
post-sympliysal  rugosity  is  present. 

The  general  jdau  of  the  ethmoid  plates  resembles  that  of  A.  novebo- 
racemis.    The  parts  are,  however,  of  greater  height,  the  interval  be-        ' 
tween  the  first  and  second  endoturbinals  being  wider.    The  second  I 

eiuloturbinal  is  relatively  larger,  and  curved  outward.    This  arrange-  | 

nient  (sauses  tlie  plate  to  present  a  concave  surface  outward,  which 
rec^eives  the  swollen  lower  border  of  the  tliird  plate.    The  median  i 

aspect  of  the  first  endoturl)inal  is  straight ;  but  the  lateral  surface  is  ' 

(lertected  outward,  and  is  impressed  on  its  entire  surface  by  the  ec- 
toturbinal   which   rests  iij)on  it,  leaving  only   a  raised  rim  of  the  { 

oiidoturbinal  round  its  anterior  half.    The  median  surface  of  the  pro-  ; 

(liieed  portion  of  the  first  en(]oturl)inal  is  nearly  as  high  as  it  is  long. 
Tlie  concave  under  surface  embraces  securely  the  maxilloturbinal. 

MaxlUnry  teeth. — Tlie  single  incisor  adjoins  the  canine  and  project- 
ing slightly  forward  and  inward.  The  median  surface  deeply  and 
sliarplyexcavated  and  is  in  contour  witli  the  palatal  notch.  The  canine 
is  wedged  in  between  the  in(!isor  and  the  second  premolar,  posteriorly 
tinted.  Cingulum  is  entire;  median  excavation  present.  The  first  pre- 
molar isminutc,  conical,  placed  well  to  inner  side'of  the  axis  of  tooth  row. 
Tlie  second  premolar  with  broad  cingulum,  with  scarcely  perceptible 
protocone,  deeply  fluted  on  buc(!al  surface.  The  first  molar  resembling 
Xyctinomus.  The  protocone  is  of  low  development,  much  as  in  Ma- 
crotus,  but  is  acutely  pointed  at  apex  with  oblique  palatal  surface,  the 
posterior  commissure  obscurely  defined  on  the  posterior  aspect  of  tooth, 
iipparently  not  reaching  beyond  the  ajtex  of  the  second  V.  The  first  V 
smaller  than  the  second  and  nu)re  deeply  fluted  on  buccal  surface. 
Cingulum  defined,  buthypocone  absent.  The  second  molar  much  the 
same  as  the  first;  the  Vs  are  subeiiual.  The  third  molar  rudimental. 
Til.  ])rotocone  and  commissures  are  defiiuMl,  but  the  posterior  linut  of 
tlie  first  is  imperfect,  being  defective  in  buccal  half,  while  the  second 
V  i  <  absent. 

Mandibular  teeth, — Tlie  incisors  are  c  ■' ;  tlie  first  is  the  widest 

and  coarsely  serrate  at  the  cutting  edge,  l.     second  and  third  blunter 


\'\ 


i\ 


1 1 : 


V. 


160 


BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


and  less  coiupressed,  the  posterior  basal  swulliug  iiuirked  in  all.  Tliu 
canine  sliglitly  inclined  backward,  concave  on  posterior  surface.  Tlie 
cingulum  entire.  The  premolars  unequal,  tbe  first  much  the  smaller. 
The  first  and  second  molars  with  the  anterior  limb  of  the  heel  joiniii},' 
the  smaller  V  at  about  the  middle  of  the  posterior  Jiisb.  The  commis- 
sure on  the  lingual  surface  of  the  heel  oblique  from  behind  forward. 
The  third  molar  with  a  scarcely  triangular  heel,  which  is  smaller  thau 
the  V,  blunt,  compressed. 

Notes  on  the  nkeleton. — Atlas  with  sharply  produced  downward  trans- 
verse process,  which  bears  a  single  foramen.  The  process  back  of  the 
transverse  process  of  the  presternum  equals  the  length  of  the  process 
in  front  of  the  same.    The  mesosteruum  scarcely  crested. 

The  ('oracoid  process  of  scapula  does  not  reach  to  the  middle  of  the 
glenoid  cavity.  The  end  of  the  process  is  twice  the  width  of  the  base; 
the  long  process  from  the  scapula  spine  is  greatly  curved,  and  is  ab- 
ruptly widened  in  the  middle.  The  axillary  border  resembles  that  in 
MolossuH  riifus  in  being  straight  for  over  half  its  length,  tiud  in  be- 
ing thence  gradually  inclined  outward.  The  upper  border  is  at  the 
superior  angle,  furnished  with  a  conspicuous  spine,  which  projects  to- 
ward the  glenoid  region  and  lies  below  the  level  of  the  base  of  tlie 
corocoid.  The  infraspinous  fossa  is  without  ridge  between  the  sur- 
faces for  the  infraspinatus  and  teres  minor  muscles;  a  ridge  lies  in  the 
subscapular  fossa.  A  facet  ts  seen  on  the  axillary  side  of  the  acro- 
mion. The  clavicle  is  stouter  than  in  most  bats  of  the  size  and  is  more 
curved  than  in  Artibeus,  with  which  it  answers  in  general  size. 

The  humerus  with  internal  tuberosity  much  higher  than  the  head, 
The  radius  is  about  one  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  the  humerus.  The 
proximal  border  is  produced  so  as  to  partake  of  the  olecranoual  func- 
tion of  supporting  the  elbow  posteriorly;  on  the  articular  surface  a 
deep,  narrow  groove  is  bounded  by  tlanges.  The  distal  end  with  a 
broad,  thin  process  on  the  flexor  surface  directed  uownward  and  in- 
ward. The  outer  border  is  producjed,  truncate,  and  appears  on  the  un- 
der surface  of  the  bone.  The  proximal  ulnar  rudiment  does  not  extend 
distally  beyond  the  lower  border  of  the  depression  for  the  insertion  of 
the  biceps  muscle;  the  distal  ulnar  rudiment  is  provided  with  a  groove 
for  the  flexor  tendons. 

The  carpus  does  not  possess  characters  distinct  from  A.  novebont- 
eensis.  The  third  metacarpal  bone  with  two  grooves  entire  length  on 
one  side  and  one  groove  on  the  other. 

The  first  phalanx  of  the  second  finger  one-fifth  the  length  of  the  cor 
responding  metacarpal  bone.  The  second  phalanges  of  the  third  and 
fourth  fingers  are  slightly  longer  than  the  first. 

The  fifth  digit  varies  slightly  as  compared  with  the  length  of  the 
forearm,  No.  5284,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  Nebraska;  it  lacks  one-fifth  (/.  c,  '2) 
of  being  as  long  as  the  fin-earni.    In  No.  3215,  U.  S.  N.  M.,  it  lacks  but 


UM. 


ill  all.  Tbo 
irt'ace.    The 

the  smaller, 
heel  joininjr 
The  coinniis- 
ind  forAvaid. 
smaller  tliau 

iiward  traiis- 
1  back  of  the 
r  the  process 

liddle  of  the 
of  the  base; 
i,  and  is  ab- 
nbles  that  in 
1,  a,ud  in  be- 
ler  is  at  the 
I  projects  to- 
e  base  of  the 
een  the  sur- 
ge lies  in  the 
of  the  aero- 
B  and  is  more 
[  size. 

an  the  head, 
amerus.  The 
^anoual  fuuc- 
lar  surface  a 
\l  end  with  a 
ward  and  in- 
irs  on  the  un- 
es  not  exteud 
3  insertion  of 
with  a  groove 

A.  novebont- 
ire  length  on 

;th  of  the  cor- 
the  third  aud 

length  of  the 
-fifth  (/.  <:,  '2) 
[.,  it  lacks  but 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XXXI 


1.  Maxillary  teeth  of  Atalapha  cinerea. 

2.  Mandibular  teeth  of  same,   a  x. 


X  8. 


;  t 


1  (i 


!'l 


J  1 ; 


I*  ■ 

i 


li : 


Ion 

tliii 

III 

iiiit 

lari 

tlic 

tlii( 

call 

/ 
No 
mil 
Tyi 
Ma 
the 
lik( 
to  1 
Ex 
Bill 
niei 
Phi 

t 
not 
ran 
per 
iiiai 
can 
\V1 


Hon 
Lcii 

Firs 


Si'C( 


Thi 


Fou 


A   MONOOllAPlI    OV   THE   BATS   OF   NOIiTH   AMERICA.         161 

ono-Hixtli.  Ill  thu  tot'inci'  s|i(;ciiii(>ii  tli«^  fourth  in(^tac!ir|>!il  hone  is  2""" 
longer  than  tlie  (orciirin ;  in  tln^  lattci-  it  is. just  as  long. 

Remarks  on  ner. — Thi'.  prubracliial  ineiiibianit  is  suuillor  in  the  feinal ' 
than  ill  the  male,  and  stops  at  tho  distal  fourth  of  fifth  of  the  forearm, 
in  one  example  only  of  nine  specimens  of  femah's  examined  was  a  large 
iintebraehial  membrane  present.  Of  tlirce  males  examiued  two  hav«* 
iiii'ge  antibraehial  mombraiuss  whie.h  (^xt(Mid  frtui  to  the  thumb,  while 
tln^  third  terminates  at  tlie  distal  fifth  of  th«^  forearm.  The  auricle  is 
tln<'ker  in  the  female  than  in  the  male.  The  penis  is  furnished  with  a 
cauliform  i)repuce. 

habitat — According  to  Lo  Conte,  A.  cinrrea  is  more  (common  in  the 
Northern  than  in  the  Middle  or  Southern  States,  .fudging  from  the 
numbers  found  in  collections,  it  is  a  rare  bat  in  the  far  West.  J.  B. 
Tyrrell  (I.  c.)  states  that  it  is  found  in  (Canada  from  Nova  Scotia  to 
.Manitoba.  Eichardson  (American  Borealis,  1829,  ii)  obtained  it  on 
the  lied  River  in  British  North  America  at  an  altitude  of  54°.  It  is 
likely  that  it  frequents  mountain  ranges  and  table-lands  in  i)reference 
to  river  valleys  or  coastwise  regions.  IMr.  Thomas  Say  reports  (Long's 
{'Expedition  to  Koeky  Mimutains,  1823,  i,  107)  its  collection  at  Council 
Blufls,  Iowa.  Say  {I,  c.)  mentions  that  Prof.  Barton  presented  a  speci- 
men of  this  bat  to  the  Philadelphia  Museum  that  had  been  captured  in 
Philadelphia. 

0.  Hart  Merriam  (Mammals  of  the  Adirondacks  Region,  1886, 176) 
notes  that  the  flight  in  this  species  is  swift  and  irregular.  The  nightly 
range  is  greater  than  in  any  member  of  tlie  fauna.  Whenever  the  tem- 
jterature  of  the  air  is  above  59°  p.  it  luay  be  seen  on  the  wing.  Like 
many  bats,  it  is  active  just  before  evening  and  at  dawn.  It  has  been 
caught  hanging  from  a  twig  of  a  tree  as  in  the  case  of  A.  noveboracensis. 
When  kept  in  confinement  it  suspends  itself  by  the  claws  of  the  feet. 


Measurementa  taken  as  an  average  of  four  iitdividuah. 


Head  and  body  (from  crown  of  head  to  base  of  tail) 68 

Length  of  arm 37 

J,('U|j;th  (if  forearm 54 

I'irat  digit: 

Longtli  of  first  metacarpal  bone 4 

I.ongth  of  lirst  phalanx 8 

Second  digit: 

Ltingth  of  second  metacarpal  bone 69 

Length  of  first  phalanx 8 

'I'iiird  digit : 

Length  of  third  metacarpal  bone 60 

Length  of  first  phalanx 19 

Length  of  second  phalanx 33 

Tourtli  digit: 

Length  of  fourth  metacarpal  bone 53 

Length  of  first  phalanx 11 

Length  of  second  phalanx 13 

441— No.  43 ^11 


' 


I  ■ 
i 

MtUimetera.  {|||m 


m 


?;^t 


lf)2  UULLETIN    13,  UNITED   STATEvS   NATIONAL   MUaElJM. 

Fifth  UiKit: 

liUliKlli  of  tiitli  iiifturiirpiil  lioiii^ 45 

littliKtIi  of  liisl  pliiilunx 7 

Leii^'tli  of  Ht!i;oiul  |)halun.\ 9 

Length  of  hrud 24 

Ili'ight  of  ear 15 

Height  of  iragiiH 8 

Length  of  lliigh l(i 

Length  of  liltiti 22 

Length  of  foot U 

Length  of  tail 47 

McaHurcments  from  Jirnt  viiilion  0/  Momxjrajili. 


Curniut 
niinibvr. 


5ra(» 

14  (J) 

147 

325S 

40 

42i;i 

4728 

26U 

3098 

174a 

73 

93 

873 

883 

41S 


"'  """"       ..!■  tail.    '  lor  "inn.    of  tlRiu.  |"U.""«r'  "f  H'liuib, 


tu  tnil. 
lnehei< 

a. 
;i. 

2. 


Length 

)f  luugcH 

ttiiger. 


I II  ell  en. 
2.4 
2.  ."> 
1.8 


3.(1 
2... 

2.0 
2.0 

2.0 
2.0 

2.0 

2.0 
2.0 
3.0 

2.0 
2.0 

fl 

0 
6  I 


2.0 
2.0 
2.0 


liieliii. 
2.0 
2.  2 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.  0 
2.0 


IhcI et. 

1.0 

1.0 

0.11 

1.0 

0.10 

0.  10 

0.8 

0.  11 

0.10 

0.  10 

0.12 

0.11 

0.11 

0.12 

0.10 

Inehfii. 
4.3 
4.1 
4.0 
4.1 
4.2 
4.2 
3.  0 
4.0 
4.0 
3.8 
4.0 
4  0 
4.0 
4.1 
4.0 


Inchet, 
O.fl 
0.7 
O.fl 
0.0 
0.6 
0.0 
0.7 
0.0 
0.7 
0.0 
0.  U 
O.fl 
O.fl 
O.fl 
O.fl 


Ilelffbt 
uf  uur. 


Inchei. 
0.6 
O.Oi 
0.4 
0.4 
0.4 


Height 
or  trugua. 


Inehu. 
0.4 
0.4 
0.3 
0.3 
0.4 


0.  :ii 

0.3 

0.4 

0.4 

0.4 


0.4 
0.4 
0.4 


0.3 

0.2i 

0.2$ 

0.3 

0.3 

0.4 

0.3 

0.3 

0.3 


Expanse. 


Inchei. 
l.'i. 
14. 
13. 
12. 
13. 
1:1. 
II. 
11 


Lhl  of  MperimetiH. 


Cat. 

No.  of 

tio. 

Hpei'lnum. 

5280 

6184 

S2H« 

6417 

5421 

5281 

5283 

5328 

5284 

5422 

4213 

5415 

3768 

5414 

.5282 

4728 

.5286 

5287 

I.oculitv. 


I'l'fsciiteil  1>V — 


Halifax,  N.S 

ISrit  mil  Aiiiprica 

Krd  Kivor  siMtlmiit'iit 

CU^vi'lantl,  Oliiii 

Littlo  Uliii",  Khu.'* 

St.  I.oiiIh.  Mo 

(iraiKl  Ciitoan,  Ln 

Fdrt  I'iprro. X.  Xlex 

Near  Fort  rniiiii,  N.  .Mox. 

Fi)rt  I'ierii'.  Svhr 

NimphIio  FiiUh,  Kiilis 

S<mtli  Fork  I'latto 


I.a  lioiilo  liivur,  T'tah. 
Donna  Anna,  X.  Mi'X. 

Mataniuras 

"  I'niKMl  StaleH  " 

Montcniy,  Ciil 

I'c'taluum,  C'al 


nr.C.ilpin 

'  K.  KtMiniioft 

!  1).  (lunn 

Dr.  Kirtlancl 

AV..S.  Wood 

Dr.  (J.  lOnnilnumn 

.St.  CharliH  CoUugr 

D.  .1.  Kvan.s 

Dr.  Hayileii 

(lii 

H.  F.  (Joss 

F.   V.  Hayden,   MD.,  U.  S. 
A.  ( /) 

0) 

Dr.  T.  C.  Ilonry 

Lieut.  Ooncli.Uerlin Col!  -){« 


A.S.Taylor ?. 

E.  .SaiuuoU 


Nature  of 
speciuicn. 


Alcoholic . 

...do 

...do 

Dry 

...'do 

AlcolioUc 
....do 
...do 


do. 


Dry. 
— do  . 
...do. 


....do.... 
...do.... 
Alcoholic 

Dry 

Alcoholic 
....do 


CoUortion. 


U.  S.  N.  M. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


■I   ^ 


Group    MOLOSSL* 

*  MoLOS.si. — So  intimate  is  the  nilntion  between  this  gronp  nnd  the  Vespertilionidw 
that  I  <le(!line  to  give  it  the  value  of  a  family.  Tlio  characteristics  elsewhere  noted  are 
here  taxonomically  arranged.  It  aiipears  to  bo  subordinated  to  the  Vesportiliouiiln', 
nnd  for  the  present,  at  Iciist,  I  sliall  ])laco  it  as  an  alliance  thereto.  The  Mulosai, 
like  the  Vespertili(mi(la',  arr  adaptt'd  to  cosmopolitan  range  by  the  adaptation  to 
botli  terrestial  and  aeriel  locoiuotion.     Tlie  Aving  is  stout,  narrow,  and  muscuhir. 

With  the  VcsportiliouidLU  the  ethmoidal  plates  are  volute,  the  trapezium  is  fur- 


M. 


A   MONOOUAl'H   OF   THE   UATH   OF   NOUTH   AMliUICA. 


163 


45 
7 
9 
24 
15 
H 
Ifi 
22 
11 
47 


lelKlit 

truitus. 


U.4 
0.4 
0.3 
U.3 
0.4 


Expanse. 


Inchei. 
15.3 
U.U 
13.4 
12. « 
13.6 


0.3 

11.6 

o.^ 

0.2$ 
0.3 

12.6 

10.0 

0.3 

12.0 

0.4 

11.6 

0.3 

12.6 

0.3 

14.0 

0.3 

U.O 

re  of 
ucn. 

lollo . 


Collection. 


lioliv 


lioUo 


U.  S.  N.  M. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


VespertilionidH' 
awliere  noted  are 
Vespurtiliouidft', 
0.  The  Mdlossi, 
ho  adaptation  to 
and  muscular, 
rapezium  is  I'ur- 


(ioiiiiH  NYCTINOMUS  (iiMitlVoy. 

.V i/cf inomiu  Ottoffroy,  Dcscript.  do  I' K^ypto,  ii  1812,  114;  11.  Alli-D,  MoniiK.  N.  A. 
Iiut^4,  18(M,  r>;  DubNitn,  Cut.  Chirop.  Itrit.  Mii>«,,4»78,  4:i7;  AIhIuu,  UmU>h.  C'n- 
trali-Aincr.,  Mainin.,  lS7!)-82,  'M. 

Tlii8;ioiiii8  is  ill  doso  rulatioii  with  MoIohsks.  It  is  (li8tiii;{'iiisli<Ml  by 
flio  ubseiicci  of  niiiuii  of  th«  pahital  plates  (»f  tlii^  i)i'i>iiia.\illii.  'iVctli 
with  hiijje  liyporoiu'.  Auiicli*  with  iiitfrnal  basal  ridyv,  di^velopcd 
into  a  woll  detlned  ''keel;"  the  external  basal  ridj;«  coiitiiiiious  with 
nil  t'rect  external  basal  lobt>.  Auricle  ([uadratc;  iiH>tacar|)o  plialaiiK*'!ii 
joint  of  third  and  fourth  diKit8  mobile,  bent  forward;  tli«^  iiiterpha- 
laiigeal  Joint  of  the  same  di}>it8  iiiobilc,  bent  bacUward  (these  dip ts 
wlieu  extended  reach  far  behiw  the  level  of  the  toes);  tlu' Joints  of  the 
lifth  di(;it  ri^id  and  in  line  with  the  metacarpal.  Tiic  seeinid  meta- 
carpal lies  palmad  to  the  third;  the  phalanx  is  rudinicntal  or  absent. 

NtictinomuH  is  of  wide  distribution,  examples  beiii^'  louiid  in  all  parts 
of  subtropical  and  tropical  reffions.  With  the  exception  of  N.  nor- 
McenHiH  (Australia,  Norfolk  Island)  and  N.JoliorviiHis  (Malay  I'eniii- 
Hula),  the  species  are  singularly  alike  in  essential  features.  A  critical 
examination  of  all  the  species  is  demanded  before  the  exact  position 
of  the  North  American  forms  can  be  determined. 

The  North  American  species  considered  in  the  following  pages  are 
y.  brHsilietiHtH  and  N.  macrotin.  I  have  not  seen  N.  femovoHUCcus 
Mcrriam  (N.  A.  Fauna,  No.  li,  18.S9,  p.  23),  or  y.  moharciiHis,  Merriam 
(N.  A.  Fauna,  No.  'J,  1880,  p.  23), both  from  southern  Oalifornia.  (See 
Appendix. 

1.  NyctinomuB  brasilienBlB  iHid.  (tcotfroy.    (PlutoH  xxxii,  \xmii.) 

MoloHHun  naaiitiiH  Sjiix,  Siui.  ot  Vcsii.  Hras.,  182ij,  (50,  pi.  .xxxv,  ti};.  7;  Jidv  Isis, 
August,  1824,  89!)  (Brazil);    Schinz,  Syu.  Miuii.  i,  1814,   14H. 

Dijmpes  nuHUtuB  Tonuninck,  Mou.  Main,  i,  1827,  23^4.  i7>.,  /oiH.  Jour.,  iii,  1828,  459; 
Wagnor,  Schrob.,  Siiugeth.,  Supi»l.   i,  1844,  474;  i7».  v,  1855,  711. 


nisliod  with  a  palmar  tubercle,  ami  thec</racoid  procoss  \s  always  bitid,  the  posterior 
jKirtiou  being  prolonged. 

A  large  spheuo-palatiuo  foramen  is  present,  while  the  presence  of  ])alatal  processos 
to  I  lit!  premaxilltu  is  detected  in  most  of  the  genera.  The  tail  is  always  protluccd  well 
lii'vond  the  interfemoral  lueuibrane,  and  the  accessory  cartilage  is  absent  from  the 
BliiMt,  rigid  fiff'  digit. 

The  groups  ol  the  Molossi  constitute  a  subfamily  characterized  by  the  narrow  wing, 
piKiiiinent  thumb,  free  terete  tail,  and  the  rigidity  of  the  short  fifth  digit.  The 
);r<iiip  at  one  end  recalls  the  subfamily  Eiuballanuriine  in  the  dors.il  llt'xion  and  ad- 
(Imtiou  of  the  metacarpo-phalangeal  and  iuterplialaiigeal  joints  of  the  tliird  digit, 
fliiiracters  it  possesses  in  common  with  mo.st  forms  c»f  tlie  Emballanurinie.  The  types 
of  ii|)por  molar,  namely,  in  the  presence  of  a  hypocone,  is  also  met  with  in  KmhaUa- 
iiiifd.  The  last  upper  molar  in  both  groups  exhibits  a  nearly  perfect  second  V.  Tho 
hv'^t'.  liy])ocouid  iu  tlie  last  lower  molar  is  repeated  in  all  the  cinballannrines  iu- 
chi<llng  Fiii-ia,  Adaptation  to  active  motion  with  wing  at  rest  is  seen  in  all.  The 
greatest  degree  of  tho  adaptation  last  named  is  seen  in  Chciromckv  of  Borneo,  though 
tbc  other  genera  of  the  group  are  rapid  flyers. 


IP 

m 


I 


(MM 


[ii    i 


,  I 


I-V.     18H7,  05,   )>1.    III.     lifr.   1; 

LV,  1837,  59,  pi.  Ill,  Ii 
ia»0,  358,  (not  of  (icol)'. 


I! 


164  BULLETIN  43,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

NycUnomus  nasHtus  (snonty  bat),  Tomes,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  London,  1861, 68  (Jiunaica). 

II.  Alien  Moiio^.  N.  A.  Hats,  1861,  7. 
Nycihiomiis  hraHilieiiHin  Isid.  (ieoff.,  Air.ial.  ties  Sol.  Nat.,  1,  April,  1824,337,  pi.  xxii 

(Brazil);  Hi.,  Zoiil.,  .Journal,  1825.  133;  Ferimsaii,  Mnll.  <1oh  Sci.  Nat.,  ii,  ISL'l, 

74;  l)ol)snn.  Cat.  Chirop.  Brit.  Mus.,  1879,437;  Alston,  Biolog.  Centrali-Anii  r., 

1879-82,  33. 
Nycti,.tmnH  viiiriniin  (Jray,  Gritlitli's  Cnv.  An.  KiiiKdom,  v.,  1828,  66. 
Nycticm   cjjtiixrjilinhi  LiHontc,  Cnv.  An.  Kingdom  (Mi'.Murtrio's  ed.),    I,  1831,  i:!2 

(Kouth  Cuniliiia). 
MohismiH  ciiiioa'jihnla  Coopor,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hih.  N.  Y., 

Warner,  Scliiolt.,  SiiiiKi'th.,  Snppl.  V,  1^5.5,  711. 
MuhiKitii    fnHgiiioHUH  Cooper,  Ann.  Lye.  Nut.  His.  N.  Y., 

(Soiitli  Ca'olina). 
Rhiiioimma  ra.oUiiciiiiM  (iundlaeh,  Arcliiv  f.  Natnrjjosch, 

in  Dcsm.  Mam..    1820,  130,  and  Diet,  d'llist.  Nat.,  XL v,  1829);  Leconte,  I'nn'. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vii,  18.5.5,  437. 
(1)nyHt>pfH  llano  \Vaj;ncr.  Sclireb.,  Siingetli.,  Snppl.  I,  1840,  475. 
(i)N!iiiiiinmiig  mexivaiiiis  and  A'.  astecuB,  Sauss.,  Kev.  et  Mag.  deZoiil.,  xi,  1860,283. 

Diatjiioiiis. — Muzzle  tnincate,  witlniuinbers  of  spines  on  upper  border, 
but  none  on  tlie  verti(!al  internarial  ridge.  Spines  also  on  the  inner 
border  of  the  auricle.  Dorsum  of  face  furnished  with  long  ftout  bris- 
tles. Fur  of  a  dull  mouse  gray,  paler  beneath.  The  first  phalanx 
in  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  digits,  exceeds  in  length  the  sec^ond. 
Second  phalanx  of  the  fourth  digit  over  half  the  length  of  the  first 
phalanx.    The  tail  beyond  the  level  of  the  toes  is  free. 

Description. — The  muzzle  with  a  deep  emargination  b<  .^ween  the  nos- 
trils. A  vertical  band  withcmt  a  groove  or  spine  extends  on  the  muz- 
zle to  the  lip.  A  small  post-mental  wart  is  present.  The  ears  are  one- 
half  to  1"""  apart  on  the  face.*  The  median  border  of  the  ear  is  sin- 
uate near  its  attachment  to  the  head,  Tha  outer  border  is  notched  at 
the  upi)er  third  so  that  the  entire  edge  may  be  said  to  be  scallo])e(l; 
the  border  below  the  side  of  the  scallop  is  thin,  and  eveited  as  fur  us 
the  "  of  the  external  basal  ridge.  The  border  ends  abruptly  at  tlic 
anteiiur  edge  .>f  the  base  of  the  external  basal  lobe  which  is  broader 
than  high  and  higher  posteriorly  tlian  anteriorly.  In  some  specimens 
the  antitragus  is  continued  forward  by  a  skin  fold  to  the  angle  of  the 
mouth.  The  notch  between  the  external  basal  ridge  and  the  exteiiiiil 
basal  lobe  is  inconspicuous  not  reaching  one-halfway  to  the  base.  Tlie 
tragus  is  quadrate,  uieasuriuj*  -4"""  along  the  posterior  border  and  U""" 
along  the  a;<terior. 

The  fur  is  silky  on  the  back  of  the  head  and  basal  half  of  ears; 
the  trunk  and  sides  of  the  neck  are  plumbeims  veiling  to  drab  or  dusky 
brown;  the  ba^e  is  everywhere  white  but  the  extent  of  the  color  is 
variable.  On  the  sides  of  the  neck  the  wliite  color  is  most  marked, 
and  on  the  h)wer  part  of  the  back  and  rumj)  it  is  least  so.  A  silvery 
tint  is  seen  on  the  tip«  when  they  are  seen  in  an  oblique  light.  TLi 
sides  of  the  trunk  are  much  lighter  in  hue  and  are  unicolored.    T'le 


*ll!iIeB8  close  cxaniinatioii  he  made  the  oars  a])]iear  to  he  united.     Thus  CJoucsiiiiil 
Yarrow  (VVJicelur'sExpud.,  Zoiil.,  1875)  describe  them  ua  uuitud  ov«jr  the  vertex. 


,  68  (Jamaica). 

i,337,  pi.  XXII 
Nut.,  II,  ISiM, 
Icntrali-Anicr., 

),   I,  1831,  i;u 

,  1>1.  III.  lij,'.  1; 

),  pi.  Ill,  (if;.;! 

(not  of  (■coll.. 
Lecoiite,  I'mc. 

1.,  XI,  1860,  L'83. 

ipper  border, 
on  the  inner 
g  f.t«ut  bris- 
flrst  plialanx 
the  second. 
I  of  the  first 

ween  the  nos- 
s  oil  the  muz- 
)  ears  are  one- 
le  ear  is  sin- 
is  notched  at 
be  scalloix'd; 
ted  as  tiir  as 
riiptly  at  the 
ch  is  broader 
me  specimens 
angle  of  tlie 
1  the  external 
he  base.  The 
irder  and  IV'"" 


half  of  ears; 
drab  or  dnsky 
if  the  color  is 
most  marlced, 
in.  A  silvery 
le  light.  Thi 
icolortid.    T'.e 


Tliust;t)UcHimil 
ver  the  vertex. 


Explanation  of  Plate  XXXtl. 

Fig.  1.  Front  view  of  IkmuI  df  yjitlinomns  brasiliensis. 

Fu).  2.  Side  vie      jl'saiiio. 

Fio.  H.  Vinw  of  vra};[ns  and  iuiier  surfat-o  of  auricle. 

Fi<i.  4.  Wiiijf  nieiiibraiii'. 

Fio.  5.  Tail  and  iiiterfoinoral  luombraiK^  of  S'l/vtinomiin  braiiiUvnaia,  western  form. 

Fill.  ().  Tail  and  Interfenioral  membrane  of  .same,  eastern  form. 

Fl<i.  7.  fSkiill  seen  from  above. 

Fi(i.  8.  Skull  and  lower  .jaw  seen  from  the  Bide. 

Flo.  it.  Os  ptttrosa. 


^ 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XXXII 


NVCTINOMUS  BRASILIENSIS. 


iiiJL'" 

mr 


!-i|rj|! 


i 


U  ! 


..■.Tj:;i.-'i7r:=T.v 


fur  ( 
HID] 
mar 

i'lir  i 
tniii 
brae 
Tl 
t\ve( 

of  ]( 

iroq 
iicai 
si  on 
tlie 

M 
cost 
com 
war 
iiii'i] 
eral 
syst 
abn 

T 
the 
the 
pou 
iil'tl 
ban 
line 
is  c( 
trai 

T 
rior 
rior 
liftl 
yic'l 
bra 
pro 
ten 
ant 
is  s 
rioi 
fon 
Ian 
end 


"] 


A  MONOOKAl'H  OP  THE  BATS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA.    1  Gf) 

fur  extends  (»n  tln^  niombraiics  from  a  point  at  tlif,  in'oxiniiil  third  of  tlie 
liiimenis  to  tlie  distal  two-tliirds  of  the  femur  and  is  tliickcr  along  tlio 
margin  tlian  where  it  is  continuous  with  the  body.  On  the  venter  the 
I'ur  is  intermediate  in  shade  between  that  of  the  back  and  the  side  of  the 
ti  unk.  It  is  either  unicolored  or  barely  white  at  the  base.  The  pre- 
brachial  membrane  is  naked  or  furnished  with  a  small  i)atch  of  hair. 

The  face  is  naked  over  the  dorsal  surface  except  in  the  space  be- 
tween the  median  border  of  the  auricle  and  the  nostril  where  a  number 
(if  long  3"""  to  4"""  stout  bristles  are  found.*  In  the  female  not  in- 
frequently a  whitish  diffused  patch  is  seen  on  esich  side  of  the  neck 
ii«'ar  the  lower  jaw.  A  few  long  white  hairs  adorn  the  pubis.  Occa- 
sionally the  male  has  a  patch  similar  in  color  to  the  above  growing  on 
tlie  post-mental  space. 

Membranes. — The  entopatagium  without  markings  irom  the  inter- 
costal or  lumbar  nerves.  The  line  of  the  coraco-brachialis  fascivle  be- 
comes apparent  at  the  middle  of  the  humerus,  passes  vertically  down- 
ward medianly  to  the  elbow,  and  divides,  at  lower  tw(»-thirds  of  the 
iiicmbrane,  into  two  branches.  The  lower  runs  forward  to  a  i)oint  lat- 
eral to  the  elbow,  i.  c,  in  advance  of  the  joint.  The  triceps  fascicle 
system  with  a  plesh  of  superior  branches.  The  terminal  part  of  nerve 
abruptly  deflected  downward. 

The  first  oblique  band  at  the  radiometacarj)al  angle  is  attached  to 
the  first  metacarpal  bone.  It  crosses  the  palm  obliquely,  and  reaching 
the  mesopalr.flum  lies  for  4"""  close  to  and  parallel  with  the  radius.  The 
pou(!h  is  distinct.  The  tendon  of  the  i)almar  interosseus  muscle  of  the 
tilth  finger  makes  no  inijjression  upon  the  membrane.  A  broad,  dusky 
band,  apparently  due  to  the  membrane  becoirsing  contr-«  ted  in  this 
line,  extends  obliquely  from  the  lower  end  of  the  tibia  to  the  wrist.  It 
is  conspicuously  seen  in  all  specimens  which  are  held  uj)  to  a  strong 
transmitted  light. 

The  fourth  interspace  shows  a  nerve  appearing  at  the  angle  ante- 
riorly. This  soon  divides  into  two  branches,  a  posterior  and  an  ante- 
rior. The  posterior  passes  obliquely  across  the  membiane  to  reach  the 
tilth  finger  at  the  distal  third,  where  it  disappears.  Eefore  doing  so  it 
yields  a  branch,  which  is  distributed  to  the  posterior  half  of  the  mem- 
brane. The  anterior  nerve  keeps  close  to  the  fourth  finger.  At  its 
pi'oximal  fourth  it  is  lost  in  the  contour  of  the  bone.  Just  before  its 
termination  it  sends  off  a  large  posterior  branch,  which  su])plies  the 
anterior  of  the  intersi)ace.  In  the  third  interspace  a  long  main  nerve 
is  seen  dividing  into  two  branches.  In  the  second  interspace  a  i>08te- 
rior  nerve  appears  at  the  proximal  third  of  the  first  ])halanx  of  the 
fiiurth  finger,  and  an  anterior  from  the  proximal  third  of  the  first  ]>ha- 
III iix  of  the  third  finger.  The  ecto]»atagium  is  attached  on  the  distal 
end  of  the  second  i-h  lanx  of  the  fifth  finger,  while  the  mesopatagium 


*  Tim  lirisMcH  a'iont  the  noHtrils  liii  vo  Ix'en  iie{;lectetl  in  describiiif!;  specii's  of  Xjicti- 
tiomuH.    Tbey  are  oonspicuouH  iu  X  brasiliensis,  wliile  ulniust  abbout  iu  iV.  pliculu». 


166 


BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


is  attached  to  tlie  tip  of  tlie  third  ])hahinx,  tlius  the  mcdiiin  border  of 
this  phaliiiix  is  without  monibraiie.  The  tliird  phalanx  is  directed 
obliquely  toward  the  body.  The  third  phalaux  of  the  fourth  linger  is 
delleeted  parallel  to  the  free  inar}>iii  of  thenienibraue  of  the  third  inter- 
sjtaee  away  from  the  body,  and  jnesents  a  well-defined  free  inferior 
border.  The  third  ])halanx  of  the  third  finger  exhibits  a  distinct  cu 
taneous  flange  or  hem  on  th(5  free  border.  Thus  all  the  terminal  i)lia- 
lanxes  are  in  ])art  or  in  whole  free  fr(»m  the  wing  membrane  on  one 
border.  The  tail  membrane  with  an  indistinct  band  extending  from 
the  knee  inward  from  knee  one-half  the  way  to  the  tail.  The  inferior 
margin  presents  a  well-marked  lobe  near  the  tail. 

Variaimis. — A  variety  oi'  Nyctinomns  from  California  differs  from 
others  examined  in  the  jjresenee  of  plantar  tubercles,  and  in  the  largo 
size  and  good  delinition  of  the  calcaneal  tubercle  (pi,  xxxil,  tig.  '>). 
It  is  further  distinguished  by  the  females  exhibiting  well-defined  spines 
on  the  median  vertical  ridge  of  tlie  muzzle.  In  the  males  these  are 
supplanted  by  small  tubercles,  or  the  ridge  is  entirely  smooth.  In 
four  exiimples,  three  of  which  were  males,  the  chin  was  furnished  with 
two  small,  symmetrically  placed  warts.  No  similar  appendages  have 
been  noted  in  the  genus.  In  one  female  an  elongated  wedge-shape 
plate  defined  the  mentum.  The  specimens  were  li2  in  number;  males 
9,  female  18.  The  females  were  disposed  to  be  slightly  larger  than  the 
males,  and  to  possess  unusually  marked  masses  of  fat  in  the  anterior 
abdominal  wall  and  at  the  groin.  Should  increased  knowledge  of  this 
variety  make  it  desirable  to  assign  it  a  distinct  name  it  may  be  re- 
garded i\»  yyctinumns  hmsiiic>i.sis  calif ornicua. 

The  assertion  that  the  ears  are  disunited  is  sustained  by  many  ex- 
aminations. However,  in  a  specimen  (No.  (J04ij,  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.)  the 
ears  are  united  by  a  band  1"""  high. 

In  three  specimens  from  the  island  of  St.  Kitts  (6019,  6020,  G02I 
Mus.  (.'omp.  Zoiil.)  the  tail  was  free  for  0"""  only. 

X.piniiiliis,  from  the  Bogas  country,  Africa,  resembles  the  species  last 
named  in  the  length  of  the  second  phalanx  of  the  fourth  finger,  such 
length  being  over  twice  the  lengtli  of  the  corresponding  phalanx  in 
other  species  of  the  genus  examined.  One  female  of  this  species  has 
been  examined  from  the  collections  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology. 

The  i'ollowing  observations  on  this  species  may  be  of  use  in  study- 
ing X.  1)r(i,sili(nsis:  The  muzzle  is  without  spines.  The  lips  are  much 
bicker  than  in  JN'.  hrasHiensiN;  they  are  wider  than  the  muzzle  ishigli. 
The  few  stout  bristles  on  the  face  an^  much  less  consincuous  than  in 
N.  ImtNilinitiiN.  The  ears  ar<'  united  for  a  height  of  4""".  The  keel  of 
the  auricle  is  5"""  long.  The  ears  are  rounded  without  a  scallop  on 
posterior  border;  the  free  jxtrtion  below  the  head  measures  <•""".  The 
antitragus  is  higher  than  broad  and  is  4"""  wide  at  the  base.    The  sides 


\  It 


border  of 
H  directi'd 
h  fliiger  is 
liird  intc'i  • 
ce  inferior 
istinct  en- 
niiial  ])liii- 
lie  oil  Olio 
idiiig  from 
le  inferior 

ffers  from 
the  largo 

Lll,  fig.  ;-)). 
nod  spines 
tliese  are 
ootli.     In 
shed  with 
igea  have 
dge-sliapo 
•er;  males 
than  the 
e  anterior 
ge  of  this 
lay  be  re- 
many  ex- 
Zoiil.)  the 

1020,  G021 

lecies  last 
iger,  such 
lialanx  in 
)ecie.s  has 
iiparative 

in  study- 
are  nuu'h 
le  ishigii. 
s  than  in 
le  keel  of 
callo])  on 
>""".  Tlie 
The  sides 


A  MONOGRAPH  OP  TIIK   BAl'S   OF   NOKTH  AMERICA. 


167 


of  the  tragus  are  of  equal  height,  quadrate,  and  measure  a  little  less 
than  1"""  in  all  proportions.  They  are  directed  obliciuely  backward,  so 
that  the  upper  border  is  vertical.  On  the  mesopatagium  the  first 
oblique  hand  is  small  and  indistinct.  It  is  .attached  to  the  side  of  the 
fifth  metacarpal  bone  (i.  e.,  it  is  free  from  the  nniscle  mass).  The  pouch 
is  indistinct.  The  subnientum  is  provided  with  a  distinct  wart,  but  no 
median  ridge  lies  between  the  wartand  the  lower  lip,  as  in  N.  brasi- 
lienstH. 

MaxUliary  teeth. — The  incisor  of  each  side  is  slender,  simple,  obliquely 
directed  downward  and  inward,  but  not  touching  its  fellow.  A  wide 
space  exists  between  it  and  the  canine.  The  canine  is  slender,  vertical, 
scarcely  produced  beyond  the  second  premolar;  cingulum  producied 
posteriorly.  To  the  outer  side  of  this  prolongation,  but  set  in  slightly 
Ironi  the  outer  limit  of  the  tooth  series,  is  seen  the  minute  first  premo- 
liir.  The  second  premolar  with  well-defined  piotocone  and  fiuted  para- 
cone — the  heel-like  projection  of  the  cingulum  is  discernible.  The  first 
molar  possesses  a  sharply  defined  acute  protocone  of  low  elevation,  the 
commissures  embracing  the  two  Vs.  The  jtaracone  is  slightly  smaller 
tlian  the  metacone.  The  hypocone  unusually  well  defined,  often  almost 
as  high  as  the  protocone  and  sometimes  bilobed.  The  second  molar  as 
the  first,  but  with  equal  cusps  and  simple  hypocone.  The  third  molar 
with  protocone  as  in  other  molars.  The  anterior  V  slightlj'  compressed. 
The  posterior  V  with  anterior  lind)  entire;  posterior  limb  absent.  The 
molars  do  not  touch  excei)t  at  their  buccal  surfaces. 

Mandibular  teeth. — The  incisors,  three  in  number,  the  first  and  second 
C(|ual  or  subequal,  bilobed,  without  basal  cusps.  The  third  much 
smaller,  wedged  in  b»!tween  the  second  and  the  canine,  and  is  often 
lost.  The  canine  with  sharply  defined  cingulum  entirely  round  the 
tooth.  The  premolars  slightly  crowded,  the  first  the  smaller.  Of  the 
molars  the  V  is  smaller  than  the  heel  throughout.  Tlie  anterior  limb 
of  the  heel  adjusts  against  the  V  at  about  its  middle.  Tiie  triangle 
composed  of  paraconid,  metaconid,  and  protocinid  is  much  compressed 
from  before  backward.  The  i)arac<uiid  not  inciin<>d  forward  as  is  seen 
to  be  the  case  in  Atalapha  and  ^faerotl(s.  Tlie  commissure  at  the  base 
of  the  heel  is  conspicuously  cusi)idatc.  In  the  third  molar  it,  in  addi- 
tion, bears  a  second  small  acicule.  The  cingulum  is  visible  throughout 
lit  the  base  <ni  the  buccal  surface. 

iSkiill. — Oreatest  length,  1.")""";  greatest  width,  10""»;  least  width, 
4111111.  length  of  fiuw  from  orbit,  ;U""";  distance  from  infraorbital 
foramen,  to  the  tooth  row,  1""".  The  sagittal  crest  is  defined  the  entire 
length ;  weaker  posteriorly.  The  ])osterior  temjjoral  crest  is  trenchant, 
forming  with  its  fellow  the  sides  of  a  broad-based  triangle,  2"""  long. 
The  mesencephalon  is  .{"""  long.  The  anterior  temporal  crest  ends 
on  the  orbital  crest,  which  is  sharply  outlined  and  as  long  as  the  orbit 
is  high.    The  inner  wall  of  the  orbit  is  fiat.    The  vertex  of  the  face 


168 


lUILLETIN    lit,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MU8EUM. 


provi(l<((l  with  »  iiicdiiin  <>roovo.  wliicli  bofjiiis  abruptly  at  tlio  junction 
oftlio  sajjittal  witli  tlui  anterior  toinporal  cmsts  and  rcacilics  a  point 
liiill'way  to  the  anterior  nasal  aperture.  The  fronio  maxillary  infla 
tion  extends  over  the  entire  face  vertex.  The  short  intraorbital  caiiii 
is  provided  with  an  elevated  ridfj;e  like  outer  wall,  which  carries  a  pit. 
A  largo  foramen  unites  the  nasal  chambers  near  the  ])osterior  nasal 
aperture  with  the  mesopteryyoid  fossa,  'riie  otic  foramen  converted 
into  a  notcb,  thus  permittiu};  the  otic  capsule  to  be  exposed  the  entire 
length  on  the  side  of  the  skull.  The  paroccipital  i)ro('es8  is  inconspic- 
uous and  ends  at  a  point  about  on  ;i  level  with  the  mastoid  process 
The  interval  is  occupied  entirely  by  the  otic  capsule.  The  tymi)anic 
ring  is  ccmiplote.  The  sphenoidal  tongue  is  rudimentary  or  abscuit. 
The  eoronoid  process  is  less  than  half  the  height  of  the  hori/ontal 
ramus.  The  angle  is  scarcely  produced  back  of  the  line  of  the  condyle. 
The  interval  between  the  two  is  almost  straight.  The  angle  is  broad, 
flat,  acuminate  and  is  markedly  (h^tlected  outward  so  as  to  \w  almost 
free  from  the  line  of  the  condyle  when  seen  from  above.  Th(»  masse- 
teric im])ression  is  de«!pbnt  does  notrea(!h  the  lower  border  of  tlie  ramus. 
The  ])ost-symphysal  process  is  absent.  The  incisive  notch  deep  as  in 
res  pert  ilio  and  allies. 

The  foHowing  notes  will  be  of  interest  in  connection  with  the  stmly 
of  the  skull  of  N.  ImiHilienHiH: 

N.  orthotis. — The  sagitta  is  well  detincd.  The  face  verte'-  is  elevated 
■with  scarcely  any  depression.  The  rrontoinaxilhiry  i  .uaticm  is  rudi- 
mentary. The  zygoma  is  without  (elevation  on  the  upper  border.  The 
basisphenoid  fossa'  is  well  marked.  The  postpalatal  spine  is  absent. 
The  infraorbital  canal  is  long,  permitting  the  line  of  the  anterior  inisal 
aperture  to  fall  back  of  the  facial  foramen.  The  eoronoid  is  less  ele- 
vated, Avhile  the  angle  is  longer  and  less  acumiiuito,  and  lies  far  beyond 
the  condyle.  I 

¥.  norfolcensis. — The  sagittal  crest  is  absent.  The  face  vertex  is 
with  shallow  depression,  but  conspicuous  orbital  ridge  and  lachrymal 
tubercle.  The  eoronoid  ])roeess  is  Iiigh,  greatly  exceeding  the  width 
of  the  adjacent  rannis.  The  angle  is  widely  deflected  from  the  line  of 
the  condyle. 

N.  europn. — The  sagitta  is  absent.  The  orbit  crest  is  scarcely  de- 
fined. Tlu' lachrymal  tubercle  small.  The  zygoma  is  without  elevation 
on  the  upper  border.  The  eoronoid  process  abov«!  the  line  of  the  con- 
dyle is  a  mere  tubercle,  and  greatly  less  than  the  width  of  the  adjacent 
ramus. 

Nofea  on  the  sh;h;to)i. — Atlas:  The  lower  opening  for  the  vertebral 
artery  is  much  larger  than  the  upper;  below  it  a  spine  projects  down- 
ward and  (»utward. 

Scapula:  The  upper  half  of  the  subscapular  fossa  limited  inferiorly 
by  an  oblique  keel.    The  vertebral  border  of  this  subfossa  is  concave 


UM. 

tlio  junction 
!lics  a  point 
ciliary  iuHa 
lorbital  cana 
iarries  a  pit. 
torior  nasal 
II  converted 
(I  the  entire 
H  inconspic- 
:()id  process 
le  tympanic 
or  abscMit. 
*  horizontal 
Hie  condyle, 
tie  is  broad, 

0  be  almost 
The  masse- 
1"  the  ramus. 

deep  as  in 

h  the  study 

is  elevated 
ion  is  rudi- 
order.  The 
i  is  absent, 
terior  nasal 
[  is  less  ele- 
far  beyond 

I 
;  vertex  is 

1  lachrymal 
:  the  width 

the  line  of 

icareely  de- 
it  elevation 
of  the  con- 
ic adjacent 

}  vertebral 
jects  down- 

1  inferiorly 
is  concave 


U.  S.  NATIONAi.  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,   PL.  XXXIII 


1.  Maxillary  teeth  of  Nyctinomus  brasiliensis.    x  12. 

2.  Mandibular  teeth  of  same,    x  12. 


iin 
pn 

WH 
lip 

Til 

] 

pe( 
I  III 
(liii 
tlu 

1 
riK 
lor 

J 
boi 
till 
net 
of 
ole 
hrr 
ttit 

J 
iibi 
IJii 
()(I< 

] 
iiiii 
J'hi 
Ilia 
cry 
wci 
wai 

(llU 

hci 

ill 

iiro 

:ib( 

sta 

fol( 

fl'Ol 

Till 
\Vi 
(pii 


A    MONOOIIAPH    OF   TUF-    BATS   (>F   NORTH   AMKIUCA,  1(50 

iind  <lo<'|M'ii»'(l  Hoiiiixt,  ('speciiilly  lit  the  uiirIo,  wIhto  ii  liirj,'o  nunirvtMl 
process  Iroiii  tlio  IxtrdtM'  is  hccii.  TIio  roroiioid  extends  toward  this 
process  iiixl  iK'iiily  rciiclu's  if;tliiis  the  (-oroiioid  is  not  curved  down, 
ward  as  in  tlie  case  generally  in  otlier  tiian  thi^  iiiolossids.  The  lower 
lip  oi"  the  glenoid  cavity  pr<»jects  markedly,  making  the  glenoid  very 
concave;  the  lateral  margin  is  (convex;  the  mediiin  margin  is  straight. 
The  triceps  impression  is  stri(rtly  axillary,  with  a  greater  tendency  to 
encroachment  on  the  dorsum. 

Humerus:  Axis  of  head  very  oblique  to  tln^  axis  of  the  shaft.  The 
pectoral  ridge  ecpials  one-fifth  the  length  of  the  shaft  The  external 
lubersity  greatly  exceeds  the  inner  in  height.  The  <'i)itrochlea  is  pro- 
duced as  a  spine,  which  n^aches  below  the  trochlea.  The  inner  half  of 
the  trochh'a  is  scarcely  grooved  anteriorly. 

Ulna:  The  proximal  i)art  of  the  uliui  ecpials  half  of  tlie  length  of  the 
radius;  the  aiticular  surface  bears  a  longitudinal  (^est.  The  <listal  part 
form  a  quadrate  imperforates  plate. 

Pelvis :  The  innomiiuite  bones  do  not  unite  at  the  symphysis.  Each 
bone  is  firmly  anchylosed  to  thv  saciuin.  Tins  symphysal  border  is 
three  times  as  long  as  the  pectineal  spine.  The  thyroid  foramen  is 
nearly  circular.  The  sacrum  is  comi)osed  of  three  elements,  the  spines 
of  which  increase  from  above  downward.  The  caudal  vertebrse  are 
eleven  in  number.  The  first  two  resemble  the  sacral  elements  in  having 
broad,  flat,  conjoined  lateral  i)roce8se8.  The  others  sire  like  caudal  ver- 
tebrie  generally  in  mammals. 

Habitat. — Subtropical  and  tropical  America  apparently  everywhere 
abundant.  It  is  sometimes  so  nunu'roiis  in  the  Southern  cities  of  the 
United  States  as  to  render  houses  uninhabitable  by  their  disagreeable 
odor  and  the  noise  they  make  in  moving  about. 

I  had  an  opportunity  in  December,  1880,  to  study  a  number  of  living 
iinimals  which  had  been  c(dlected  by  Mr.  James  Bell  at  (lainesville, 
i'la.,  and  sent  to  me  by  Prof.  liaird.  They  did  not  resist  handling  and 
made  no  defense.  The  numth  was  not  open  in  excitement,  nor  was  any 
cry  emitted;  a  slight  puiiing  sound  was  occasionally  heard.  The  feet 
were  used  to  dress  the  fur  and  to  scratiih;  tlie  outer  side  of  the  thigh 
was  easily  reached  by  abducting  the  foot,  the  last-named  act  being  in- 
duced doubtless  by  the  long  peroneal  muscle,  the  knee  at  the  same  time 
being  moderately  flexed.  Extensicmofthe  wingoften  occurred  (as  though 
in  preparation  for  flight),  as  terrestrial  animals  stretch  their  limbs  in 
anmsing  from  sleep.  In  such  a  movement  the  inferior  extremity  was 
iibducted  by  the  tracti(m  of  the  fifth  finger  on  the  wing  membrane.  lu 
standing  the  trunk  was  ]>rone,  the  head  slightly  elevated,  the  wings 
folded,  the  toes  separated,  the  first  and  fifth  toes  being  farther  apart 
from  their  neighbors  than  were  the  second  and  third  from  one  another. 
The  foot  was  dorsitlexed  find  the  plantar  surfai-e  was  on  the  ground. 
Walking  was  accomplislied  with  ease  and  carried  the  little  creature 
quickly  along.    The  maniisin  this  act  remained  folded,  and  the  motion 


..^... 


?«>.*^' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


k 


.<^ 


iJ"^ 


A 


& 
^ 


1.0    [ji^  I 


L4 

11.25 


2.5 


us 


14.0 


2.2 
2.0 

L8 


m^ 


71 


i>^ 


Photographic 
.Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  M580 

(716)  872-4503 


f 


6\ 


A 


170    BULLETIN  43,  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

appeared  to  bo  made  up  of  the  arm  and  forearm  acting  as  one  factor, 
the  callosity  over  tbe  first  metacarpal  bone  serving  as  a  point  of  resist- 
ance. In  taking  iiigbt  from  a  flat  surface  tbe  animal  appeared  to  spring 
into  tbe  air  as  a  lizard  jumps,  no  one  portion  of  tbe  body  appearing  to 
move  more  tban  anotber;  but  it  is  probably  true  tbat  most  of  the  act 
was  accomplished  by  the  arm  and  forearm.  In  coming  to  rest  at  tlie 
end  of  flight  the  wings  often  remained  extended  for  a  little  while;  some- 
time one  would  bo  folded  when  tbe  other  was  kept  extended.  When 
placed  on  a  horizontal  surface,  as  a  table  top,  the  animal  scurried  to  the 
edge  and  often  hung  partially  over.  The  flexible  loin  enabled  the  pelvis 
and  lower  extremities  to  remain  on  the  top  of  the  table,  while  the  rest 
of  the  trunk  \vas  pendent  on  the  side.  A  number  of  the  bats  were 
allowed  to  escape  in  a  large  room.  They  moved  freely  about  the  surface 
of  a  large  table  jintl  made  short  flights  to  neighboring  objects.  No  food 
was  partaken  of,  and  at  the  end  of  a  few  days  they  became  listless  and, 
since  it  was  evident  that  they  could  not  thrive,  they  were  killed  by  im- 
mersion in  spirits. 

Meaaitrementii.    An  average  taken  from  five  individuaU. 

MilUmeterii. 

Head  and  body  (from  crown  of  head  to  base  of  tail) 49 

Length  of  arm 21 

Length  of  forearm 40 

First  digit : 

Length  of  first  metacarpal  bone 3 

Length  of  first  phalanx 4 

Second  digit : 

Length  of  second  metacarpal  bone 38 

Length  of  first  phalanx 

Third  digit:  • 

Length  of  third  metacarpal  bone 38 

Length  of  first  phalanx 14 

Length  of  second  phalanx 14 

Fourth  digit : 

Length  of  fourth  metacarpal  bone 38 

Length  of  first  phalanx 12 

Length  of  second  phalanx 8 

Fifth  digit : 

Length  of  fifth  metacarpal  bone 24 

Length  of  first  plialanx 11 

Length  of  second  phaLinx 5 

Lengtii  of  head 

Height  of  ear 13 

Height  of  tragus 4 

Length  of  thigh 

Length  of  tibia 11 

Length  of  foot 7 

Ijcngth  of  interfcmoral  membrane 

Length  of  tail  in  monibrnne 15 

Length  of  tail  free  from  membrane 16 


r. 

•ne  factor, 
t  of  resist- 
l  to  spring 
pearing  to 
of  the  act 
est  at  the 
lile;  some- 
id.  When 
ried  to  the 
.the  pelvis 
ie  the  rest 
bats  were 
;he  surface 
I.  No  food 
stless  and, 
lied  by  im- 


MilUmeters. 

49 

21 

40 

3 

4 

38 

38 

14 

14 

38 

12 

8 

24 

11 

5 

13 

4 

11 

7 

15 

15 


A   MONOGRAPH   OP   THE   BATS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 
Measiirementa  from  first,  edition  of  Monograph. 


171 


(.'urrent  num- 
ber. 

From 
tip  of 
nose  to 

tail. 

Length 

o? 

tail. 

Length 
of  fore- 
arm. 

Length 

of 

tihin. 

L4>n)^th 

longest 
finger. 

Length 

ot' 
thumb. 

Height 

of 

ear. 

Height 

of 
tragus. 

Ex- 
panse. 

Nature 

of 
spticimen. 

,r,253 

In. 
2.0 
2.6 
2.6 
2.4 
2.3 
2.3 
2.(1 
2.2 

In. 
1.3 
1.1 

1.0 

l.M 
i.;i 

1.2 
1.3 
1.2 

In. 
1.7 
l.B 
1.7 
1.0 
1.0 
1.7 
1.0 
1.6 

In. 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
U.O 
0.0 
0.6 
0.0 

In. 

3.0 

:i.o 

3.2 
3.2 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

In. 

o.« 

0.4 

0.3 

0.4i 

0.3 

0.3 

3.3 

0.3 

In. 
0.7 

0.7 
0.0 
0.0 
0.7 
0.7 
0.7 
0.7 

In. 
0.2 
0.2 
0.2 
0.2 
0.2 
0.2 
0.2 
0.2 

In. 
11.0 
10.3 
10.0 
9.0 
10.0 
10.0 
10.4 
10.3 

r)494 

l)o. 

,1227 

Do. 
Do. 

Ml» 

Do. 

.f.225 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

List  of  specimens. 


Cat. 
No. 

No. 
of  speci- 
mens. 

Locality. 

Presented  by— 

Nature 

of 

specimen. 

Collection. 

5475 

1 
1 
1 
3 
2 
1 
1 
1 

Unner  Kio  Gmnfle 

Dr  T.  C.  Henrv 

Dry 

XT  8.  N  M 

5473.. 

El  Paso 

J.H.Clark 

Do. 

5225. . 

do 

Alcoholic. 
. . .  .do 

Do. 

.VJIO.. 

I'ecos  to  Rio  Uranile 

firaiid  Coteau,  La 

Capt.  J.  Pope 

Do. 

54IHI. . 

St.  Charles  College 

....do  

Do. 

5223.. 

....do  

Do. 

5227.. 

Fort  Yuma,  Cal 

Mi^  .  G.  H.  Thomas 

....do  

Do. 

4742.. 

"U.S" 

Mi^j.  Loconto 

Dry 

Do. 

2.  Nyotinomus  macrotlB  nevadenais  H.  Allen,     (riaten  xxxiv,  xxxv.) 

Xyctinomus  macrotis  Gray,  Ann.  Nut.  Hist.,  iv,   1839,  5;    Dobson,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soo. 

London,  1876,  729,  Fig.  6. 
/)j«oj)e»  auritii*  Natt,  Wugner,  Wiegm.   Archiv,  1843,  368;    Biirmeister,  Thiere  Bra- 

siliens,  1854,  69. 
Ihjiopes  laticaudattts  and  caciis  Renggor,  Siingoth.  Paragnay,  1800,  88. 
Ihjsopet  auriapinosis  Peale,  U.  }<<.  Ex]>I(ir.  Exped.,  viii,  1844,  21. 
Xyctinomus  auritus  Petere,  MB.  Akiul.  Berlin,  1865,  573. 

Two  specimens  from  Nevada  in  the  National  Museum  present  many 
characters  in  common  with  N.  macrotis,  as  this  species  is  described  by 
Gray*  and-Dobsont.  In  both  forms  the  ears  are  united  by  a  band, 
the  keel  of  auricle  is  curved  upward  and  backward,  the  tragus  is  small 
and  of  the  quadrate  type,  the  ear-conch  is  thin  and  translucent,  and 
the  terminal  phalanx  of  the  fourth  linger  measures  but  2""",  and  is 
shorter  than  terminal  phalanx  of  tht  fifth  finger.  There  is  also  a  gen- 
eral agreement  in  other  measurements.  Nevertheless,  the  specimens 
I'an  not  be  received  into  any  of  the  species  of  Nyctinomtm  hitherto  de- 
scibed.  As  compared  with  descriptions  of  2f.  macrotis,  its  nearest  ally, 
the  muzzle  is  not  "concave"  between  t.i;e  ears.  Tlie  tragus  is  convex 
above  instead  of  being  "  straight  or  concave,"  nor  does  its  lower  half 
form  a  "prominent  angular  projection."  The  fur,  instead  of  being  of  a 
''reddish-brown  beneath  and  above,"  is,  on  the  dorsum,  of  a  uniform 
dark  plumbeus  (mouse  color),  the  base  of  the  fur  being  the  same  as  the 
tips.    A  faint  line  of  fur  extends  along  the  forearm  to  the  distal  one- 

•Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  I  v.,  1839,  5.  ~~~ 

t  Cat.  Chirop.  Brit.  Mua.,  1878,  435. 


172         lUILLETIN  43,  UNITED   STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


fllth.  Tlie  fur  on  the  venter  is  slightly  lighter  in  tint,  that  of  the.  chest 
being  a  Hhmle  darker  than  that  of  the  abdomen.  Hut,  on  the  whole, 
the  dorsum  and  venter  may  be  said  to  be  of  the  sanui  general  tint.  The 
endopatagium  is  without  a  naked  space  alongside  the  body. 

The  keel  of  the  auricle  does  not  project  outward  beyond  the  anti- 
tragns.  The  manner  of  termination  of  the  outer  margin  of  the  auricle 
on  the  antitragus  is  not  described  by  authors.  Judging  from  Dobson's 
figure  (PI.  XXII,  Fig.  r>),the  margin  reaches  the  outer  surface  of  the  anti- 
tragus, while  in  the  Nevada  specimen  it  ends  on  the  middle  of  the  ex- 
ter'uil  basal  jnocess.  The  outer  margin  of  the  auricle  is  uniformly 
rounded. 

The  Ameri(!an  species  of  NyotinomuH  are  not  variable  to  any  markv-^d 
degree,  and  the  cUarac^ters  Just  given  are  of  greater  significance  than 
would  be  the  case  in  some  other  genera.  But  the  variations  in  the 
form  of  the  tragus  in  Ohiroptera  are  always  associated  with  other  char 
acters;  that  is  to  say,  the  form  of  the  tragus  is  an  index  to  variation. 
The  slightest  modification  in  outline  from  the  one  accepted  as  typical 
of  the  species  is  associated  with  some  other  minor  changes  in  the  gen- 
eral periphery.  Respecting  the  color,  it  may  be  said  that  the  ntonse 
tint  of  the  Nevada  specimens  is  not  described  in  any  species  of  Nycti 
nomus,  and  is  therefore  probably  not  a  variation  in  the  color  of  N. 
macroUs. 

J>e8criptio'':—Mmz\e  with  sharply  defined  upper  borders,  with  deep 
emargination  between  them.  The  border  furnished  with  numerous 
pectinate  spines,  except  over  the  nostrils,  where  their  place  is  taken 
by  minute  papillte.  In  the  younger  of  the  two  specimens  the  muz/.le 
presents  a  few  scarcely  discernible  spines  on  upper  border.  Vertical 
ridge  on  front  of  muzzle  papillate;  in  general  character  as  in  N.  bra 
sUiensia;  well  defined  ridge  on  mentum ;  no  submental  wart  apparent, 
but  a  single  long  hair  grows  from  the  center.  The  ears  are  thin,  senii- 
translicent,  united  by  a  band  1"""  high,  and  a  faint  ridge  extends  2""" 
in  front  of  commissure.  Three  snmll  spines  are  seen  on  the  internal 
border.  The  keel  is  9"'  long,  folded  back,  and  of  the  same  consistence 
as  rest  of  the  auricle;  four  minute  spines  are  seen  on  the  upi>er  border 
of  tlie  auricle.  A  faint,  shallow  scallop  is  seen  where  the  revolute 
flange  of  the  auricle  is  defined.  The  antitragus  is  broader  than  high, 
4"""  at  base,  2"""  high.  The  notch  back  of  it  reaches  to  the  base  of  the 
antitragns.  The  inferior  extremity  is  well  defined  on  the  venter,  that 
is  to  say,  that  the  pubo-tibial  fold  is  absent. 

The  second  phalanx  of  the  fourth  finger  is  2"""  long.  In  this  regard 
N.  mairotin  resembles  If.  megalot'iH  and  N.  yracilis;  and  is  distinguished 
from  N.  braaiUensift,  in  which  this  phalanx  is  7"""  long.  With  Old 
World  forms  comparisons  may  be  made  with  N.  piunilns  and  N.  aj'ri- 
canwx,  in  both  of  which  this  phalanx  measuies  7"""  in  length. 

The  entopatagium  with  (M)raco-bra('hialis  fas<'icle  dividing  at  upper 
third  of  membrane,  its  anterior  division  reaching  line  of  elbow  and 


I  f 


^f. 


>t'  the  chest 
the  wh(»U>, 
tint.    The 

A  the  anti- 
tho  anricle 
n  Dobsoii's 
of  theaiiti- 

>  of  tlie  ex- 
unifonnly 

ny  markv'^d 
caiice  than 
OMB  ill  tlie 
otlier  char- 

►  variation, 
as  typical 

in  the  gen- 
the  uionse 
!S  of  2^ycti- 
jolor  of  N. 

witli  deep 
numerous 
«  is  taken 
the  inuz/.te 
.  Vertical 
1  in  N.  hm 
b  apparent, 
thin,  senii- 
xtends  2""» 
16  internal 
jonsistenco 
•per  border 
le  revolute 
than  high, 
base  of  the 
enter,  that 

this  regard 
itingiiishcul 

With  Old 
nd  N.  aj'ri- 
i. 
g  at  u])per 

elbow  and 


1 


:l'l 


.Q 


Explanation  of  Plate  XXXIV. 

Fig.  1.  Front  viow  of  head  of  Xiictinomus  macrolh  neradetisit. 

Fi(i.  2.  Side  view  of  same. 

Fui.  ii.  View  of  tl'itgiis  iiud  inner  surface  of  auricle. 

Fio.  4.  Winj;;  nieinbriine. 

Fig.  .").  Tail  and  interfenioral  nienibranc. 

Fig.  6.  Slviill  seen  from  above,     x  'J. 

Fig.  7.  Sliull  and  lower  jaw  seen  from  the  side,     x  2. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUFEUM 


BULLETIN  43,   PL.  XXXIV 


Nyctinomus  MACROTIS  NEVADENSIS. 


'%' 


O 

N 
fn 

ID 
It 

JV 

tt 

w 
r< 

8] 
SI 


1< 
0 

t 
a 

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] 


A  MONOGRAPH  OK  THE  BATS  OP  NOHTH  AMERICA. 


173 


extPnding  tlienco  vertically  to  within  a  millimeter  of  free  margin. 
Other  nerves  of  the  wing  membrane  and  the  terminal  phalangeH  as  in 
N.  braHilk'imis.  The  tail  membrane  with  a  well-defined  lino  extending 
from  the  middle  of  the  thigli  to  the  free  margin  of  the  membrane. 

The  first  ol>li(iue  band  at  the  radis-carpal  angle  is  attached  to  the 
mnscle  mass  at  the  base  of  the  fifth  metacarpal  bone  parallel  to  radius. 
It  measures  5""".    The  i)ouch  is  indistinct. 

A  fibrous  band  lies  to  the  inner  side  of  the  fifth  metacarpal  bone. 
N.  braHiliemiH  has  none. 

Mojeillary  teeth. — The  incisor  is  cuspidate.  The  caniiie  without  pos- 
terior basal  prohmgation  and  in  contact  with  tiie  first  premolar,  which, 
while  small  in  size  and  Him])le,  is  larger  than  in  ¥.  hraHiUensis  and  is 
retained  in  the  axis  of  the  tooth  row.  The  remaining  t<}eth,  as  in  the 
species  last  named,  with  the  exception  that  the  posterior  limb  of  the 
second  V  is  complete  and  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  anterior  limb. 

Mandibular  teeth. — Incisors  two  in  number,  Hai,  crowned,  deeply 
bilobed.    The  remaining  teeth  mucli  the  same  as  in  N".  brasiliensia. 

SktiU. — Length,  22""";  mesencephahm,  S""";  greatest  width,  10""» ; 
least  width,  4""".  Length  of  face  from  infraorbital  (!anal,  4""".  The  par- 
occipital  process  is  broad  at  the  base,  subacuminate,  not  reaching  to 
the  line  of  the  middle  of  the  condyle  and  no  longer  than  the  mastoid. 
The  interval  0(!cupied  by  the  otic  capsule,  which,  with  the  exception 
of  a  small  portion  crossed  by  a  process  of  the  scjuamosa,  is  exposed. 
The  face  vertex  is  scarcely  inflated  at  its  widest  part,  is  very  little 
wider  than  the  region  of  the  proencephalon.  The  region  of  the  lachry- 
mal bone  is  marked  by  a  tubercle.  The  orbital  crest  is  conspicuous 
and  not  produced.  The  line  of  the  upper  border  of  the  anterior  nasal 
aperture  if  produced  would  intersect  the  tlental  arch  immediately  back 
>f  the  canine.  The  opening  from  the  mesopterygoid  fossa  to  the  orbit 
is  large.  The  sagittal  crest  is  small  and  confined  to  the  region  of  the 
proencephalon  and  metencephalon.  The  interval  between  the  faintly 
marked  posterior  temporal  crest  and  the  occipital  crest  is  elevated, 
rounded,  and  not  triangular.  The  sphenoidal  tongue  is  rudimental 
and  is  not  disposed  from  the  horizontal.  The  basispheaoid  dossie  is 
conspicuous.  Tlie  tympanic  bone  is  large  and  inflated;  the  mastoid 
region  small,  nodular;  the  basi  occipital  is  narrrow  without  latteral 
depressions,  which  are  so  conspicuous  in  Artibeus;  the  round  foramen 
of  the  sphenoid  bone  separated  I'rom  the  sphenoidal  foramen  by  a  sep- 
tum; the  pterygoid  process  a  delicate  spine;  the  vomer  extends  to  the 
posterior  border  of  the  hard  i)alate. 

The  small  corouoid  is  scarcely  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  condyle, 
but  is  one-half  the  width  of  the  adjacent  part  of  the  horizontal  ramus. 
The  angle  is  broad,  flat,  and  scarcely  produced  beyond  the  condyle. 
Seen  from  above  it  is  so  deflected  that  it  lies  just  at  the  outer  border 
of  the  condyle.  The  posterior  border  of  the  ascending  ramus  is  slightly 
concave.  The  masseteric  impression  is  shallow  and  leaves  a  broad  in- 
terval between  it  and  the  lower  margin  of  the  ramus. 


I 


174         BULLETIN   13,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Siucu  1  have  iievoi-  seen  Nyctinomuti  macrotiH  in  the  adult  form,  or  IVoni 
loealitieH  from  whujh  it  was  flrst  collected,  I  have  thou^^ht  it  bent  to  iden- 
tify the  specinienH  described  as  N.  mairoiUH  ncvadenciii. 

In  specimen  No.  1/)178,  the  head  and  b: dy  measures  GO'"'"  whi(!h  is 
probably  nearer  the  adult  than  in  the  precedinjif  example.  The  len},'tli 
of  the  arm  is  25"""  and  that  of  the  forearm  54"'"'.  Tlie  other  measure- 
ments are  not  of  sutticient  value  to  be  separately  made. 

Habitat'. — Nevada  and  (valifornia,  accordinfj  to  Dobson,  N".  macrotis 
has  been  collected  in  Cuba  and  Brazil  (Mato  Grosso),  and  Paraguay. 
This  writer  assigns  Diisopes  aitrispinoiius  of  Peale  to  JV.  macrotiH.  la 
this  connection  it  is  of  interest  to  state  that  Mr.  Peale  collected  7).  an 
rispinosns  at  sea.  The  specimen  flow  on  the  vessel  off  the  coast  of  Brazil 
lOU  miles  from  laud. 


■\  ,  MKASUHEMKNTS. 

[No.  15178,  U.  S.  N.  M.] 

MilUiuetcra. 

Head  and  body  (from  crown  of  bead  to  base  of  tail) 

Length  of  arm 28 

Length  of  forearm 52 

First  digit : 

Length  of  tirat  metnciirpal  bone 3 

Length  of  flrMt  phalanx 4 

Second  digit : 

Length  of  second  metacarpal  bune 45 

Length  of  first  phalanx 

Third  digit: 

Length  of  third  metacarpal  bone 46 

Length  of  first  phalanx 15 

Length  of  second  phalanx 12 

Fourth  digit : 

Length  of  fourth  metacarpal  bone 42 

Length  of  first  phalanx 12 

Length  of  second  phalanx 2 

Fifth  digit : 

Length  of  fifth  metacarpal  bono 24 

Length  of  first  phalanx 15 

Length  of  second  phalanx 4 

Lenth  of  head  20 

Height  of  ear 15 

Height  of  tragus 2 

Width  of  tragus - 2 

Length  of  thigh 18 

Length  of  tibia 13 

Length  of  foot 10 

Length  of  intcrfemoral  membrane 

Length  of  tail  entire 43 

Length  of  tail  (free  portion) 23 

*  U.  S.  Exploring  Ex])editiou,  Mamm.  and  Omith.,  1848, 22. 


U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43.  PL.  XXXV 


"■"  whi(;li  is 

The  length 

er  meusure- 


1.  Maxillary  teeth  of  Nyctinomus  macrotis  nevadensis.   x  12. 

2.  Mandibular  teeth  of  same,    x  12. 


Pr 


on 

01 
CO 

rt\ 
tb 
1» 

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N 
is 
fo 
m 
m 
tl 


tl 
T 
ti 
b: 

P 
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tl 
o: 

V 
CI 

ii 
a 

il 
Is 

tl 
» 


A 

t: 


A    MONOailAIMI   OF   THE    bAT8   OF   NOUTII    AMERICA. 


175 


OenuB  PROMOPS  (<urvuit<.  .  \ 

Promopi  Gnrvnis,  Exped.  dii  Coiiii;to  do   Cuotuliiuii,   ZciiiloKio,  Muullnif^rnH,  1H85, 
5B,  pi.  XII,  ti({8.  3,  3u;  I'lttxrH,  MH.  Akud.  Burlin,  18A6,  071. 

■I  2  11 

Denlnl  J'oriHula. — Mdlars   ,  inoiiiolurn  _^,  canine  *,  inciHorH   '  x  '2—iW. 

PromopH  was  8eparat(!d  by  (Jervais  from  MoIohkum,  (Jeoff.,  on  tlio  pres- 
once  of  two  prumolarH  in  the  upper  Jaw,  MoloHsitu  having;  but  one. 

DiagnoniH. — The  larguHt  bat  in  thu  fuunn,  the  forearm  measuring 
rtlj™'"*  Ears  joined  and  reaeh  forward  quite  to  the  muzzle.  Proto- 
cone,  without  the  crenuhitions  Whi(rh  arc  ho  eonspicuouH  in  Molomim 
ri{fus.  The  ma.xilhiry  incisors  touch  and  occupy  the  iutcrval8  between 
the  canines.  The  flrst  maxilhiry  premohir  is  small  and  withdrawn  to 
palatal  side  of  axis  of  dental  series.  Anterior  V  of  first  molar  much 
smaller  than  the  second.  In  common  with  other  MoUmi  (exceptinjf 
Nyctinomus),  the  premaxillo)  are  conjoined  at  the  palate.  The  fifth  dif^it 
is  much  the  smallest  of  the  series,  and  the  first  phalanx  of  the  third  and 
fourth  digits  is  dorsillexed  in  repose.  The  first  row  of  phalanges  in 
manus  is  from  three  to  four  times  as  large  as  the  second.  The  fifth 
metiicarpal  bone  is  one-half  the  length  of  the  fourth  and  nearly  one- 
third  the  length  of  the  third  metacarpal  bone. 

1.  Promops  perotia  oallforniouB  Morriain.     (I'lutuH  xxxvi,  xxxvii,  xxxviii.) 

Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam  has  described  a  bat  in  the  fourth  fascituilus  of 
the  North  American  Fauna*  un<ler  the  mime  of  MoIoshus  ealifornictisA 
Two  adult  females  of  this  bat  have  been  forwarded  to  nui  by  the  Na- 
tional Museum,  and  upon  these  the  following  descrii)tion  has  been 
based.  I  have  long  been  familiar  with  a  sp(!cies  of  Molossus  which  ap- 
peared to  be  a  distinct  variety,  one  specimen  without  locality,  which 
was  sent  to  me  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Cooper,  of  the  Califcruia  Academy  of  Science, 
and  a  second  purchased  of  Mr.  Ward,  also  without  locality.  One  of 
these  was  in  fair  condition  and  more  closely  answered  to  the  description 
of  M.  glaucinus  than  to  M.  perotis,  and  was  identified  as  M.  glaucimut 
var.  1  have  not  seen  M.  fflaucinus,  and  held  as  probable  that,  as  in  the 
case  of  Macrotus,  a  species  of  Cuban  bat  might  find  closely  allied  foi«ms 
in  Mexico  and  California.  Were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  I  have  ex- 
amined M.  tcaterhousii  from  Cuba  I  would  have  hesitated  in  separating 
M.  cali/ornieus  from  it.  Dobson  indeed  does  not  recognize  the  species 
last  named.  Purbuiug  this  plan  of  reasoning,  1  declined  to  describe 
the  Californian  specimen  as  new.  Mr.  Merriam  has  been  fortunate  in 
securing  fully  adult  forms,  which  are  evidently  the  same  as  my  M,  glau- 
cinus var.,  and  has  described  therii  under  the  name  above  given.    He 


•N.  A.  Fauna,  4, 1890-1. 

tl  have  been  acquaiutcd  with  two  examples  of  this  species  for  b  long  time.  One 
was  purchased  in  a  miscellaneous  lot,  and  one  sent  for  examination  by  the  California 
Academy  of  Science.  Both  of  these  examples  were  without  locality,  and  I  assumed 
they  might  be  member  of  faunie  from  which  I  had  never  received  specimens. 


176 


BULLETIN   43,  UNITED  STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


makes  no  allusion  to  M.  (flaucinus,  but  institute's  ('oin])iU'isons  with  M. 
perotis,  from  wliii^h  it  is  undoubtedly  distinct.  In  the  absencpot'cxait 
,  information  reapoc'tlnjjf  M.  glannmis,  I  have  concluded  to  adopt  jno- 
visionally  Mr.  ^Nlcrriain's  name  as  one  based  upon  the  study  of  the  adult. 
Careful  comparisons  with  M.  (flaucinus  must  be  made  before  its  validity 
is  established. 

M.  ylpneinuH  is  stated  by  Dobson  to  be  light  brown  atthebaseof  tlici 
hairs,  then  chestnut  brown,  the  extreme  tips  grayish,  so  that  the  upper 
surface  appears  altogether  gray.  The  colors  of  M.  californicus  arc 
within  the  group  of  the  grays,  and  it  is  tenable  that  the  basal  sluHlf 
may  be  variable  within  specific  limits  and  pass  from  chestnut  to  l»iill' 
and  thence  to  whire  butf.  Be  this  as  it  may,  the  coloratioji  may  be  dis- 
carded in  the  diag  losis,  and  the  important  specific  characters  made  to 
include  the  emargination  on  the  posterior  border  of  the  auricle  (which 
is  said  by  Dobson  to  be  absent  in  M.  glaucinus),  the  presence  of  a  tu- 
bercle on  the  interauricular  membrane,  and  in  the  first  ujjper  premolar 
being  central  in  the  space  between  the  canine  and  second  premolar. 

The  tragus  in  M. glauvinm,  according  to  Dobson, is  0.12  (3i'""),  while 
in  M.  mlifornivm  it  is  J:""",  a  diflFerence  so  slight  as  to  come  M-ithin  the 
range  of  personal  error. 

The  diflt'erence  in  the  measurements  of  the  bo<ly  and  limbs  is  not 
greater  than  those  between  specimens  of  M.  perotis  in  the  Cambridge 
collection  and  those  of  the  British  Muocum  series  made  by  Dobson. 

On  the  dorsum  the  hair  has  sooty-ash  tips,  varying  to  a  light  but!" 
or  whitish;  thus  the  hair  is  of  two  colors.  The  greater  i)ortion  is  a 
shade  of  white.  The  tips  appear  to  be  less  diflferently  colored  from  the 
sliaft  over  the  loin  than  elsewhere.  On  the  venter  the  color  is  lighter, 
the  tips  of  the  hairs  are  less  sooty,  but  s'ill  ashy. 

On  the  membranes  the  hair  covers  the  basal  half  (jf  the  ear  dorsally; 
it»extends  from  the  proximal  third  of  the  humerus  to  .lear  the  knee, 
and  on  the  interfwnoial  mend)rane  at  the  basal  third.  On  the  venter 
the*  hair  is  about  of  the  same  distribution  as  above,  but  they  do  not 
reach  so  far  along  the  thigh,  and  more  is  found  along  the  forearm. 

A  thin  line  of  dark  uniccdored  hair  is  seen  along  the  upper  bonier  of 
tlie  proximal  third  of  the  forearm  in  advance  of  the  elbow;  a  second 
much  larger  line  of  similar  hair  extends  from  the  proximal  third  of  tlie 
forearm  to  the  wrist,  and  a  white  defined  patch  overlies  the  carpal  por- 
tion of  the  fourth  digital  intersi)ace. 

Memhranen. — The  prcbrachium  not  volant  beyond  the  Junction  of  tlie 
proximal  to  the  middle  third  of  the  forearm.  The  wing  nu'mbrane  is 
attached  to  the  distal  fourth  of  the  leg.  No.  19088,  IT.  S.  N.  M.,  female, 
has  a  rudimentary  gul..r  itoueh.  Auricile  ample,  one-third  longer  than 
head,  nearly  circular,  with  a  broad,  shallow  excavation  on  outer  mar- 
gin; the  keel  long,  nearly  reaching  the  n()t(!h,  and  is  slightly  folded  foj- 
ward.  The  hem  begins  at  the  posterior  emargination,  becomes  gradu- 
ally convex,  but  narrows  opposite  the  external  basal  ridge,  crosses  the 


GUM. 

sons  with  M. 
ieucoofcxiHt 
io  adoi>t  ino- 
>'of  thojidiilt. 
re  its  validity 

liebuHooftlKi 
UattlienpiHT 
ifornmiN  aic 
basal  sliadf 
stnut  to  bull' 
ijiinaybedis- 
!tei<s  made  to 
iiricle  (whirh 
?nce  of  a  ta- 
per premoliir 
premohir. 
(3i"'-^')»  while 
B  within  tlie 

b'mbs  is  not 
s  Cambridge 
'  Dobsoii. 
a  liglit  butt' 

portion  is  a 
»red  from  the 
ur  is  lighter, 

:'ar  dorsally; 
»r  the  knee, 
I  the  venter 
they  do  not 
brearm. 
»or  border  of 
v;  a  second 
third  of  the 
i  carpal  t)or- 


iction  of  tlic 
lembranc  is 
.  M,,  female, 
longer  thiin 
I  outer  niiir- 
i  folded  for- 
►mes  gradu- 
crosses  the 


''' 


Fl« 
Vu 
Fi( 
Fk 
Fit 
Fi( 


Explanation  of  Plate  XXXVI. 

.  1.   I'nder  view  of  the  liead  of  I'roniopn  piroth  vdtiJ'oriiiciiH. 

.  2.  [Side  view  of  name. 

.  3.   View  of  tra{i;ii8  and  inner  surface  of  auricle. 

.  4.  Tail  and  interfemoral  membrane. 

.  5.  Skull  seen  from  above,     x  '2. 

.  (i.  Skull  and  lower  Jaw  seen  from  the  side,     x  2. 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.  XXXVI 


l 


A  MONOGRAPH  OP  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


177 


notch,  and  euds  on  tbe  posterior  border  of  the  aiititragua.  The  anti- 
tiagus  is  longer  than  high.  The  couch  is  very  deep,  ahnost  reaching 
the  shoulder.  When  the  antitragus  is  removed  from  its  attachments 
and  turned  outward  the  boundnries  of  the  not<;li  and  the  attachment 
are  distinctly  seen.  The  external  basal  ridge  joins  the  lowest  of  the 
transverse  ridges  at  a  right  angle.  The  tragus  is  hniger  than  wide  and 
is  abruptly  truncate  at  tlie  ajtex.  The  iiiteranrictular  membrane  is 
deeply  uot<;he(l  in  the  middle  and  furnished  M'ith  a  hairy  tubercle  on 
either  side.  A  rib  connected  this  membrane  to  the  snout  directly  back 
ot  the  muzzle.  The  muzzle  with  circular  borders  which  are  iinperfecitly 
defined  below,  but  trenchant  and  prorect  above,  where  they  are  ob- 
scurely crenulate.  In  the  median  line  a  vertical  ridge  separates  the 
ahnost  marginal  nostrils.  A  sparse  growth  of  hairs  sparsely  lines  the 
upper  part  of  interior  of  the  auricle.  A  delicate  fringe  covers  the  pos- 
terior margin,  including  the  hem.  Tlie  hair  of  the  back  of  the  conch 
and  base  of  the  antitragus  can  not  be  distinguished  from  that  of  the 
side  of  the  neck.  The  interauricular  membrane  is  hairy  on  both  dor- 
sal and  ventral  surfaces;  a  moderately  stiff  brush  of  forwardly  directed 
bairs  project  from  the  rib  above  the  snout. 

When  the  inmiense  range  of  coloration  in  some  bats  is  recalled,  as 
tor  example  in  Artibevs  pcrspiciUatm,  it  :  ''ell  to  be  cautious  in  dis- 
tiiiguishing  species  by  shades  of  fur  only. 

Ukull. — The  brain  case  scarcely  elevated  above  the  vertex  of  the  face. 
Metencephalon  slightly  higher  than  the  mesencephalon,  and  this  in  turn 
but  little  higher  than  the  face.  A  slight  depression  only  betw^een  the 
mesencephalon  and  the  metencephalon.  Tympanic  bone  not  concealing 
cochlea.  The  otic  capsule  comes  to  the  jteriphery  at  both  squamosal 
bone  and  occiput.  Semicircular  canals  tilled  with  bone,  save  the  supe- 
rior, which  retains  a  minute  foramen.  Anterior  temporal  ridge  faintly 
marked;  sagitta  barely  defined;  posterior  temporal  ridge  trenchant. 
Face  vertex  straight.  Inner  wall  of  the  orbit  nearly  flat;  anterior  wall 
not  depressed  or  with  a  narrow  transverse  groove.  Anterior  nasal 
sjiiue  with  flat,  thin,  lateral  process.  The  infraorbital  foramen  in  front 
of  the  second  premolar.    Squama  at  base  of  zygoma  is  indented. 

Distance  from  infraorbital  canal  to  anterior,  nasal  aperature  equals 
twiee  the  diameter  of  base  of  canine.  Hard  palate  extends  a  short  dis- 
tance beyond  the  last  molar.  Lower  jaw  with  semilunar  notch  exceed- 
ing the  distance  from  angle  to  the  condyle.  The  angle  exceeds  in  length 
tbc  mesolateral  diameter  of  <;ondyle,  and  lies  below  the  lower  border  of 
tlie  horizontal  ramus.  The  sympliysal  spine,  seen  from  in  front  the  sym- 
piiysis  menti,  is  crested  at  lower  half. 

The  above  description  contrasts  with  Molossm  rufus  as  loUows:  The 
short  face  vertex  is  abruptly  inclined.  The  anterior  temporal  crest  not 
si'cn,  but  the  posterior  crest  and  the  sagitta  are  very  large  in  many 
specimens,  resembling  the  parts  as  seen  in  NoctUio. 
'  Inner  wall  of  orbit  convex;  anterior  wall  depressed.  The  anterior 
441— No.  43 12 


178  BULLETIN    13,  LNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

nasal  aperaturc  with  stout  blunt  process.  The  infraorbital  canal  back  I 
of  the  second  premolar;  the  distance  from  the  canal  to  the  anterior 
nasal  aperture  equals  the  width  of  the  base  of  the  canine  tootb.  Thft 
hard  i)alate  does  not  extend  beyond  the  last  molar.  The  lower  jaw  w^Hi 
semilunar  notch  ecjually  tlie  distan(^e  from  the  anf^le  to  the  condyle; 
the  angle  exceeds  in  length  the  mesolateral  diameter  of  the  condyle. 

Maiguremeiits  of  Bkull. 

P.  perotit  \  ,r      t 


OreatflHt  Inngth 

Leniith  of  brniii  case 

Wiiltli  of  liruiii  itiMo  (biiiiiwtoiil) 

Width  of  hraiii  cane  (liizyKoinutiiO . . . 
Width  of  lirnin uuhu  (bip'riincuidiulic;) 
Leiigt  li  of  face 


2/m. 


U 
13 
14 

r 


The  ectoturbinal  is  compressed  from  side  to  side  and  is  one-half  the  | 
length  of  the  first  eiidoturbinal.  The  tlrst  endoturbinal  is  acuminate, 
as  it  is  seen  from  the  median  surface,  the  portion  projecting  in  advance  1 
of  the  third  endoturbinal  being  slightly  convex  inferiorly.  The  third 
endoturbinal  is  received  in  a  depression  on  the  lateral  surface  of  the 
first,  the  second  being  absent.  It  in  turn  receives  the  fourth.  Both 
these  turbinals,  as  st^eii  in  situ,  are  longer  than  wide. 

Maxillary  teeth. — Incisor  almost  touches  canine,  yet  reaches  middle 
line  and  is  contigious  with  its  fellow  at  the  base.  The  simple,  cone^like 
crown  is  thence  deflected  outward,  causing  the  crowns  of  the  two  teeth  i 
to  Lightly  diverge  from  one  another.  Canine  simple  without  groove; 
the  cingulum  slightly  produced  backward.  The  small  first  premolar 
lies  directly  on  the  outer  face  of  the  interval  between  the  canine  and 
the  second  premolar.  The  second  premolar  with  prominent  paracolic 
and  large  heel-like  projection.  The  molars  quite  as  in  Nyctinomus, 
other  than  that  the  rudiment  of  the  second  V  of  the  third  molar  is  a  | 
mere  tubercle. 

Mandibular  teeth. — The  incisoi-s  are  compressed  and  bilobed.    The  I 
premolars  are  slightly  crowded.     The  commissure  at  the  lingual  base 
of  the  heel  is  deeply  eniarginate  in  the  middle.    The  heel  of  the  third 
molar  is  somewhat  compressed   from  without  inward,    the   lingual 
bordei*  being  much  the  higlier. 

Ifotes  on  the  sicelcton. — Axis  with  long  transverse  process,which  bears  I 
a  foramen  to  the  outsi<le  of  the  foramen  for  the  vertebral  artery.    Keel  I 
on  the  ventral  surface  of  the  centrum  ending  in  a  tubercle.   Atlas  with 
tubercle  on  anterior  arc;  large  spine  on  anterior  border  of  wide  trans- 
verse process.    St^apuhi  coracoid  defle  cted  posteriorly,  narrowed  at  end. 

Humerus. — The  height  of  the  outer  tuberosity  correlates  with  tbel 
depth  of  the  fossa  in  front  of  the  head.   The  depression  on  the  humerus, 
inner  side,  near  elbow,  equals  one-half  diameter  of  shaft.    Trochlear ' 
surfaces  iit  elbow  deep,  well  defined. 

Radius. — ^The  depression  on  the  radius  less  than  that  on  the  humerus.  I 


JM. 

1  canal  back  | 
Llio  auterior 
tootl).    The 
vet  Jaw  with  I 
;he  condyle; 
1  condyle. 


U.  S.   NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.   XXXVII 


>erotu 
irnieui. 


IT,  rv/ui. 


f-m. 

Mm. 

29 

•22 

17 

14 

15 

13 

17 

14 

6i 

*i 

12 

8 

one-half  the  | 
)  acuminate, 
g  in  advance  I 
.    The  third 
arface  of  the 
lurth.    Both  | 

iclies  middle 
lie,  cone-like  | 
he  two  teeth  I 
lOut  groove; 
•st  premolar 
)  canine  and 
nt  paracolic 
Nyctinomus,  ] 
L  molar  is  a  I 

ilobed.  The 
lingual  base 
of  the  third 
the   lingual 

,which  bears 
rtery.    Keel  I 
Atlas  with 
'  wide  trans- 1 
owed  at  end. 
;e8  with  the  I 
;he  humerus, 
.    Trochlear  | 

;he  humerus. 


i 


WINQ  MEMBRANE  OF  PROMOPS  PEROTIS  CALIFORNICUS. 


r\' 


A  MONOQRAI'H  OF  THE  B4T8  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.    179 

Tlio  (liHtul  end  of  the  radius  m  iarniMhcd  with  a  large  median  i)rocciJ8. 
Ulnu  with  proximal  end  not  anchylosed  to  the  radius,  but  having  an 
exceedinf^ly  delicate  throat-like  shaft  which  joins  the  radium  at  junc- 
tion ofmiddlo  with  the  distal,  viz.,  at  45"""  the  ramius  being  72'"'"  long. 
Thib  is  best  seen  in  the  young.  The  distal  ulna  element  is  united  to 
the  radius,  forming  with  it  a  i)erforate  quadrate  i)late  which  bears  a 
minute  perforation.    The  distal  border  of  the  plate  is  notched. 

A  sesamoid  dorsad  to  first  row  of  carpal  bones ;  a  second  sesamoid  on 
the  fourth  metacarpal,  which  is  united  to  ccntrale  (or  magnum)  by  a 
ligament;  a  third  sesamoid  on  fifth  metacarpal  at  i)roximal  end;  it  is 
united  to  the  bones  of  the  first  row  by  a  ligament. 

Carpus. — The  concavo-convex  trapezium  much  larger  than  the  small 
tripartite  trapezoid,  and  overlapping  it.  Magnum  subcordate  unci- 
form with  coarsely  spinose  facet  for  the  fourth  metacarpal,  but  is  plaiu 
and  simple  for  articulation  with  the  fifth  metacari)al.  Unciform,  small, 
irregular.    Pisiform  not  extending  on  shaft  of  the  fifth  metacarpal. 

Metacarpus  with  first  nuitacarpal,  with  axial  facet  for  articulation, 
with  a  lateral  facet  of  the  second  metacarpal.  Second  metacarpal  with 
a  large  angulated  head  which  is  directed  toward  the  fifth;  the  fifth 
metacarpal  has  a  corresponding  angulation  whi(!li  is  directiul  toward 
the  second;  this  arrangement  greatly  strengthens  the  palmar  aspect  of 
the  carpus.  The  bone  is  compressed  with  sharp  palmed  keel  much 
smaller  than  any  of  the  series. 

The  differences  in  the  length  of  the  metacarpal  and  x>halaugeal  ele- 
ment are  seen  in  the  table  of  measurements. 

No  keel  is  seen  on  tlie  sternum. 

Ribs  are  thirteen  in  number — the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  beirg  widely 
deflected  and  having  much  larger  interspaces  than  the  others.  The 
sacrum  has  three  elements. 

Innominate  with  concave  dorsum  anchylosed  to  the  sacrum  and  to 
each  other  at  the  pubis. 

Femur. — Internal  trochanter  with  minute  spine;  external  trochanter 
with  rugose  h)ngitudinal  ridge  extending  on  proximal  fourth  of  shaft. 
The  line  of  top  of  the  external  trochanter  carried  across  shaft  lies  just 
below  head  and,  if  produced,  intersects  the  lower  border  of  the  free 
end  of  the  internal  trochanter. 

Tibia,  with  globose  spine,  posterior  surface  of  shaft  near  condyle 
depressed  for  flexon  of  toes.  Fibula  entire;  prox  end  with  glocose  ex- 
tremity; distal  end  the  larger,  with  well-defined  malleolus.  Clavicle 
widest  to  mesal  half.  A  distinct  facet  is  seen  for  articulating  with  the 
first  costal  cartilage. 

3feasiiremenU. 

MilliiuoteTB. 

Head  and  body  (from  crown  of  head  to  base  of  tail) 70 

Length  of  arm 35 

Length  of  forearm 67 


180  DULLETIN    13,  UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Mcatiuretiienlii — Cuut.iuiiuU. 
I'iiHl   «lij{i(  :  Mlllimntein, 

I          L)<ii^r|li  of  lii>t  iiictaciii'iial  lioiie (j 

Li'llfrtll  of  lll'Nt  iihulitiix IJ 

Si'coiiit  ili);it: 

l.i-iiglh  of  Mccoiid  lut^tiicai'pul  lioiie tl7 

Lfii^lli  of  tii-Ht  iihulimx 2 

Tliiniainit: 

Lcii^tli  of  tliiril  iiii'tat'iirpal  )ion< t;9 

iii'ii^tli  of  (ii'Mt  ]ilialaiix ;(() 

L<Mi)rtli  of  Hccoiid  |ih)ilaiix 1>G 

Funi'th  ili^it: 

Li'U^'lU  of  fourth  inutiK'arpal  bono (;(i 

Lfiijrtli  of  first  )ilialaiix 2',i 

L(Mi^th  of  acoonil  plialuiix r,^ 

Fiftli  (linit: 

Loii^th  of  liftli  inutacnrpul  bouo ,'{7 

Length  of  first  i>huh>nx 1>1 

Length  of  second  jihalaHX 0 

Leiigtli  of  head 2!l 

Height  of  ear  (frrni  lower  border  of  coneh) 4I» 

Heiglit  of  car  (from  vertex) 22 

Height  of  tragus 4 

Length  of  thigh \h 

Length  of  tibia II 

Length  of  foot II 

Length  of  tail  in  inturfenioral  nienibraue '22 

Length  of  tail  beyond  tbo  iuterfemoral  membrane 30 

The  measiirenieuts  of  P.  (flaueinus  are  here  giveu  for  couvenieiice. 
They  have  beeu  cah^uhited  on  the  metric  scale  from  Dobson'a  measure- 
meuts  on  the  Euglish  scale. 

Mea8urementH. 

Millimi'lcrH. 

Head  and  body  ( from  crown  of  head  to  base  of  tail) 7(i 

Length  of  forearm (il) 

Length  of  lirst  metacarpal  bone II 

Third  digit: 

Length  of  third  metacarpal  bouo (il 

Length  of  first  plialanx IT) 

Length  of  second  phalanx 27 

Fourth  digit: 

Lengtli  of  fourth  metacarpal  bone 5G 

Length  of  lirst  phalanx 21 

Length  of  second  phulunx 6 

Fifth  digit: 

Lengtli  of  lifth  metacarpal  bone 2!l 

Length  of  tirst  phalanx 21 

Length  of  second  phalanx a 

Length  of  head 29 

Height  of  ear lU 

Height  of  tragus IJJ 

Length  of  tibia lU 

Length  of  foot 8 

Length  of  tail 03 

Length  of  tail  (free  from  membrane) 25 


U.  8.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


BULLETIN  43,  PL.   XXXVIII 


1.  Maxillary  teeth  of  Promops  perotis  californicus.    X8. 

2.  MaNDIBUi-AR  teeth  of  same.     X8. 


i 


I 


Tl 

lliol 

ICi 

•  •t'tli 

IIUMII 

\\)](h 
My  c 
at  l>< 

«iii  < 
|iimt 

CIIIIU 

(loos 
forni 
cU^s. 
verti 

IIIOVI 

Ai 

tll(3  I 

lorin 
cxtci 
coiic 
is  3" 
is  fol 
with 
thicl 
ahov 
Til 
with 

till!  1 
1»,\'  tl 

ti'iiiii 
ill  tL 
The 
ri(!tu 

Til 
digit 
tiiaii 
piiali 
digit 
half 
bran 

Th 
bruit 


A   MONOaRAPII  OF   THE   IJAT8  OP  NORTH  AMERICA.         181 

Tim  closoly  nllicd  PromopH  jwrotin  h'.ioiild  ho  (!(irofully  compared  with 
llio  fontgniiiff  Hitl)H])(^(^ios.     Ifc  prcHiMit.-t  tlio  i'ollowiiit;  chariu^terH : 

Kiirs  not  a.s  IiIkIi  an  broad.  Tliick  at  tho  lar^n  kitul  and  in  tho  region 
iiCtlio  Junction  oC  tlio  keel  witii  tlio  ui)iH^r  haHu;  for  t\w  rcHt,  tliiu  and 
iiionibranons.  Uoium^  tlu^  ear  Ii»8  in  tlitt  hoa<l  in  an  irro^fular  niuHH  of 
I'oIdH.  Tlio  Hecond  Hcallop  not  easily  distin^ulKlu'd  from  tint  conch. 
i(y  careful  inHpct;tion  a  small  inciHion  is  seen  to  lie  on  the  outer  nuir({in 
at  beginning  of  the  ridge  of  the  external  basal  lobe  and  the  upper  miir. 
;;in  of  tho  auricle.  The  second  scallop  can  n(»t  be  traced  beyond  tiie 
jiostantitragiis  notch.  Tiie  i)ostcrior  border  of  the  aurich^  is  witliout 
cniargination.  The  keel  is  niin^h  wider  than  in  /'.  mlifornit'm.  The 
ransverse  auricular  line  not  in  the  form  of  ridges.  The  second  scallop 
does  not  roach  the  antitragus,  whi(;h  has  the  same  form  as  in  /'.  vaU- 
fornicuH.  The  notch  of  the  interauricular  membrane  is  without  tuber- 
cles.   The  snout  with  less  sliarp  margin  and  apparently  no  median 

vertical  ridge.    The  interauricular  membi'ane  with  septum  0' beliind 

iinizzle  and  (('""■  in  front  of  skull.    Thus,  the  membrane  lies  upoD  the 
movable  snout. 

Antitragus  twice  as  long  as  high;  ridge  extending  forward  joining 
tiie  n])per  lip  in  advance  of  the  angle.  Keel  fleshy,  with  lower  third 
t'oi-ming  a  lobe  which  is  folded  baitkward  and  toucliing  the  rudimcutal 
external  basal  lobe.  A  c<inspicuous  fringe  of  short  hair  grows  from 
conch  on  line  of  the  keel.  The  ears  are  Joined  by  a  membrane,  which 
is  3"""  high,  and  lies  on  the  snout  directly  back  of  th.e  muzzle.  It 
is  folded  bat;k,  excepting  at  the  median  line.  This  membrane,  together 
with  the  band  for  two-thirds  of  the  posterior  surface  of  the  auricle,  are 
tliickly  covered  with  hair.  A  fringe  of  small  hairs  border  the  auricle 
above  the  second  scallop. 

The  tragus  is  twice  as  high  as  wide;  nearly  rectangular  apex  and 
without  basal  notch  and  h>be.  The  long  mobile  snout  is  one-fourth 
tli<!  length  of  the  head.  The  ujjper  margin  of  the  muzzle  is  not  found 
Ity  the  (ionvex  contour  line  as  in  NyctinomuH,  but  presents  above  it  a 
triangular  cushion,  which  is  surrounded  by  long,  thick  hair,  which  fills 
ill  the  interspace  between  the  muzzle  and  the  interauricular  membrane. 
Tlie  upper  lip  is  separated  from  the  muzzle  by  a  fringe  of  hair.  The 
rictus  (angle  of  the  mouth)  lies  in  a  line  with  the  eye. 

The  terminal  phalanges  of  the  manus  are  described  as  follows:  Third 
digit,  terminal  phalanx  compressed  laterally;  apex  sliglitly  expanded, 
tiiangular;  no  membrane  on  the  ectal  side.  Fourth  digit,  terminal 
jilialanx  slender,  aciculate,  without  free  tip,  and  inclined  pollical.  Fifth 
digit,  the  terminal  phalanx  is  broad,  almost  spatulate,  the  proximal 
half  thickened,  the  endopatagium  is  attached  to  the  base,  and  the  mem- 
brane of  the  fourth  interspace  to  its  tips. 

The  brain. — The  cerebellum  is  provided  with  a  flocculus.  The  cere- 
brum is  pyriform,  smooth. 

Sex  differences. — The  hair  is  of  a  brownish  shade,  darker  in  the  female 


182  BULLETIN   ■»:?,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

tliiui  ill  tlie  male.  The  base  of  the  hair  is  pale  buff  to  white.  In  the 
ieiHiUe  the  venter  in  slij^htly  lijfliter  than  the  dorsum,  but  in  the  male 
no  appri'ciabh^  ditterence  betweiui  the  refjions  exist.  The  forearm  and 
manus  with  hair  as  in  /'.  jxrotiH  mlifornkux.  Although  nuinyspeeinu'us 
were  available  for  exainiiiatioii,  but  one  of  them,  a  female,  was  in  good 
eoiulition.  In  n\!iny  the  hair  had  been  almost  entirely  lost,  and  all  the 
specimens  hatl  \wv\\  senumacerated  in  weak  aleohol,  and  had  been  lit- 
erally ehurned  by  transi)ortatiou  on  mule  ba(tk  under  a  tropical  sun. 

Hahitat. — Kio  das  Vclhas,  Brazil.    Collected  by  L.  Agassiz  (Thayer 
Exped.). 

MeaHurnmcHts. 

Millininlera. 

Head  auil  body  (from  crown  of  head  t()  Imso  of  tail) <)2 

Lfii^tli  uf  arm 45 

Length  of  forearm 79 

First  digit: 

Length  of  tirst  metacarpal  bone 5 

Length  of  first  phalanx 5 

Sec<md  digit: 

Length  of  second  metacarpal  bono 71 

Length  of  tirst  phalanx 2 

Third  digit: 

liCngth  of  third  metacariial  bono 79 

licngth  of  (irst  ))halani: 33 

I>ength  of  second  ]ih!ilanx 31 

Fonrtli  digit: 

Length  of  fonrth  metacarpal  bone 75 

Length  of  tirst  ])halanx '..  2fi 

Licngth  of  second  phalanx (! 

Fifth  digit: 

Length  of  tifth  metacarpal  Ikmio 42 

Length  of  first  ])lialanx 25 

Length  of  second  phalanx 7 

Length  of  head 11 

Height  of  f>ar 27 

Height  of  tragus  (posterior  surface) 6 

Length  of  thigh 28 

Length  of  tibia 2(i 

Length  of  foot 14 

Length  of  tail  interfen\"r.il  membrane 42 

Length  of  tail  free  from  iuterfemoral  membrane 22 


Meaaurcmenia  of  1'.  pcrotis,  from  Dohgon. 


Inclitia. 


Tliird  mctiiciirpiil. . 

First  nliiilanx 

Sccnllil  )))llllllllX 

Fourth  iiictaciirpal. 

First  iilmlimx 

Scroiul  jiliiilanx 

Filth  motncarpiil... 

First  phnlniix 

Seeuiiil  plinlaiix 


3.5 

1.30 

1.20 

2.85 

1.5 

0.25 

1.70 

o.eo 

0.25 
'  0.35 


Milli- 
nu'ters. 

70 
33 

;)i 

2.9 
1.15 


0.09 
0.35 


M. 


to.  Ill  the 
n  the  mulo 
oreiiriujiiid 
y  speciiiuiiis 
van  in  godl 
and  all  tlie 
ul  been  lit- 
)ical  sun. 
siz  (Thayer 


MilliiiintHra. 

<(2 

45 

79 

5 

5 

71 

2 

79 

33 

31 

75 

....:.  26 
(5 

42 

25 

7 

41 

27 

G 

28 

2(i 

14 

42 

22 


icliea. 


Milli. 


3.5 

70 

1.30 

33 

1.20 

31 

2.85 

2.9 

1.5 

1.15 

0.25 

1.70 

42 

0.90 

0.09 

0.26 

0.35 

r  0.35 

Appendix. 


In  order  to  enable  the  student  to  decide  for  himself  in  regard  to  the 
many  donbtfnl  or  unidentitiod  species  of  authors  cited  in  the  foregoing 
pages,  the  descriptions  themselves  are  reproduced  in  the  present  Ap- 
pendix. 

A. 

liAFiNESQiTE. — American  Monthly  Magazine,  iii,  1818,  445. 

1.  reapertilio  mtiHtar.  11.  (Wliiskor  Itiit. )  Tail  two-fifths  of  totiil  length,  up|)or 
iiifiHores  none,  lower  (J,  2  wartN  at  the  '.iwor  jaw,  body  entirely  fallow,  top  of  the 
lieftd  brownish,  ears  brown,  auriculatvd,  longer  than  the  bead.  Length  .5  inches, 
breadth  14. 

2.  Vespertilio  humeraliii.  R.  (Black  Hhouldor  bat.)  Tail  three-sevenths,  upper 
ineisores  2,  remote,  lower  6,  hody  dark  brown  above,  shouldiTs  black,  gray  beneath, 
wings,  tail,  ears  and  snout  blaekish,  eyes  under  the  hair,  oars  longer  than  the  head, 
elliptical,  auricnlat-ed.    Length,  8  1-2  inches,  breadth,  11. 

3.  Vesperlilio  leasetatim.  it.  (Netted  bat.)  Tail  half  of  total  length,  hairy  above, 
ujiper  ineisores  2,  remote,  lowerG,  body  fallow  above,  head  |)ale,  dirty  fulvous  beneath, 
with  a  faint  fallow  collar,  shonlderH  white,  wings  hairy  at  tlio  l>ase,  with  2  hairy 
white  spots  above  near  the  thumb,  membrane  blaekish,  netted  of  fulvous  internally 
and  clot',ed  of  same  externally,  shafts  fulvous,  nose  bilobat*^,  ears  nearly  concealed 
by  the  hair.     Length  4  inches,  breadth  12. 

4.  Feapcrlllio  rjianopieriia.  \t,  (niu«!-wing  bat.)  Tail  one-third,  2  ineisores  above, 
fl  beneath,  body  dark  gray  above,  bluish  gray  beneath,  wings  of  a  dark  bluish  gray, 
shafts  black,  ears  auriculated,  longer  than  the  head.     Length  3  inches,  breadth  10. 

5.  Vespertilio  mv)anotii8.  H.  (Black  baek  bat.)  Tail  one-third,  brown  above,  gray 
beneath,  body  blackish  above,  whitish  beneath,  wings  dark  gray,  shafts  black,  ears 
auriculated,  rounded.    Length  4  1-2  inches,  breadth  12  1-2. 

G.  VenprrtiUo  valcaraUis.  R.  (Spurred  bat.)  Tail  one-third,  body  dark  l);'own  above, 
da'-k  fallow  beneath,  wings  black,  shafts  rose-coloured,  a  spur  at  the  inner  side  of  the 
elbow,  hind  feet  black.    Length  4  inches,  breadth  12. 

7.  Ve»pert\lio  moiinchtiH.  R.  (A.'onk  bat.)  Tail  one-fourth,  hairy  above,  fringed 
laterally,  body  i>ale,  fallow  above  and  below,  head  and  neck  covered  with  a  longer 
fur  of  a  dark  red  fallow,  wingf  dark  gray,  shafts  red,  hind  feet  black,  nose  red,  ears 
concealed  in  the  fur.     Length  4  inches,  breadth  12. 

8.  Vespertilio  phahps.  R.  (Black  faced  bat.)  Tail  one-third  of  total  length, 
naked,  mucrouate,  body  dusky  bay  above,  pale  beneath,  face,  ears  and  wings 
blackish,  4  ineisores  in  the  upper  jaw,  2  on  each  side,  dividinl  by  a  largo  flat  wart, 
unequal,  the  outside  ones  larger  and  bilobod,  6  snuill  ineisores  at  the  lower  jaw. 
Length  4  1-2  inches,  breadth  13. 

9.  rvipertilio  megalotis.  R.  (Big-eared  bat.)  Tail  three-eighths  of  total  length, 
body  dark  gray  above,  pale  gray  beneath,  ears  very  large,  duplicated,  auricules 
nearly  as  long.    Length  4  inches,  breadth  12  inches. 

183 


184  BULLETIN    13,  UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

B 

RAFlNKSQtTE.— Annals  of  Nature,  1820,  2,  .3. 

1.  N.  Hjt.  AlaUii>h(i  fiixvala.  EiirH  Iniifror  tliaii  (lie  lioad,  anrirnlatod  and  lilarkisli; 
tail  tliroo-Hcvciitlis  of  totiil  li'iifftli,  Jutting  only  1>.V  an  olttuso  [>(>iiit;  Imdy  lirowiiiNli 
above,  f;rayisli  Imiteiilli;  sliouldrrs  and  «'lioekHdark  brown;  liind  I'cct.  Idackisli,  hairy 
above;  winj^s  blackJNli  brown.  Found  in  tbo  nortbcrn  parts  ot'lhc  state  of  New 
York  and  in  \'crniont.  Total  liMijjtli  Huto  and  an  half  inches.  My  (j;''iins  .ilal(i)ihu 
(Pre.e.  dec.)  contain  all  the  Hats  withont  foro  teeth;  there  arc  'A  or  \  Hpeeies  of 
them  in  the  I'nited  Slates  all  blended  nufler  the  name  of  I'eupcrtilio  (or  A'oc/i/io) 
vovi'lioraceiifiin  by  the  writers. 

1.  N.  (i.  KrTK.sic;'.s.  Four  acnte  fore-teeth  to  the  upper  jaw,  in  two  equal  pairs, 
separated  by  a  fjreat  interval  and  a  larjje  flat  wart,  each  pair  has  two  nne(|nal  teeth, 
the  outside  tooth  !■>  nnich  larger  and  unetmally  bilid,  the  outside  one  mueli  larger, 
inside  tooth  small  and  entire.  Six  fore-teeth  to  the  lower  jaw,  e(|ua1  very  small, 
eloso  and  truncate.  Canine  ivA'th  very  shar)i,  curved  and  long.  Grinders  uii- 
equallj'  trifid.  Snout  plain,  nose  without  api>endages.  Ears  separated,  anricn- 
lated.  Tail  nnicronate. — This  gi'nus  a|ipears  to  dift'er  from  all  those  of  (ieotl'roy 
and  Olivier,  ainoiig  the  extt>nsive  tribe  of  Hats.  Tlie  name  means  honse-llyer. 

2.  J'^plrsitUH  Miclaiiopn.  Fallowish  brown  above,  pale  beneath,  fai'e,  ears,  wings, 
feet  and  tail  blackish;  ears  oval,  shorter  than  the  head  and  wrinkled;  tail  naked, 
one-third  of  total  length,  niucrone  one-sixth  of  the  tail;  posterior  toes  eiliate, — Not 
uncommon  in  Kentucky,  Indiana,  i&e.,tolallengtli,  fcnir  and  an  half  incln's.  Iliad 
noticed  it  under  the  head  of  VispertiUo  phaiopa,m  the  American  Magazine,  vol.  lid. 
It  comes  often  in  the  house  at  night. 

3.  JiplcHiviiH  7)i!idiin.  Fulvous  iibove,  grey  beneath;  wings,  ears  and  tail,  pale 
brown,  shafts  whitish;  ears  double  the  l<Migtli  of  the  head;  tail  naked,  slightly  nni- 
cronate, nearly  as  long  as  the  bod,v. — I  have  observed  it  in  the  barrens  of  Kentucky 
flying  in  the  houses.  Total  length  tliree  inches,  of  which  the  tail  includes  tive- 
twelfths.  Ears  tliree-(|uarters  of  an  inch  long.  I  mentioned  it  under  the  name  of 
Vesp.  midus  in  my  account  of  the  Hats  of  the  Western  Stales,  (Am.  Mag.  v.  .S).  I 
have  since  instituted  two  other  genera  with  them,  Niipexodoii  and  Xjicfweius  (I'rodr. 
70  N.  G.  An) ;  the  others  are  jirobabl.y  Atalaphes.  I  know  already  fifteen  species  of 
Bats  in  the  United  States,  almost  all  new  ones. 


Leconte.— Cuvier's  Animal  Kiufidom  (McMurtiie's  ed.),  1831,  431 

I. 

Vcupertilio  rarolhiensis,  Geoff.  Anterior  upper  fore-teeth  sub-simple,  larger  than 
the  jiosterior.     Kemarkable  for  a  strong  odour  resembling  that  of  a  F(tx. 

r.  htcifiigiis,  h.  C. — Anterior  iipjier  fore-teeth  bilobate;  body  above  dark  brown, 
beneath  cinereous;  nose  sub-bil<d>atn;  face  with  a  nakedish  prominence  on  each  side; 
ears  (d)long,  naked,  tragus  siiblinear,  half  as  long  as  the  ears;  tail  projecting  a  little 
beyond  the  membrane;  length  to  the  insorticm  of  the  tail,  two  inches  and  a  quarter; 
tail,  one  inch  and  a  iiiiarter. 

r.  voctiratiiinH,  L.  C;.  Anterior  upper  fore-teeth  bilobate,  the  posterior  sub-simple ; 
colour  black  or  dusty  cinereous;  hair  on  the  back  and  belly  tipped  >vith  grey;  ears 
short,  naked,  roundish;  tragus  slioit  and  nuiudish  ;  nose  snb-bilobate;  tail  project- 
ing a  little  beycmd  the  interfenioral  niembrane,  which  is  hairy ;  length  two  inches 
and  five  eighths;  tail  one  and  three  eighths, 

II. 

Add  Plvroliig  maerolin,  L.C.  Upper  fore  teeth  four,  trilobate,  distant  by  pairs,  the 
posterior  smaller:  <'ars  very  Ion;;-,  iioir.riiii;  forwards;  tragus  subulate,  half  the  length 
of  the  ears.  (There  is  anotjjer  species  with  eciually  long  ears,  which  are  not  united 
on  the  cranimu;  which  of  tliese  is  the  Mtiiitlotin,  of  liaflln.,  it  i^  impossible  to  say.) 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


185 


in. 

Ni/et.  noreharacetiHiH.  EnHily  known  hy  its  sliort  and  rouncl  oars,  and  l>y  tlio  inter- 
foinoral  inoniliriiuo  Ix'injj;  liiiiry  and  iiicludin>r  (lie  wliolo  of  tlm  tail.  Tin-re  in  r.  white 
H|)ot  at  tlitt  insertion  of  tliu  win/;,  and  anotlicrat  tlie  base  of  tlie  tliuinl);  llicso  marks 
aru  ('(instant.  This  simcii's  varies. ninch  iu  colour,  and  has  been  called  f.  la»iurii», 
8chr(!lter,  )'.  moiiachiin  by  some,  and  is  figured  Wils.  Orn.  VI,  pi.  4,  whence  it  has 
been  (pioted  by  M.  Ciivicr  as  the  Taphoziim. 

2\ijvl.  irepiinciiliiris,  \i.  C.  A'mivc  brown,  lieueath  pahir;  a  small  black  wart  nl)ove 
each  eye;  nose  somewhat  bilobatu;  chin  with  a  small  double  wart;  ears  modornte; 
trains  snnill,  subulate;  tail  pro,jectin<;  a  little  beyond  the  membrant!. 

A'ycf.  vijnovephalu,  L.  C.  The.post(!rior  fore  tooth  on  each  side  smaller  than  the  rest 
which  are  emarginate;  nose  furnished  on  the  top  and  sides  with  stilf  short  bristles; 
lips  very  large,  souxnvhat  pendulous ;  cars  broad,  round,  naked ;  tragus  not  apparent ; 
tail  long,  e\t(>uding  far  beyond  the  membrane;  outer  and  inn(!rt(ieH  of  the  hind  feet 
wooly  on  the  outside;  the  rest  with  each  two  long  hairs  on  the  toj). 

r>. 

Paltsot  be  Beauvois. — Description  of  Atnlaplia  cinereuH  and  Adelo- 
nyctcHsfuHCHS.    (From  Painplilot.) 

Cray  Hat. — Two  u))pcr  te(!th  very  small,  hardly  visible.  Head  whitish ;  ears  round 
and  Hat,  of  a  white  color  surrounded  with  black,  aiuWiu  appendage  at  their  base; 
hair  gray  at  the  roots,  black  in  tln^  middle,  and  white  at  the  ends,  so  that  tlm  animal 
Las  the  apjicarancc  of  being  spotted  with  white.  The  hair  extends  to  the  membrane 
which  sur 'ounds  the  tail. 

"The  anterior  parts  of  the  membranous  wings  from  the  body  of  the  iirojecting  claw 
and  cov(!red  with  hair  on  both  sides.  This  membrum^  is  about  twic(!  tlio  size  of  that 
in  the  preceding  sp(^cies"  (//■  noreboi-Hceimn  Auct.).  "The  wings,  extended,  measure 
14  inches.    The  nostrils  are  euuirgiuated. 

"Gray  Hat.     l',  ciiieiriis. 

"  This  is  found  in  Pennsylvania,  and  is  not  described  by  any  author." 

"  Jirown  Bal. — The  two  fore  teeth  in  the  npi)cr  jaw  distant  from  one  another,  near 
the  canine  teeth,  and  about  half  their  length;  ears  naked,  blackish,  and  of  an  oval 
iigure,  with  an  appendage  at  their  base.  Tail  almost  as  long  as  body;  Hying  mem- 
brane black ;  hair  brown  on  the  surface,  gray  below. 

"Hrown  Hat.     I'.  J'iikviis. 

"'I'his  is  the  most  common  species  iu  the  neighborhood  of  Philadelphia.  It  very 
much  resembles  the  C'ommou  liat  of  France,  except  in  the  number  of  teeth  iu  the 
upper  jaw." 

Temminok. — iVlonographies  de  Mammalojjie,  II,  18.35,  235.* 

r.  itrninuR.  (A  new  species  kindly  furnished  me  by  Prince  Max;  it  is  basedupon  the 
examination  of  seven  iiulividuals.) — Head  large;  muzzle  r.itbcr  long,  large,  and  but 
little  depressed;  nostrils  large,  opening  upon  the  side  and  crcscentic — sejiarated  by 
a  groove.  Ears  ovoid, niuch  higlierthan  thesiinnnitof  the  head,  the  posterior  border 
vertical,  and  slightly  emarginated  at  the  tij);  tragus  long,  lanceolate,  but  a  little 
rounded  near  the  tip;  the  aurich?  is  hairy  at  tln^  bas(!of  the  external  j)art;  the  thumb 
stout,  armed  by  a  very  curved  nail;  tail  long,  point  free;  iuterfemoral  itiembrane 
marked  beneath  with  parallel  lines;  claws  of  feet  very  long,  stout,  and  curved. 
Incisor  teeth  above  in  two  close  pairs;  below  (i,  trilobed.  Molars  above  4,  without 
false;  inferior  with  .">,  one  being  a  snnill  false  molar. 

Fur  long,  soft,  and  shining;  above  of  a  brown  umber  line,  the  inferior  parts  more 
clear.     All  the  fur  is  gray  at  the  base.     Meiiibranes  and  ear  black. 

"Translation  with  emendations  in  "Monograph  of  liats  of  North  America,"  Allen, 
18(54. 


186  BULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 

Length,  3  inches  11  lines,  the  tail  taking  IJ  inches;  length  of  ear,  4i  lines;  ex- 
panse of  wing  membrane,  10  inches  9  linos. 

ifafc.— Fonnd  \>y  Prince  Max  u|)on  the  banks  of  Missouri  River. 

V.  carolinensis. —yoi  so  large  as  V.  serotinus  of  Europe.  Ears  as  long  as  the  head, 
oblong,  and  hairy  one-liiilftlie  length  of  the  external  part  of  ears.  Nose  a  little 
blunt,  but  nostrils  api>roaoho(l ;  tragus  leaf-shaped,  erect,  and  half  as  long  as  the 
auricle;  point  of  Ihc  tail  free.  Incisors  4,  in  pairs  above,  and  6  below.  Molars  5 
throughout. 

Fur  bicolored  throughout ;  superior  part  of  a  brown  "  marron,"  but  the  base  of  the 
hair  is  ashy  black  ;  beneath  of  a  yellow  ash,  the  base  of  the  hair  being  brown. 

Total  length,  2,  3,  or  5  inches,  of  which  the  fail  constitutes  1  yich;  expanse,  10 
inches. 

Hab. — Charleston,  S.  C, 

V.})haiop8 — The  general  contour  like  that  of  V.  murinus.  Point  of  tail  free;  tail 
not  so  long,  strongly  "sloped"  out  on  external  border,  with  a  lobe  cut  out  behind. 
Tragus  an  erect  leaf.  Superior  incisors,  4 ;  the  external  are  bilobed,  and  are  larger 
than  the  internal.    Inferior,  6.     Molars,  4  above  and  5  below. 

Hair  short  and  unicolored  throughout,  glossy,  above  brown,  with  a  tinge  of  red, 
below  it  is  of  dearer  hue;  face  and  membranes  blackish. 

Length,  4  inches  4  lines,  or  .5  inches,  the  tail  being  2  inches;  expanse  of  wing 
membrane,  12  to  13  inches;  autibrachium,  1  inch  8  lines. 

This  is  the  Black-faced  Ua*  of  Kaflnesque,  of  which  there  is  mention  made  in 
Desm.  Mam.  in  a  note. 

Hah. — North  America;  our  animal  comes  from  Tennessee. 

F.  piilrernlentuit. — Resembh^s,  in  the  color  of  the  superior  fur,  V.  discolor,  but  differs 
from  it  in  its  lesser  size,  in  the  interfemoral  being  hairy  on  both  sides,  and  in  the 
difference  of  color  of  the  belly.  Mu/zle  large  and  obtuse;  ears  larger  than  high, 
rounded,  one-half  haired;  tragus  hatchet-shaped;  tail  short;  interfemoral  very 
hairy  above,  but  less  at  the  point  tlian  at  the  base,  that  beneath  of  a  clear  "voie," 
and  in  concentric  lines;  the  toes  furred  above. 

Fur  long,  soft,  bi(u>lored  throughout;  the  superior  and  inferior  parts  are  of  the 
same  color.  It  is  of  a  deep  marron,  the  point  <uily  being  touched  with  white,  the 
hairs  "  clair  sermes,"  arranged  in  horizontal  lines  upon  the  inferior  part  of  the  in- 
terfemoral membrane,  are  white. 

Length,  3  inches  6  lines,  of  which  the  tail  is  1  inch  3  lines;  expanse,  10  inches; 
autibrachium,  1  inch  6  lines. 

This  species  was  furuislied  us  by  Prince  Max  Wied,  who  obtained  it  in  the  moun- 
tain recesses  of  North  America.     Ours  come  from  the  borders  of  Missouri. 

r.  caroli. — Tail  the  form  of  our  V.  pipistreHu»,  but  the  ears  are  longer.  Face  ob- 
tuse; nostrils  very  much  separated;  e.ars  are  of  medium  size,  ovoid,  slightly  eniar- 
ginate  on  their  exteriuil  border  without  having  a  lobe  or  prolongation.  Upper  in- 
cisors 4,  in  pairs  above  and  6  below.  Molars,  6  in  all ;  the  two  first  false  molars  of 
the  upper  jaw  very  small,  short,  and  pointed.  Fur  bicolored  throughout.  Face, 
sides  of  neek,  and  all  of  the  sujjerior  part  of  a  reddish  brown,  with  black  at  the 
base;  beneath  of  a  yellowish-white  at  the  point,  with  a  deep  brown  at  base,  which 
in  some  parts  is  of  a  faint  yellowish-ash.  The  young  have  a  more  somber  hue. 
The  extreme  tip  only  of  the  superior  parts  is  brown;  that  of  the  inferior  is  of  a 
deeji  brown. 

Tot.al  length,  3  inches  3  lines,  the  tail  of  which  is  1  inch  and  4  lines;  expanse 
of  wing  membrane,  K  inches  (iliues;  autibrachium,  1  inch  4  lines;  height  of  ear 
from  skull  to  the  tip,  ti  lines.  The  young  have  an  expanse  of  7  inches  10  lines  to  8 
inches. 

The  Museum  ^las  obtained  from  Prince  de  Musign-ino  (Charles  Bonaparte)  many 
individuals  of  this  species. 

Hab, — North  America,  around  the  environs  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 


A  MONOGRAPH  OP  THE  HATS  OP  NORTH  AMKRICA. 


187 


V.  eriithrodactylus. — Losh  tlian  tho  f.  pipintreUun.  Tho  foreiinii,  bsiso  of  lingers, 
and  the  interdigitiil  iiiciiibraiK!  of  tho  lir«t  fliifjcr  is  rcddiKh,  tiio  oHiitr  iiiciiiliranes 
arc  blacli.  Kurs  liairfd  from  tlieir  l>a.si«  tUc  grcati^r  portion  of  tlioir  hoifjlit,  small, 
ovoidal.  TragiiH,  tmbuliite;  tail  very  long,  ])oint  free;  intcrfcmoral  membrane 
haired  above;  beneath  the-  hairs  are  arranged  along  the  veins;  it  is  of  a  silky  text- 
ure, very  short,  and  sparingly  distributed.  Ineisors,  4,  in  pairs  above  and  <!  below. 
Five  molars  in  all ;  only  one  false  niohir  in  the  iipi)cr  jaw. 

Fnr  long,  fine,  and  silky;  above  tricolored,  beneath  bieolored.  All  the  superior 
parts  of  a  faint  brownish  red,  but  a  little  yellow  about  tho  head  and  neck;  the 
hairs  are  black  at  thoir  baso,  aftorward.s  yellow,  and  the  tip  brownish  rod,  superior 
part  of  interfemoral  membrane  very  furry;  beneath  brown  Jit  base  and  brownish  red 
at  tip;  the  sides  of  tho  iuterfoinoral  eovered  with  Rjjarse  hairs. 

Length  of  tail,  2  inches  10  lines,  or  .3  iiudios  iiiaximum,  that  of  tail  1  inch  1  lines; 
forearm,  1  inch  2  lines;  expanse  of  wing  membrane,  7  inches  0  lines,  or  H  inches 
maximum. 

The  Museum  du  Pays  Bas  possesses  many  individuals  of  this  supposed  new 
species,  for  whicdi  wo  are  indelited  to  Prince  de  Musignano;  those  specimens  are 
preserved  in  alcohol,  and  aro  part  of  the  sanui  invoice  as  tho  preceding  species, 
I'esp.  calcaralus,  indicated  by  M.  Ratinesiine,  lias  the  wing  membranes  about  the 
fingors  red  above ;  but  it  is  much  larger  and  the  coloration  of  the  fur  is  considerably 
dift'erent. 

Hah. — North  America,  about  tho  environs  of  Philadelphia. 

V.  ferrngineus. — Stylo  of  J',  daubentonii,  of  Europe.  Nose  short,  obtuse;  ears  nar- 
row, a  little  scooped  out  on  tho  posterior  border  and  towards  tho  tip;  tragus  short, 
subulate.  Tail  very  long,  point  free,  tho  basal  jiortion  covered  with  hair;  tho  claws 
of  the  hind  feet  are  of  a  whitish  yellow.  Upper  incisors  4,  in  pairs,  internal  long 
"biscam"  at  point;  the  external  short,  bifurcated;  inferior  incisors  6.  Upper 
molars  4 ;'  lower  5,  with  one  false  molar. 

Hair  short,  smooth,  bieolored;  above  th<!  c(dor  of  a  dead  leaf,  or  inonvor  loss 
reddish;  the  base  of  tho  hair  is  of  a  browiiisli  Idack  beneath;  all  the  hair  at  its 
baso  is  of  a  faint  blackish  red,  and  the  point  pure  white.  These  two  hues  of  the 
hair  form  a  sort  of  Idaek  and  white  mixture  which  is  very  conspicuous.  The  mem- 
branes of  tho  oars,  having  been  iininersed  in  alcohol,  are  of  a  brownish  red. 

Total  length,  4  inches  or  2  lines  longer,  that  of  the  tail  1  inch  9  lines;  huniorus, 
1  inch;  forearm,  1  inch  8  lines;  anal  expanse,  10  inches,  or  0  lines  longer. 

This  species,  based  upon  tho  examination  of  many  alcoholic  .specimens,  is  new. 

Hah.  Holland,  Guiana.     (Museum  Pdi/j*  K(i«:  from  the  onvirous  of  Surinam.) 


Sav. — Loiifj's  Expoditioii  to  tho  llocky  Mountains,  IT,  1823,  05,  note. 

Ve»peri\Ho  mihiilaliis. — A  small  bat  was  shot  this  evening,  during  tho  twilight,  as 
it  Hew  rajiidly  in  various  diieetions  over  the  surface  of  tho  creek.  It  appears  to  be 
an  immature  specimen,  as  the  molars  aro  remarkably  long  and  acute;  the  canines 
are  very  much  incurved,  and  the  right  inferior  one  is  singularly  bifid  at  tip,  the 
divisions  resembling  short  bristles.  This  species  is  beyond  a  doubt  distinct  from 
the  Carolina  bat  ( T.  caroliniana,  Geoft'.),  with  which  the  cars  aro  proportionally 
equally  elongated,  and,  as  in  that  bat,  a  little  ventricose  on  tho  anterior  edge,  so  as 
almost  to  extend  over  tho  <'ye,  but  tho  tragus  is  much  longer,  narrower,  and  more 
acute,  resembling  that  of  T.  emnnjinatuH,  Geoff.,  as  well  in  form  as  in  proportion  to 
tho  length  of  the  ear.  We  call  It  V.  aiibnlalua,  and  it  may  be  thus  described — Ears 
longer  than  broad,  nearly  as  long  as  tho  head,  hairy  on  the  basal  half,  a  little  ven- 
tricose on  the  anterior  edge,  and  extending  near  to  the  oyc;  tragus  elongated,  subu- 
late; tho  hair  above  I>lackish  at  base,  tip  dull  cinereous;  the  interfemoral  membrane 
bairy  at  base,  the  hairs  unicoloured,  and  a  fi-w  also  scattered  over  its  surface  and 


188 


UULLETIN   43,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


along  its  odgo,  an  well  as  that  of  the  bracbial  meinbrano;  Lair  bonoath  black,  tho 
tip  ytdlowish-white;  bind  fiM't  ratbor  long,  a  few  sotie  extending  ovrr  the  nails; 
only  !i  niinnt     )orti(>n  of  tbe  tail  protrudes  beyond  tbe  nienibrano. 

Total  length,  2  9-10  indues;  tail,  1  1-5  inches. 

VeapcrtUio  aiqiialns. — llciid  large;  ears  riitlier  shorter  than  tho  head,  wide,  and  nt 
tij),  rounded,  hairy  at  base,  posterior  edge  witli  two  sligiit  and  very  olituseeiuargi- 
nations;  tho  anterior  base  distant  from  the  eye;  tragus  ar(|uated,  obtuse  at  ti]!; 
intcrfenuM'al  nu^nibrane  naked,  iueluding  the  tail  to  one-half  of  the  penultimate 
joint.    Total  length,  5  inches;  tail,  112  inches;  expansion  more  than  1.3  inches. 

liescmbles  J',  /hschh  in  color,  but  larger.  Ears  broader  and  proportionally  shorten-, 
and  an  arquated  tragus  curving  in  an  almost  luuiform  manner  towards  the  ante-rior 
portion  of  tli(<  ear,  like  that  of  l'.  KcrolitiiiH.     [Description  abbreviated  from  Say.] 

Council  Blurt's  (Iowa).     Say,  Long's  Expedition  to  Rocky  Mountains,  1823,  I,  l(j7. 

G. 

Fr.  CuviER.* — Nouv.  Annalos  <lu  MiLseuiii  (I'llistoiro  ^aturelle,  Paris, 
1832,  15.t 

1.  respertilio  gryplius. — The  head  is  like  that  of  tho  Miirinoid  group  of  bats,  to 
the  molars  proper  of  which  is  united  two  additional  false  molars  on  both  sides  of 
either  Jaw.  Tlie  oar  is  emarginatod,  and  the  tragus  is  knife-shapod.  All  tho  superior 
parts  of  tho  body  are  of  a  whitish  yellow,  the  inferior  parts  are  gray,  but  the  base 
of  the  fur  on  both  sides  is  of  a  blackish  color.  Whiskers  aro  present  on  each  sidti  of 
tho  upper  lip  and  on  the  extremity  of  the  lower  jaw. 

Length  of  body,  from  tho  tip  of  nose  to  base  of  tail,  I  iuch  9  lines;  length  of  tail, 
1  inch  7  lines;  expanse  of  wing  membranes,  7  inches  10  lines. 
Jlab. — Environs  of  New  York.     (M.  Milbert.) 

2.  r.  Salarii. — The  head  is  like  that  of  the  Miirhioid  group  of  bats,  to  the  molars 
proper  of  which  is  united  tlie  presence  of  two  false  molars  on  both  sides  of  either 
jaw.  The  ear  is  eniarginate,  and  tho  tragus  lanceolate.  The  superior  parts  of  tho 
body  are  of  a  brown  chestnut-gray,  and  the  inferior  parts  a  grayish  white.  There 
is  more  of  the  brown  color  at  tho  basal  jiortion  of  the  fur  than  at  tho  upper.  Whisk- 
ers are  present  on  the  sides  of  the  upper  lip  and  at  the  extremity  of  the  lower  jaw. 

Length  of  body,  from  tip  of  nose  to  tho  base  of  tail,  1  inch  fi  lines:  length  of  tail,  1 
Iuch  7  lines;  expanse  of  wing  membranes,  7  inches  7  lines. 
Ifrtft.— Environs  of  New  York.     (SI.  Milbert.) 

3.  V.  creeks. — Tho  head  of  the  Seratiiioid  group  of  bats.  No  false  molars  on  upper 
jaw,  and  one  only  iulViriorly ;  the  oar  is  emargiuate,  the  tragus  lanceolate;  the  up- 
per parts  are  of  a  brown  yellow,  the  inferior  parts  of  a  dirty  gray;  tho  lijiirs  of  all 
the  parts  are  black  at  their  base.  Whiskers  are  present  on  tho  sides  of  tho  muzzle 
and  beneath  upon  the  lower  jaw. 

Length  of  body,  from  tij)  of  nose  to  tho  base  of  tho  tail,  2  inches;  length  of  tail,  1 
inch ;  expanse  of  wing  membranes,  9  inches. 
Hub. — tJeorgia.     (M.aj.  Leconte.) 

4.  F,  oraanns. — The  head  is  like  that  of  tho  Murincid  group  of  bats.  Two  false 
molars  on  each  side  of  tho  two  jaws;  tho  ears  are  obtuse,  the  tragus  is  liinceolate. 
All  the  superior  parts  of  the  body  of  a  brown  chestnnt-gi-ay,  and  the  inferior  parts 
whitish;  the  fur  at  its  base  is  darker  tinted  than  its  tips.  Moustaches  are  present 
on  the  upper  lip  and  upon  tho  lower  jaw. 

Length  of  body,  from  tip  of  nose  to  base  of  tail,  2  inches;  length  of  tail,  1  inch  8 
lines;  expanse  of  wing  membranees,  8  inches  8  lines. 


*  M.  Cuvier  designated  by  the  term  "  Afiirinohl  (iroup  "  those  species  of  Chiroptera 
since  placed  under  the  genus  fritpeitiUn.  In  the  "  Scrotinoid  (iroiip  ''  he  placed  those 
species  now  included  in  Scntophiliis.  The  names  are  taken  respectively  from  two 
well-known  European  species — f.  mitriniis  and  F.  nerotiiiiiii. 

t  Translation  with  emendations  in  "Monograph  of  Bats  of  North  America,"  Allen, 
1864. 


A  MONOGKAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


189 


This  speciuH  was  coUcctud  by  M.  Luseuer,  who  sout  it  from  Now  York,  under  tbo 
namo  which  1  have  retuiued. 

5,  r.  georgiaiiuH. — The  liead  is  like  that  of  tlie  Miirinoid  fjronp  of  bats.  The  ear  is 
eiuarginato,  and  the  tru^iis  is  subulate.  All  t)ie  superior  parts  of  thu  body  are 
colored  by  a  mixture  of  Idiick  and  whitish  yellow ;  the  black  mostly,  iuasmuch  as 
tbo  points  of  the  hair  arc  whitish,  the  remainder  beiujr  black.  The  inferior  parts 
are  gray,  but  mixed  with  black  from  the  same  cause  which  colore  the  superior  por- 
tions.   Mustaches  are  present  on  the  sides  of  the  upper  lips  and  upon  the  lower  Jaw. 

Length  of  body,  from  tip  of  nose  to  base  of  tail,  1  inch,  (i  lines;  length  of  tail,  1 
inch  2  lines;  expanse  of  wing  uuuubrauces,  'i  inches  '2  line.s. 
Hub. — (ioorgia.     (MaJ.  heitonte.) 

6.  r.  mthjtarus. — Tlie  head  is  like  that  of  the  Murlnnid  group  of  bats.  The  ear  is 
emarginated,  the  tragus  is  half  heart-shaped.  The  inferior  parts  of  the  body  are  of 
a  clear  whitish-gray,  slightly  waved  with  brown;  tlic  sii])orior  jtarts  are  of  a  white 
yellow;  thct  hairs  of  the  superior  parts  are  blaclv  at  tiicir  base,  whitish  through  the 
greater  part  of  their  Icugtli,  and  brownish  at  their  tips;  that  of  the  inferior  parts 
are  black  at  their  basal  portions,  and  of  a  whitish  yclh)w  at  their  outer.  Mustaches 
are  present  on  tlie  sides  of  the  upper  lip  and  benoath  upon  the  lower  Jaw. 

Length  of  body,  from  tip  of  nose  to  the  base  of  the  tail,  1  inch  0  linos;  length  of 
the  tail,  I  inch  3  lines;  expanse  of  wing  membranes,  7  inches  2  lines. 
Hub, — Georgia.    (Maj.  Loconto.) 

H. 

A.UDUBON  and  Baoiiman. — Journal,  Aciideiny  of  ^Natural  Science  Phil- 
adelphia, 1842,  280. 

rvHpcrtit'wmunticola  (Mountain  l)at). — V.  vespertiiiono  subulata  brevier;  auriculus 
brevioribus;  tragus  nom;xcod(!ntil>us,  dimidiam  lougitudineui  auricuhc  ;  colore  fnlvo. 

Moiitilain  Hat. — Smaller  than  Say's  Bat  (  T.  snbidatiis);  (Mirs  shorter;  tragus,  less 
than  half  the  length  of  the  ear;  color,  yellowish  l>rowu.  Upper  fore  teetli  bilobate, 
ears  moderate,  nak(;d,  erect,  ratlusr  broad  at  base;  tragus  linear,  subulate,  body 
small;  wiugs  long;  tiil  projecting  a  lino  beyond  the  iuterfemoral  membrane,  whicli 
is  slightly  spriuklcil  with  hair  abovts  and  beneath. 

Color. — Tlu'  nose  and  chin  are  l>lack ;  ears  liglit  brov.n;  wing  membranes  dark 
brown.  The  wliolc^  of  the  fur  of  the  body,  above  and  beneatli,  is  from  the  roots,  of 
an  uuitbrni  yellowish-brown  color. 

The  si)ecies  ditfcis  from  Say's  Hat,  not  only  in  color,  but  in  the  much  shorter  ears 
and  tragus.  The  size  and  sha))0  of  the  tragus  we  have  found  an  invaluable  guide  in 
our  American  bats;  the  cars  of  the  ])rcscnt  hjiecics,  when  alive,  are  always  erect; 
whilst  those  of  Say's  Bat  are  folded  backwards  like  those  of  the  long-eared  Bats — 
Pkvolnif. 


Dentition. 


2 2  1 I 

-Incisors     „-.     Canines 


6  1—1 

Z)imcn«i((»8.— Length  of  head  and  body,  linch  8  lines;  length  of  tail,  1  iiu-h  6  lines; 
length  of  spread,  8  inches;  lieight  of  car  posteriorly,  3  lines;  height  of  tragus,  l^- 
liiu-s. 

N.  B. — The  triigus  in  Say's  Bat  is  four-and-a-half  lines  in  height.  Several  speci- 
mens of  this  Bat  were  obtained  during  the  summer,  on  the  mountains  of  Virginia,  at 
the  tlrey  Sulphur  Springs.     They  were  uniform  in  size  and  color. 

FcHpertilio  rinjiniaiius  (Virginian  bat). — V.  vt^spertilione  mouticolil  ]iaululum 
lougior,  anricalna  panlulnni  longioribus  miinisciue  acutis;  densibus  j)rimoribus 
maxillio  auperioris  simplicibus;  interfemorali  mcmbraml  utid.l;  corpore  supra  fuli- 
gineo-fusco;  subtns  ciiuireo-fnscato. 

Virginian  bnt.—X  little  larger  than  the  Mountain  Bat;  ears  a  little  longer  and  more 
pointed;  upper  fore  teeth  simple ;  interfemoral  membrane  naked ;  sooty  brown  above, 
ash  brown  beneath. 


190  BULLETIN    13,  UNITED   STATES   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


Dviitilioit. — InuiHoro 


•) ')  1 1 

^    ".    CaimicH  ,     ,. 
(»  1 — 1 

III  hI/o  tliiH  H])(^ric'H  is  intitrmcdiiitn  liut\vt>(Mi  I',  iitrolincnuiii  und  f.  gubulutuH.  Tliu 
ear  is  iiaktMl,  less  rounded,  und  iiioro  jxtiiilod  tliiiii  rithcr  of  thi>  olht-r  ulosi-ly  ulliuU 
Hpi'cifM.  The  tragus  in  very  iiiirrow,  linear,  and  Ii-hs  than  lialf'tliu  luiiKtli  of  tlio  ear. 
Tlie  tail  is  iiu'losrd  in  tliu  intt-rfiMnoral  nienihranc,  except  thu  |)unultiiiiatu  joint, 
which  in  free.  The  anterior  n|>i>er  forr  teetii,  instead  of  lieinj;  Huh-Hiuiple,  uh  in  the 
r,  raroHiitiiHin,  or  biU)liiito,  um  in  I'.  niibHltitiin  and  /'.  monlaniiH,  are  Hiuiple. 

Cotor. — Thu  nose,  upper  lip  and  upper  jaw  are  black;  win)(s  dark  brown.  Tiio 
back  is  sooty  brown;  on  eacli  shoulder,  at  tlie  iusertiun  of  tlio  win^;,  there  is  u  cir- 
cular black  spot  about  I  lines  iii  diameter;  on  the  under  surface  eiiierinus  brown. 

DiiiwiiHiuiiu. — Length  of  head  and  body,  2  iuiduis  ~>  lines;  length  of  tail,  1  inch; 
leiiKth  of  sprcuil,  8  inches  H  lines;  heiglitof  ear  posteriorly,  4  lines;  height  of  trugiis, 
U  lines. 

Hah. — Mountains  of  Virginia. 

}'.  Iciliii  (Leib's  bat). — V.  supra  fusco-fcrrugincns,  subtus  cinureus,  ulis  fturi 
bus(|uu  nigris. 

l.cib'H  lial. — Ears  and  wings  black;  dark  yellirtvish  brown  above;  uinvreous  be- 
neath. 

DfHCfiplioii, — Anterior  upper  fore  teeth  biloliate;  head  short;  nose  blunt;  ears 
nu)derate,  broad  at  base,  erect;  tragus  linear,  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  ear; 
wings  and  tail  long,  the  latter  extending  two  lines  beyond  the  interfcnioral  nicni. 
brane,  which  is  naked;  teet  very  small;  toes  short  and  slender;  uaila  sharp  and 
much  curved;  hair  sid't  and  downy. 

Co/or.— The  ears,  wings,  and  interfenioral  membrane  are  black.  The  fur  on  the 
back  is  black  from  the  roots  to  near  the  extremities,  where  it  is  so  slightly  tipped 
with  light  brown  as  to  give  it  a  dark-yidlowish  brown  apjiearauce.  On  the  under 
surface  the  hairs  are  ])luinbeous  at  the  roots,  tipped  with  yellowish  white. 


7>cw/iMoH.— Incisorp 


•> o  1 1 

"  .    •      Canines ,     ,• 
<)  1 — 1 

Dinienniona. — Length  of  head  and  body,  1  inch  7  lines;  length  of  tail,  1  inch  4  lines; 
lengthof  spread,  7  inches;  height  of  ear  jiosteriorly,  IJilines;  height  of  tragus,  1  lino 

JIdb. — Michigan. 

I'.  califoiiiiciiK  (Californiau  bat). — V.fuseo  lutescens,  vellere  longo  et  molli;  trago 
longitudine  diniidium  auris  t^xcedente. 

((iJifoniian  but. — With  long  silky  hairs;  tragus  nu)re  than  half  the  length  of  the 
ear;  color  light  yellowish  brown. 

DeHvnpliiiii. — Anterior  npiier  fore  teetli  bilobate.  Head  small;  nose  sharp;  ears 
of  moderate  size;  erect,  rather  narrow,  and  pol:.ted.  Tragus  linear,  attenuated. 
Wings  of  moderate  length,  which  together  with  the  ears  are  naked.  Interfenioral 
membrane  with  a  few  scattered  liairs;  feet  small;  nails  slightly  hooked.  Tail  pro- 
jecting a  little  beyond  the.  interl'emoral  niembrauo. 

Color. — The  pelage,  which  is  unusually  long  for  the  size  of  the  body,  and  very  soft 
und  glossy,  is,  on  the  ujiper  surface,  dark  plumbeous  from  the  base,  and  broadly  tipt 
with  light  yellowish  brown;  on  the  under  surface  the  color  is  a  little  darker,  owing 
to  the  outer  extremities  of  the  hfiirs  being  more  narrowly  edged  with  the  prevailing 
color  ou  the  back,  exhibiting  the  darker  shades  beneath.  The  ears  and  tragus  are 
blackish — the  nose,  chin,  wings,  and  interfemoral  membrane  dark  brown. 

Hub. — We  have  obtained  but  a  single  s))ecimeu,  which  was  captured  at  Califoruiii. 
2—2        ..     .        1—1 


Dentition. — Incisors 


P  Canines. . 


l)imfnnioHii. — Length  of  head  and  body,  1  inch  7  lines;  length  of  tail,  1  inch  .5 
Hues;  length  of  spread,  7  inchest?  linos;  height  of  ear  posteriorly,  3  lines;  height  of 
tragus,  2  lines. 


A   MONOOBAPII   OF   THE   BATS   OF   NOUTH   AMERICA. 


191 


I. 


H,  alJH   iviiri 


iiientoiiH  bo- 


Pbinoe  Maximii.lian  von  Wied- 
Nord  Ameiika,  18G2,  19.* 


-Vwzoicli.  bcnbach.  Siiugothion^  in 


Fetpertilio  breviroslrU. — Description:  Head  very  Hhort;  Hnoiit  brond,  and  but  little 
produced;  car  tolurubly  liiK)>i  I'ltthor  elliptical,  thu  anterior  border  Honiowbut 
rounded,  tbu  outer  nearly  strai^bt,  under  the  tip  Hlijrbtly  eniar^rinatud ;  tragiiH  rather 
Bnuill,  nearly  lancet-abapcd;  the  fur  about  the  head  very  plentiful,  no  that  the  eycH 
are  entirely  hidden. 

Dentition, — The  specimen  of  this  bat  is  lost,  so  I  can  not  therefore  furnish  the  den- 
tition. 

The  expansion  of  the  wings  rather  small.  Thumbs  lonj;  and  small,  with  f^riMttly 
curved  nails.  Tail  somewhat  Ion;;,  eight  or  nine  joints  lying  on  the  outer  half  of 
the  fur  of  the  interfemoral  memtirane,  the  tip,  however,  is  one  and  a  half  to  two 
lines  long,  with  the  free  points  exserted;  the  five  hind  toes  are  long,  the  nails  weak, 
and  sharply  curvitd;  culcaneum  rather  long;  fur  thick  about  the  belly,  mouse-like, 
that  of  tlio  back  longer;  wing  membranes  near  the  body  are  somewhat  furred. 

Coloration. — Expausion  of  wing  membranes  and  ears  are  dark  brown;  upper  por 
tion  of  the  body  dark  yellowish-brown,  the  hair  on  the  outer  half  fallow  yellowish- 
brown,  dark  gray  at  the  roots;  under  ])orli(>u  whitish  yellow-gray. 

MeaHuremrnts, — Entire  length,  .3  inches;  expanse  of  wing  membrane,  9  ii'ches  4 
lines;  height  of  cars  on  the  upper  side  5^  lines;  length  of  the  exposed  portion  of  the 
tragus,  1^  lines;  the  tail  is  free  from  the  fur  about  1  inch  5  lines;  length  of  calca- 
neum,  5  lines. 

I  obtained  this  bat  at  Freiliurg,  l*a.,  abonttlie  bitter  part  of  July.  It  flies  about 
rather  early  in  the  morning.  We  have  observed  that  this  bat  resembles  the  other 
species  closely,  but  it  is  readily  distinguished  by  the  shortness  of  the  head,  as  the 
name  given  to  it  implies. 

J. 

Stienne  Geoffroy  St.  Hilaiue.     AnnaleH  dii  Museum  D'Histoire 
Naturelle,  Paris,  viii,  180G,  p.  204. 

Vegpertilio  albeicenH. — Le  vospertillon  poudrea  I'oreille  haute  de  14  millimetres  et do 
m^rne  forme qne celle du  V.  ttha  vein;  son  orcillon  est  de  meme  subulc^,  et  son  pelage 
noiriUreen  dessus  et  brun-obscur  en  dcssous:  il  paroit  comme  jioudr^  de  blanc  sous 
le  ventre,  parce  que  les  pointesxle'chaque  poll  sont  de  cctto  couleur.  La  teinto  blanche 
gagne  de  plus  en  plus  en  arriero.  Co  vespertilion  est  la  cliauve-souris  donziMine  ou 
la  chauve-souris  brune-obscure  de  M.  d'Azzara.  II  en  rapporte  ainsi  les  dimensions: 
longuer  totale  80  millimetres;  de  la  (luene,  33,  de  Touvergure,  235. 

[No  locality  isgtven  but  the  statement  is  made  that  the  si)eciu>en  was  procured  by 
M.  d'Azzara  and  an  inference  can  be  drawn  from  this  fact  that  the  type  of  f.  albes- 
cena  in  South  America.] 

K. 

DoBSON, — Annals  and  Ma^jazine  of  Natural  History  (1886)  xviii,  124. 

Veaperugo  Merriami. — The  following  is  an  abstract  of  Mr.  Dobson's  original  ar- 
ticle. V.  merriami  Dobson  (Ann.  and  Mag.,  N.  II.,  188G,  xviii,  124),  outer  margin  of 
ear  less  deeply  emarginate  than  in  '/.  pipiatrellus,  projecting  part  of  the  lower  half 
outer  margin  folded  backward;  tragus  broad,  outer  side  upper  half  even  convex 
even  to  broad  tip.  Internal  margin  concave,  at  base  of  outer  margin  a  longitudi- 
nally directed  lappet  is  soon;  post  calcaneal  lobule  shallow,  extreme  tip  of  tail 
alone  exsert.  Color,  pale  yellowish  brown  on  both  surfaces,  paler  beneath,  busul  half 
or  more  of  the  hairs  dnskv. 


'Translation  in  "Monograph  of  IJats  of  North  America,"  Allen,  1864. 


192  BULLETIN    13,  UNITED   STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

rpiiur  iiiiai  H  iiiiiiMiN])i(liitc  iiiucr  liir}^(4'  and  thicker  ami  lower  liiciHors  inasiaof 
jaw.  First  miixiUary  |>reiiiolar  in  auglo  not  viHiblu  from  without,  althuugb  cimi)  of 
the  Hec'oud  jiremolar  is  widely  HoparattMl  from  that  of  the  canine;  the  lirst  lower 
premolar  much  Hhorter  than  the  second,  which  considerably  uxceeda  iu  height  the 
cusps  of  the  muhirs. 

.Uvdnureimnln. — Head  and  l)ody,  1".5;  tail,  1";  lioad, 0".5;  ear,  0".!>8;  tragus,  0".18; 
forearm  1".05;  poUox,  0".15;  third  linger,  1".6;  lifth  Ungor,  1".2;  tibia,  0"A;  foot, 
0".2. 

Spix. — Siiiiiariiiii  ct  Vesi)ertili()iiuin  Hni.silieusium  species  uovie, 
18li3-'03;  tab.  xxxvi,  Vig.  8. 

Vcspertilio  braaiUenii'ni. — Corporc  supra  ot  subtiis  uigro,  alls  byaliuis. 

hencripliu. — L'or|)us  exiguum;  caput  ublougum;  rostrum  promiuulum,  apicosubob- 
tusiim;  auriculio  longuiscuho,  laucotdatio,  versus  ba"iu  sublarg.e,  revoluta',  versus 
unguium  oris  uoii  excurreutcs;  tragus  integer  lanceolatus,  auriciilarnm  fere  longi- 
tudine ;  iiares  anticai,  revolutio  adlatera,  nti  et  versus  nientum  verrucis  tubulit'oriuibus 
niiiuitu!;  truucus  corporis  sui)ra  et  subtiis  niger;  membrana  alaris  et  interfemoralis 
pellucidu',  prior  usfjue  ad  pollire'  t  pedis  large  decurens  posterior  us<iuo  ad  calca- 
neum  breviusculum  et  secundum  caiulam  maiorem  decurrous ;  cuuda  pede  postcriorie 
longior,  iipi<'e  vix  exscrto  ac  lllx'ro. 

Longitudo  truuca  a  rostri  apico  usque  ad  caudio  iuitium  IJ",  capitis  i",  oaudie  in- 
volutie  2",  liberal  1'",  humeri  1",  radii  ultra  IJ",  poUicis  J",  digiti  indicis  1  J",  uiedii  2", 
minimi  2",  femors  i",  tibia  i",  plantar  2^'",  calcauei  SJ'",  niembrana  iuterfemoralis 
IJ",  aurieularum  ultra  i",  tragus  ultra  2'",  latitu<h>  occipitis  A",  anricularum  i'",  iu- 
terscapulas  i'",  alarum  exteusurum  10'",  membrauie  iuterfumuralis  1^", 


True,  Proceedings,  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1887,  515. 

A  noteun  VrHpiriiiio  liinpenta  (AlU'ii). — luhismonographof  the  bats  of  North  Araorica* 
Dr.  Harrison  Allen  describtid,  undc^r  the  name  of  SculophituH  hcsperua,  or  the  Western 
fiat,  a  small  bat  from  southern  California.  Uis  description  was  bused  upon  lour 
Bpecimens,  two  of  which  (Xos.  550!),  ,5510,  Nat.  Mus.)  were  from  Posa  Creek,  and  a 
third  (No.  5106,  Nat.  Mus.)  from  Fort  Vuma.  One  of  these  types  (No.  5509),  with  its 
skull,  is  still  iu  the  national  collection. 

Upon  oxamiuiug  the  skull  of  tiiis  specimen  I  find  that  Dr.  Allen  has  apparently 
nustakeii  the  character  of  the  superior  incisors,  in  that  he  describes  them  as  "of 
eciual  length,"  whiht  in  reality  tlie  outer  pair  lire  only  about  half  as  long  as  the  inner 
pair.  Otherwise  the  skull  agrees  with  Dr.  Allen's  description,  and  belongs  to  tlio 
genus  Vi'spentgo  of  Keysurliug  and  Blasius,  and  to  the  subgenus  of  the  same  name, 
as  delined  by  Dr.  Dobscm. 

The  species  appears  to  be  distinct  and  valid.  It  is,  however,  menti<med  by  Dr. 
Dob.son  iu  Iiis  Catalogue  of  tlie  Chiropterat  only  iu  a  footnote,  aad  ho  is  apparently 
doubtful  of  its  validity.  After  quoting  Dr.  Allen's  description,  ho  writes:  "Tlui 
above  description  agrees  very  well  with  u  specimen  of  a  bat  from  the  .Straits  of 
Juan  de  Fuca  (Vancouver's  Island),  which  is  preserved  iu  the  collection  of  the 
IIuBsler  Museum,  near  Portsmouth,  and  which  appears  to  me  to  bo  identical  with 
V,  abramit8." 

At  a  later  date  this  author  described  a  now  species  of  North  American  Vesperugo, 
under  the  name  of  V.  inerriami,  basing  his  description  on  a  single  specimen  sent  him 
by  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam.     Upon  going  over  this  description  with  Dr.  Allen's  type 


•SmithsouiauMiao.  Cull.,  Vol.  xi,  1864. 


tPitges  228-229,  footuote. 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE  BATS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA.    193 

of  V.  hesiterua  and  imotlier  specimin  of  the  Haiiie  (No.  15»81)  in  liuud,  I  find  that 
the  latter  agree  perfectly  with  the  former.  I  have  no  doubt,  therefore,  that  V.  mer- 
riami  must  be  regarded  as  identical  with  f.  henperuit  (Allen). 

The  locality  given  by  Dr.  Dobsou  (Lociittt  ( Jrove,  N.  Y.)  is  inrorrect.  The  species 
is  resident  in  the  extrrnio  Bouthwcstt-rii  section  of  the  United  States.  Dr.  Allen's 
specimens,  as  already  stated,  were  from  I'osu  Creek  and  Fort  Yuma,  Cal.  Another 
specimen  recently  acquired  by  the  National  Museum  (No.  15981),  and  referred  to 
above,  is  from  Whitewater,  San  Diego  County,  in  the  same  State. 

U.  a.  National  Musku.vi,  Xovember  21, 1887. 
441— No.  43 13 


INDEX. 


[Ill  thin  liiitux  llin  numnit  nf  unnnra  anil  Hpnrli'^  I'minil  in  tli«  I'liltrd  State*  and  Britllb  Anierlot  tn 

liriiiti'il  III  llaliiM.I 


I'liKf. 

iilii'UiniiM,  \'<'ii|i<'rii|{ii III'.' 

A(leliiiiiict<-ri¥ 71,  H'J,  1 11,  lltS 

.i(Mi>ii!/eMiii  /imnil 1117, 11^ 

Ailt'lunycterix  McriitlniiH llfl 

Aello .14 

irnnbHrliiiN,  Vi>H|H'i'tlllo 132 

iilflliiiH,  A'f«p«rllllu 1)3 

nrricniiUH.  Nyi'tliiiiiiiiiH 172 

iiKIUh,  VbhpciIIIIo Vi 

albeteenii,  Vf»pirllllo 83, 87. 02, 143, 191 

An'rozoui .14, 94, 137 

Antrozoui  palliduH tW 

arcimttiM,  Vimpcrtiliu 112 

Arotibeus 43, 18U 

ArlibiMiH  >'urpul«giiH 43 

arqmitUM,  VcHpiTllllo 188 

ArtiliriiH.jaiiiitii'viiHlH 43 

A  rtibetm  pertiiiciUatiu 43 

AUllapha 100, 124, 131. 132. 137, 141 

Atalapha  cinerea 137, 155, 101 

Atalapbii  Iraiit/.U 143,  UO.  147, 154 

AtalapliH  I'liHratH 184 

Atalaplm  iiitni'iiieilia 137 

Atalapliii  iiit^xicaiia 143 

Atalapha  noofOvracentit 137, 142, 143. 154, 1.M 

Atalaplm  pft'lllfrl 143 

Atalapha  teliotit 153 

Ataluplia  varia 143  I 

aiuliilioui,  Vt>»pf liillo 105  ! 

aiiri8iiino8i8,I>yHniH'8 171, 174  i 

aiirltiis,  UygupoH 171  i 

aiirltuB,  NyctinomiiH 171 

Hat,  brown IS.'! 

bat,  Califoruiau 100 

Hat,  gray 185  \ 

bat,  Virginian 180 

liechBteiuii,  VeHpcrtllio 122 

liluSHOViUii,  Vuspcrtilio 143 

bunnrienBiH,  VeHpcrtilio 143 

Itracliyphylla 51, 70 

braiilientii,  Xyelinomni 103, 101 

bragilienglH,  Vcspi'itiliii 87. 192 

breviroBtris,  VoHpcrtilii) 78, 101 

Brown  Bat 185 

buUeri,  MacrutUH 41 

ca'CHB,  DyBoiiCH 171 

calcaratiiH,  A'csportilio 183 

Calitbrninn  bat 190 

oali/ornicu$,  Maeroluii 34 


P«ge. 

lalllornlrUH,  MoIorhiih 17i 

califnriiieut,  I'romupi  periitil 175 

raliliirulciiH,  ViMpurtilio 04, 190 

1  iipai'ilnll,  VfHpertlllo 72 

oaiuli,  VeHpoitlliii 75, 70, 112, 180 

caniliiii.nHiH,  Itliinopunia 164 

lariilini'imiii,  VuHiicrtllio  ..112, 121, 184, 186, 187, 190 

larolliiinsiit,  VtiBporiigo 114, 121, 130 

carpuli'KiiH,  Ai'lilii'iiH 43 

('(■iitronyctt-ris 34 

( 'I'litiirlii SO 

CliilDiiyi'teilH 34 

ciliolabinni,  Vi'.spiTtilio 83 

cUiiilalirum,  Vetpertilio  nitidui 101 

ciiicliiniiH,  V««pei-tlilo B7 

eiiterea.  Atalapha 137, 155, 161 

ninei'im,  Dunii'iiiiira 44 

ciniToiiM,  I.ai'iuriia 185 

limToiiB,  VrBpcrtilio 155 

CorynvrhinuK S3, 01, 05, 70 

Curyiwihinuii  maerotit 55 

<'orynoihiiiiiii  tounirndii ,18 

ornHHiiH,  Vt'spertilio 78, 121, 188 

creeliH,  VcBpiTtiliii 132 

crepuHculuria,  Nyctici'Jiis 132, 185 

cubanuB,  VeHpiiriis 132 

(■yiiocepbala,  MoIomnmo 164 

cyuuucphalii.  Nycticea 104 

oynucepbala,  Xyctieejiis 185 

ryauopteriia,  Vi'Hpcrlilio 74,183 

Datypterut 6S.  7U,  137 

DasypteniB  ega 138, 147 

Dasy pterus  egregia 147 

Daayptenu  intermediiit 137 

■lanbrntonii,  VoBpiTtilio 79 

Doriiiauura 48 

Dernianura  ciuurea 44 

Dii'litiiiniB 34 

iloiiuwticuH,  Vcspcrtilio 75 

Dyaopes  aiiriapinuKlH ...171,174 

DysopoH  auritiiH 171 

I)yi<u|H-B  laticauilatiiH  and  cat'dia 171 

l)y  sopi'B  liaso V 104 

I'ga,  DasyptcruH 138, 147 

cgri'gia,  DaByptcriiB 147 

Kmbalbiuura 34, 157 

Eptosiciis 184 

KptCMicnM  iiulaiiops 112,  x84 

EptcaicuH  luyilii.t 184 

195 


196 


INDEX. 


BrjrtbrodoctyluH 187 

erythrodactyliiB,  Yesiiortilio 123, 121 

Euderma 60 

£uderma  maculata 6i 

eorops.  1 1'ycliiioiiiiis 108 

eToiis,  "^eBpcrtilio 89 

evotls,  V  jspcrtilio  albcscenB 89 

ozignua,  Vcspertilio 07 

eziliH,  VcHpertilio 97 

femorosacctig,  Nyotiiioniiis 161) 

ferrugiucug,  Vcspertilio 187 

frantzii,  Ataliiplm 143, 140, 147, 154 

fuli({iuU»U8,  MolOHHUB 104 

fuRcata,  Atalaplia 184 

fuieut,A'  elonycterit 112 

fusuus,  Atalaplia 107 

fasciis,  Scotopliilus 112 

fusciiH,  serotiuus  Vcsptinis 112 

fagcus,  Vcspertilio 112 

georgianug,  Scotophiliig 121 

georgianng,  VvgpoTtiliu 121, 189 

glauviimg,  Mologgug 175 

Glogguphaga 52 

graoilig,  NyctiDomug 172 

Gray  bat 185 

greuni,  Scotopliilug 112 

gryphut,  VeiperHUo 72, 75, 104, 112, 127, 188 

heipenu,  Veiperugo 1 28, 192 

HiBtlotng 60 

Histiotng  maoulatug 61 

humeralii,  Nyetieejut 132,85 

bumoralig,  Vcgpertilio 183 

Intermedia,  Atalaplia 137 

tn(«r»t«Itiw,  Oanypterut 137 

Intermedius,  Lasiurug 137 

intormediug,  Wyctictjug 137 

Jamaicengig,  ArtibeDg 43 

Johorengig,  Nyctloomug 163 

Eeri  voula 71 

LanonycUrit 71, 104 

La*ionyeterit  noctivagant 105, 125 

Laaiurng 137,141 

liaaiaruB  cinereug 155 

Lasiurug  iutennedius 137 

Laslurua  noveboracengis 143 

lasiurug,  Nyctiwdus 143 

LoBiuruB  pruiuuBUB 155 

LasiuruB  rufng 143 

lasiurug,  Vegpertilio 143 

laticaudatug,  Dysopes 171 

lecoDtii,  Plecotus 55 

lecontU,  Synotus 65 

leibii,  Vegpertilio 19o 

lencogaster,  Vespertilio 87 

lewisii,  Madatieus 43 

Loncborbina 34 

longicnig,  Vegpertilio 104 

loDgicrug,  Vegpertilio  nitidus 103 

Lopbostoma " 34 

lucifugug,  Vespertilio 78, 94, 184 

luctftigtu,  TeijyertiUo  gryphtu 78 

matrotU,  Corynorhinus 55 

macrotis,  Nyctinomug 171 

macrotig,  Plecotus 65 

macrotis,  Synotus 55 


maeroptu,  Veiprrtilio  nitidus loo 

Maerotw) 33  7Q 

Ma<'rotu8  bullori ^\ 

Maorotun  cali/ortiimm 34 

Macrutug  mexicana 40 

niacrotug,  Plecotus 58, 184 

Macrotns  watorhousii 34 

maeulata,  Euderma ei 

inaculatus,  Histiotug gj 

Madatirus 43 

Metlaticits  lewisii 43 

Megaderma 34,70 

megalotis,  Nyrtinonug 170 

megalotis,  Vegpertilio 193 

Melauic  v"  lation 74, 08 

melanops,  Kptesicug U2, 184 

melanorbiuus,  Vespertilio m 

melanotig,  Vegpertilio 183 

merriaiiii,  Vcsperugo 128, 191 

mexicana,  Atalaplia 143 

mexicana,  Macrotiig 40 

mexicauug,  Nyctinonmn 104 

Miniopterig iu7, 157 

raobavensig,  Kyctinomus 103 

MolosBi 142, 182 

M0I0B8U8  californit'iig 175 

Mologgug  cy  noccpbala 144 

Mologgug  fuliginogug 164 

Molossug  glaucinuB 175 

Mologgug  perotig 175 

Molossug  rnfug loo 

Molossus  watt-rliousii 175 

nionaclius,  T'espcrt  ilio W,  183 

montanuB,  Vespertilio igo 

mocticola,  Vespertilio 121, 189 

Mormops 34 

Mosia ;t4 

mnndus,  Vesjiertilio 97 

muricohi,  Vespertilio 71 

murinus,  Nyctinomug l&l 

muriuus,  Vcspertilio 76, 122, 188 

uiydas,  Eptesicus 184 

niystax,  Vespertilio 183 

Mystaciua 34 

mystaciuiiH,  Vespertilio 72 

naso,  Dysopes 164 

nasatus,  Nyctinomus 164 

Natalus 71 

nattereri,  Vegpertilio 72 

nevadentit,  Xyctinomus  maerotil 171 

nigrinaus,  Vespertilio 96 

nitidm,  Vetpertitio 04 

Noctilio.. 34,107 

nootivagans,  Lationycterii 105, 1 25 

noctivagang,  Scotopbilus 105 

uoctiragans,  Vegporides 105 

noctivHgang,  Vegpertilio I0.1, 184 

nootivagans,  Vesjierugo 105 

iioctula,  Noctulinia 1 16 

Noctulinia  noctula 116 

norfolcensis,  Nyctinonms 168 

noveboraeeiitif,  A  talapha 137, 142, 143, 154, 156 

noveboracunsis,  Lasiurug 143 

noveboraoensis.  Xyetieejus 142, 185 

noTeboraeeusis,  Vespertilio 142 


INDEX. 


197 


100 

33,70 

41 

34 

40 

W,I84 

34 

81 

61 

43 

43 

34,70 

172 

183 

74,08 

112, 1S4 

01 

183 

128,191 

143 

40 

164 

107,157 

163 

142,182 

175 

161 

164 

.......      175 

175 

100 

175 

141",  183 

190 

121,189 

34 

34 

97 

71 

164 

...76,122,188 

184 

183 

34 

72 

161 

164 

71 

72 

171 

96 

91 

34,107 

105, 1J5 

105 

106 

10,"),  181 

105 

116 

116 

188 

2,143,154,156 

143 

142,185 

142 


I'age. 

nubillg,  Vesitortilio 87 

Nyoticen  oynocophula 164 

Nyctlcejus 1 31, 137 

I^ycticqJiiB  crepiisiMilnris 132, 185 

Nycticojus  cynocoplialii 185 

Nycticojiig  Inimeralis 132 

Nycticojus  iiitermeiliiiM 137 

Nycticejus  laoiuru!! 113 

Nycticojus  novelioraiciisis 142  185 

Nycticejus  pruinosui 155 

Nyctlctjus  varii« 113 

Nyctinomous 05, 132, 163 

NyctiuoniuB  al'rirauim 172 

Nyctinouuis  auritus 171 

Nyctinomus  bratilientis 163, 164 

Nyctinonnis  curops 168 

Nyctiuoiiius  fenioniitaccus 103 

Nyctinumus  gracilis 172 

Nyctiuomus  huineralis 85 

NyctuiomHSJolu)reu.>tin 163 

Nyctiuomus  inairotis 65, 171 

Nyetinoimu  macrotis  nfadennn 171 

Nyctinomus  mogalotis 172 

Nyctiuomus  moxicaiius 161 

Nyctiuomus  moliavcusirt 163 

Nyctiuomus  murinus 164 

Nyctinomus  uasutus 101 

Nyctinomus  norfulcensis 168 

Nyctinomus  plicatus 165 

Nyctinomus  pumilus 160 

Nyctophilus 05. 70 

obscurus,  Vespertilio 97 

urthotis,  Nyctinomus 168 

Otopterus 33 

oxyotus,  A''esportilio 97 

pallidut,  Antrozout 00 

pallidus,  Vespertilio 66 

Podomorphic  forms  of  V.  nitiilus 08 

Pedomorpliio  variation 73 

perotis,  Molossus 175 

lierapicillatum,  I'liyllostoiua 43 

perspicillatum,  Ptenlernia 43 

pertpicillattu,  Artibeun 43 

perspicillatus,  Vespertilio 13 

pfeifferi,  Atalapha 143 

pliaiops,  Vespertilio 112,183,186 

Phyllodia 34 

Phyllonyctcris 70 

Phyllostomn 34 

Phyllostoma  perspiiiliatura (3 

Pliyllostoma  superclllatum 43 

PIiyllostomidH) 142 

PlecotuB 53,01,18'J 

Plocotus  lecontii ,55 

Plccotus  macrotis 5.5, 58, 181 

Plecotus  towuscndii 58 

plicatus.  Nyctinomus 105 

polytlirix,  V^espcrtilio 97 

I'romopD CI,  175 

I'romopii  t-eromr  eaUfomieut 175 

pruinosus,  Lasiurus i.'>5 

pruinosus,  Nycticejus 155 

pruinosus,  ."^cotophilus 1.55 

pruinosus.  Vespertilio 155 

Pt«toderma 43 


Face. 

Ptenlernia  perspicillatum 43 

pulvorulontus,  Vespertilio 105, 186 

pumilus,  Nyctinomus 166 

Uhinopoma 34 

Uliinopoma  cnrolinensis 164 

liliiuopliylln 70 

Itlioj;cessa >. 132 

rubcllus.  Vespertilio 143 

ruhis,  Liislnnis 113 

rufus,  Molossus 160 

rul'us,  Taphyzous 143 

rufus,  Vespertilio 143 

salarli,  Vespertilio 75, 76, 121, 188 

Scotophilus 105,111,132,141 

Scotopliilus  fuscus 112 

Scotophilus  geort^ianus 121 

Scotophilus  grucui 112 

Scotophilus  noctivagans 105 

Scotophilus  pruinosus 155 

serotinus,  Adolonycteris 119 

serotinus,  Vesjierus 112, 188 

ser'otinus,  Vesporus  fuscus 112 

Steuoderma 52 

St  umira 51 

subflavus,  Vespertilio 75, 189 

subulatus,  Vespertilio 76, 92, 104, 187, 190 

superclllatum,  Pliyllostoma 43 

Syuotus 53, 61, 65 

Synotus  lecontii 55 

Synotiis  macrotis 55 

Synotus  townsendii 58 

Taphozous 34 

Taphyzous  rufus 143 

teliolit,  Alalapha 153 

tenuidorsalis,  Vespertilio 97 

t«sselatus,  Vespertilio 183 

tezsalatus,  Vespertilio 143 

towusendii,  Corj'norhinus 58 

townsendii,  Plecotus 58 

townsendii,  Synotus 58 

Urocrj'ptus 34 

Urodcrma 48 

ursinus,  Vespertilio 112, 185 

Vampyrops 48 

Vampyrus 52 

varia,  Atalapha 143 

variation,  melanic 74 

variation,  pedoiuorphio 73 

varlis,  Nycticejus 143 

Vesperides 71, 104 

Vesperii'»«  noctiriigans 105 

Vespertilio 71,135 

Vespertilio  n^nobarbus 132 

Vespertilio  afflnus 93 

Vespertilio  agilii! 94 

Vespertilio  albescent 83, 87, 92, 143, 191 

VetpertHio  albeseeni  ajinis 03 

Vesperlilio  aWeseens  evotis 80 

Vesjierlilio  albescent  melannrhinus 91 

Vetpertilio  albescens  velifer 92 

Vespertilio  arcaatns 112 

Vespertilio  arquatiis 188 

Vespertilio  auduboni 105 

Vespertilio  lieckHteinil 122 

Vespertilio  blosselvlUii 143 


198 


INDEX. 


Page. 

VeipvTtilio  bunariensls UH 

Vespertilio  b-aslMensls 87, 192 

Vc»pertnio  brevlfostris 191 .  78 

Vespertilio  caloaratns 183 

Vespert  ilio  capRociiiii 72 

V'espertilio  callfomlcuB 94, 190 

VeapertillocarolineiiBis. .  .112, 121, 184, 18G,  187, 190 

Vespertilio  oaroli 78, 77, 112, 180 

Vespertilio  ciliolabram 8:i 

Vehpertilio  cincinnnS 97 

Vespertilio  oinerens 155 

Vespertilio  crassus 78, 121 ,  188 

Vespertilio  creeks 132, 188 

Vespertilio  oyanopterns 71, 183 

Vespertilio  daubentonii 70 

Vespertilio  domesticna 75 

Vespertilio  erythrodactylns 121, 123, 187 

Vespertilio  ovotis .' 89 

Vespertilio  exiguus 97 

Vespertilio  exills 97 

Vespertilio  ferrugineiis 187 

Vespertilio  fnscns 112 

Vespertilio  georgiauus 121,  i^9 

rttpertilio  gryphv$ 72, 75, 104, 112, 127, 188 

Vtipertilio  grypMit  Incifugua 78 

Vespertilio  hnmeralis 183 

Vespertilio  Insiiirns 143 

Vespertilio  leibii 190 

Vespertilio  leucogaster 87 

Vespertilio  longicriis 104 

V  esiMrtllio  lacifugus 78, 94, 184 

Vespertilio  megalotis 183 

Vespertilio  raelanorhiuas 91 

Vespertilio  melanotis 183 

Vespertilio  nitidus  macropns lUG 

Vespertilio  monacbus 143, 183 

Vespertilio  niontaniis 190 

Vespertilio  monticola 121, 189 

Vespertilio  miindus 97 

Vespertilio  maricola 71 

Vespertilio  inurlnus 76, 122, 188 

Vespertilio  mystaviuus 72 

Vespertilio  mystax .' 183 

Vespertilio  iiattercri 72 

Veapertilio  nigricans 96 


Fags. 
Yeipertilio  niiidui m 

Veti^ertilio  nitidui  ciliolabrum loi 

V«»Fi!rKKo  tiitidut  longicnig io,i 

Vesj-ertilio  noctivagans 105, 134 

Vifi;>ertillo  noreboraceusis 142 

Vespertilio  nnbilis gy 

Vespertilio  obscnriis 97 

Vespertilio  oxyotus 97 

Vespertilio  pallidiis ea 

Vespertilio  perspicillatus 43 

Vespertilio  phaiops 112, 183, 186 

Vespertilio  polythrix 97 

Vespertilio  pniinusiis 155 

Vespertilio  piilverule.-itns 105, 186 

Vespertilio  rubcllus 143 

Vespertilio,  rafas 143 

Vespertilio  salnrii 76, 76,  '21, 188 

Vespertilio  serotiimx 188 

Vespertilio  subflaviia 75, 189 

Vespertiliosubulntus , 70,92,104,187,190 

Vespertilio  tenuidorsalis 07 

Vesi>crtiilio  tesseli  His 183,143 

Vespertilio  ursinuH 112, 185 

Vespertilio  villosissiinus 143 

Vespertilio  virginianus 189 

Vespertilio  volans 94 

Vi'spertilio  yumancnsls 72 

reapmtgo 61, 71, 114, 121, 135 

Vosperugo  abramus 192 

Venpencgo  carolinensit 1 14, 121 

Vetperugo  hetperut 128, 192 

Ve»i)enigo  luerrinnii 191 

Vesi>emgo  noctivagans 103 

Vesperus . .  .• 71, 1 1 1 

Vesperus  cnbanus 132 

Vesperus  grorgianus  121 

Vosperus  merriami 128 

Vespernsserotinus. 112 

Vesperus  serotinus  fiisoiiH 112 

villnsiHsimns,  Vespertilio 143 

Virgiuian  bat 189 

virgiuianus,  Vcsjiert  ilio 189 

volans,  Vespertilio 91 

waterhousii,  Macrotiis 34, 17r> 

y  umanensis,  Vespertilio 72 


FkgCw 

94 

.......       101 

103 

105,184 

14a 

87 

97 

97 

66 

43 

..112,183,186 

97 

15.'> 

105,186 

143 

143 

75,76,121,188 

188 

75,189 

2, 104, 187,  IBO 

.-       OT 

18.1,143 

112,185 

143 

189 

04 

72 

1,114,121,135 

192 

114,121 

128,192 

191 

105 

71,111 

132 

121 

128 

112 

112 

143 

189 

, 189 

, 94 

34,175 

72 


